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^
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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
Historic Society
OF
%ancashitt anb dhtshixt.
FOR THE YEAR 1898.— VOLUME L.
NEW SERIES.— VOLUME XIV.
LIVERPOOL :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.
1900.
(V)
CONTENTS-
The Roman Fortifications recently discovered at
WiLDERSPOOL. By Thos. May, F.E.I. Scot, (j plates)... i
The Vestry-Book of the Twenty-Four Sworne Men
OF GoosNARGH. By Rev. E. D. Banister, B.A. {i plate) 41
The Manor of Halton. By William Oliver Roper,
P«0>x\.* ••• ••• ••• (^^ ••• ••• ••• O^
The Lesser-known Gatehouses and Gateways of
Lancashire and Cheshire. By James A. Waite.
{4 plates) 77
On some Flint Implements foxwd in the Glacial
Deposits of Cheshire and North Wales. By Joseph
Lomas, A.R.C.S., F.G.S. (t plate) iii
On a newly discovered Neolithic Settlement at
THE Red Noses, New Brighton, near Liverpool.
By C. Roeder. [2 plates) 123
Freemasonry in Lancashire and Cheshire. (XVII
Century.) By W. H. Rylands, F.S.A. {8 plates) ... 131
COMMUNICATIONS.
Notes taken in the Churches of Preston, Man-
chester, EccLES, WiNwicK, Farnworth, Sephton,
AND Hale, in the County of Lancaster ; some by
Thomas Chaloner, in or about the year 1591, and
others by Randle Holme, in the years 1636 and
i6s2 ; AND Notes taken at Lea Hall, in the same
County. Edited by J. Paul Rylands, F.S.A 203
Recusant Roll for West Derby Hundred, 1641.
Transcribed by W. E. Grcgson 231
421114
VI
Contents.
Report for 1898
Members elected, 1898
Papers read, 1898
Index — i. General ...
ii. Notes from Lancashire Churches
iii. Recusant Roll
Balance Sheet
List of Illustrations
Editorial Notes
Council and Officers, for 1 899-1 900
Officers of the Society since commencement
List of Honorary Local Secretaries
List of Societies in correspondence
Is^Vst of Members
Corrigenda
PAGE
261
263
268
Vll
viii
ix
X
xi
xii
xiii
xxiv
(ivii)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Goosnargh Church Frontispiece,
PLATE TO FACE PAGE
I. Plan of Roman Camp at Wilderspogl 2
II. Remains found in Roman Camp — (i) Well near
Insula ii; (2) Quern of vesicular lava; (3)
Footings of Rampart near N.W. corner ... 6
III. Cross Sections of Roman Camp ... 8
IV. Objects in Bronze, and fragment of Urn of Sanaian
Ware, from Wilderspool 20
V. (i) Urn of soft red paste, washed with white slip,
and (2) fragment of Tile with Roman legionary
stamp XX D, found in the Roman Camp ... 26
VI. Gatehouses and Gateways — MarthblmeandBorwick 92
VII. Ditto Agecroft and Brereton ... 96
VIII. Ditto Bradley and Ashhurst ... lop
IX. Ditto Ridley and Holyngworthe 106
X. Flint Implements found in Cheshire and North
Wales ... 114
XI. Section to show situation of Neolithic Settlement
at the Red Noses, New Brighton 124
XII. Neolithic Flint Types from New Brighton ... 126
XIII. Building Contract, Oldham Church, a. d. 1476 ... 143
XIV. Stall-end, Manchester Cathedral. (From a drawing
by Alfred Darbyshire, F.R.I.B.A.) 145
XV. Stall-end, Manchester Cathedral. (From The Jour-
nal of the Archceological Society ^ vol. vi, 1851) .. 147
XVI. Brass in the Parish Church, Lancaster 151
XVII. Masons' Company. (From The Guild Merchant
of Preston^ 1162) 153
XVIII. Carpenters*, &c.. Company. (From The Guild
Merchant of Freston^ 1*] 62) 155
XIX. Ashmole's Diary, Warrington entry 157
XX. Ditto London entry ^95
The Authors of Papers are alone responsible for the facts
and opinions in their several communications.
An Index of Archaeological Papers published in 1897 (printed
under the direction of the Congress of Archaeological Societies
in union with the Society of Antiquaries) is given at the end
of this volume.
The present volume has been prepared for the press by
R. D. Radcliffe, M.A., Ch. Ch. Oxford, F.S.A., Honorary
Secretary and Editor.
(ix)
COUNCIL AND OFFICERS, FOR THE YEAR 1899-1900.
president.
THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF CHESTER, D.D.
THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF OXFORD, D.D., F.S.A., Ex-Presidtnt.
THOMAS GLAZEBROOK RYLANDS, F.S.A., Ex-President.
THE LORD LIEUT. OF CHESHIRE (THE DUKE OF WESTMINSTER, K.G.)
THE LORD LIEUT. OF LANCASHIRE (THE EARL OF DERBY, KG., G.C.B.)
THE REV. THE RECTOR OF LIVERPOOL.
JOHN RUSKJN, LL.D.
JOHN PAUL RYLANDS, F.S.A.
/Beinbcva of Council.
TO SERVE TO END OF 1899.
H. D. ESHELBY, F.S.A.
THOMAS GOFFEY.
PROFESSOR MACKAY, M.A.
J. G. PRENTICE.
TO SERVE TO END OF 1900.
RICHARD BENNETT.
T. ALGERNON EARLE.
LIEUT.-COL. FISHWICK, F.S.A.
REV. EDWARD POWELL.
TO SERVE TO END OF 1901.
JOHN HARGREAVES.
HENRY PEET, F.S.A.
A. M. ROBINSON.
W. O. ROPER, F.S.A.
f)on» Ureaaurev.
W. E. GREGSON.
f)oii. Xibvartaii.
G. T. SHAW.
f)on. Cuiator.
W. F. PRICE.
l3on. Seci-etai'^ an^ Suitor.
R. D. RADCLIFFE, M.A., Ch. Ch., Oxon., F.S.A.
f)on. B00idtaitt Seciretavied.
W. FERGUSSON IRVINE.
JAMES A. WAITE.
(x)
©fficets of tbe Society sfnce commencement-
1. Right Hon. Francis, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, Lord-Lieut, of
Lancashire 1848.
2. Right Hon. Charles William, 3rd Earl of Sefton, Lord-Lieut.
of Lancashire 1854.
3. General the Hon. Sir Edward Cust, K.C.H., D.C.L. - - 1855.
4. Right Hon. William Ewart Gladstone, M. P. - - - 1863.
5. Joseph Mayer, F.S.A., &c. 1866.
6. Rev. Canon Hume, D.C.L., LL.D., &c. .... 1869.
7. The Very Rev. T- S. Howson, D.D., Dean of Chester - - 1875.
8. Thomas Glazebrook Rylands, F.S.A., &c. - . - - - 1879.
9 Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Oxford, F.S.A. - • - 1885.
10. Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Chester, D.D. - 1889.
Sttxttmts,
1848. Rev. A. Hume. LL.D., and H. C. Pidgeon.
1 85 1. Rev. A. Hume, LL.D., and Rev. Thomas Moore, M.A.
1854. Rev. A. Hume, LL.D.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1864.
1867.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1882.
1884.
1^88.
1892.
Rev. A. Hume, LL.D.
Rev. A. Hume, LL.D.
Rev. A. Hume, LL.D.
Nicholas Waterhouse.
David Buxton.
David Buxton.
David Buxton.
C. T. Gatty, F.S.A.
C. T. Gatty, F.S.A.
E. M. Hance, LL.B. \
R. D. Radcliflfe, M.A. j
R. D. Radcliflfe, M.A., F.S.A.
R. D. Radcliflfe, M.A., F.S.A.
Assistant Secretaries.
Thomas G. Wedgwood.
W. W. Rundell.
J. H. Genn.
J. H. Genn.
Charles Dyall.
[Arthur Wakefield.]
Eugenio Londini.
Eugenio Londini.
T. N. Morton.
T. N. Morton.
T. N. Morton,
j T. N. Morton.
|W. F. Irvine.
R.D.RADCLIFFE,M.A.,F.S.A.{J^;^F^/™;
Srtasurtrs.
Thomas Avison, F.S.A.
William Burke.
John G. Jacob.
H. D. Eshelby, F.S.A.
W. E. Gregson.
Curators.
1848.
1851.
1859.
1867.
1869.
1871.
1875.
1876
1877.
1880.
1885.
1886.
1889.
1889.
1899.
1848.
i860.
1867.
1886.
1898.
librarians.
Joseph Mayer, F.S.A.
Rev. Thomas Moore, M.A.
David Buxton.
Nicholas Waterhouse.
Nicholas Waterhouse.
John R. Hughes.
John R. Hughes.
C. T. Gatty, F.S.A.
E. M. Hance, LL.B.
(Offices in abeyance.)
W. Thompson Watkin. J. Harris Gibson.
W. Thompson Watkin. W. Forshaw Wilson.
George T. Shaw. W. C. Ashby Pritt.
George T. Shaw. Charles Potter.
George T. Shaw. W. F. Price.
Joseph Mayer, F.S.A.
Joseph Mayer, F.S.A.
A. C. Gibson, F.S.A.
A. C. Gibson, F.S.A.
H. Ecroyd Smith.
H. Ecroyd Smith.
J. Harris Gibson.
J. Hams Gibson.
J. Harris Gibson.
(xi)
Xist of DonovarB Xocal Secretaries.
District.
Bactip
Blackburn
Blackpool
Burnley
Carnforth
Clitheroe
Colne
Denton
Flixton
Haslingden
Haivkshead
Lancaster
Leigh : ...
Leyland
Ormskirk
Prescot
Rainford
Rihchester
Rochdale
Sefton
Southport
Ulverston
Warrington
Whalleyand\
PendleHill j
Wigan
Winwick and \
Neivton-le- Willows \ '
Wrayy near Lancaster
LANCASHIRE.
Name.
Rev. J. S. DoxEY, Christ Church Vicarage, Bacup.
The Rev. E. Lupton, Crystal Road, South Shore,
Blackpool.
W. Farrer, Marton House, Skipton.
The Rev. W. B. Grenside, Melling Vicarage,
Carnforth.
A. J. Robinson, Clitheroe Castle, Clitheroe.
Tames Carr, Colne.
The Rev. A. Crofton, Reddish Green.
D. J. Leech, M.D., Elm House, Whalley Range.
Henry Stephenson, Haslingden.
Joseph Rawlinson, Ulverston.
"W. O. Roper, F.S.A., Lancaster.
W. D. Pink, King Street, Leigh.
The Rev. W. Stuart White, Esh Vicarage, Durham.
James Bromley, The Homestead, Lathom.
The Rev. J. W. Williams, The Vicarage, Farnworth.
Lt.-Col. FiSHWiCK, F.S.A., The Heights, Rochdale.
W. E. GregsoN, 43, Moor Lane, Great Crosby.
H. S. Threlfall, 12, London Street, Southport.
W. Owen, F.R.I.B.A., Cairo Street Chambers,
Warrington.
W. S. Weeks, Clitheroe.
T. R. Ellis, i8. King Street, Wigan.
Rev. J. Carson, Winwick, Newton-le-Willows.
Rev. C. L. Reynolds, Wray Vicarage, Lancaster.
Bebington
Congieton
Easthatn
Holmes Chattel
Hyde * ...
Malpas
Naniwich
Northwich and\
Middlewich J
Thurstaston ...
Wallasey
Wilms low
CHESHIRt.
RoLEUT Head, Congieton.
Rev. Francis Sanders, Hoyiake.
Rev. H. G. Barnacle, Holmes Chapel.
Rev. J. F. Messenger, Newton Moor Vicarage,
Hyde.
James Hall, Lindum House, Nantwich.
Wm. BA^'CROFT, Northwich.
George Pearson, Tythe House, Knutsford.
(Xli)
LIST OF SOCIETIES IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH
THE HISTORIC SOCIETY OF LANCASHIRE
AND CHESHIRE.
Society of Antiquaries of London.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Royal Historical and Archaeological Society of Ireland.
Royal Archaeological Institute, London.
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Kent Archaeological Society.
Somersetshire Archaeological Society.
Sussex Archaeological Society.
Chester Archaeological Society.
Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian Society.
Leicestershire Archaeological Society.
Yorkshire Antiquarian and Topographical Association.
Shropshire Archaeological Society.
Architectural and Archaeological Society of Lincoln and Notts.
Manchester Literary CJub.
Suffolk Archaeological Institute.
New England Genealogical Society.
N,B.—It is requested that notice be given to the Secretary of any errors ^ change
of address^ or death.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Corrected to ^ist December^ 1899.
The names of Life Members are printed in Small Capitals, and those of Resident Members
have an asterisk attached.
Date of Election.
1889. April 4
1877. Feb.
22
1895. Nov.
1889. Jan.
1889. Feb.
7
10
21
1895. Feb.
1888. Mar.
7
22
1889. Feb.
7
1899. Jan.
19
1890. Jan.
23
"Abraham, Miss E. C. Riverham, Grassendale
Park, Liverpool.
Adshead, George Haward. Fern Villas, 100
'Bolton road, Pendleton, Manchester.
" Allwood, T. Massey. Orrell village, Litherland.
'•'Alsop, J. W., B. A. 14 Castle street, Liverpool.
Arkle, Richard Naylor, M.A. 13 Old square,
Lincoln's Infi, London, W.C.
Ashworth, Alfred. Tabley Grange, Knutsford.
"'Athenaeum Library, Liverpool.
"Atkinson, Wm. Christopher. 8 Harrington
street, Liverpool.
"Atkinson, W. J. A. 48 Derwent road, Stoney-
croft, Liverpool.
"Ayrton, William. 9 Cook street, Liverpool.
1886. Nov. 18 -Banner, John S. Harmood. Ashfield Hall,
Neston, Cheshire.
1889. Mar. 7 "Bartlett, William. Highfield House, Knotty
Ash, Liverpool.
1899. Feb. 16 *Beazley, Frank C. Fern Hill, Claughton,
Birkenhead.
1896. Feb. 13 Beeston, Charles G. Long lane, Aughton.
1891. Dec. 3 '^^ Bell, Henry. Greenfield, West Kirby, Cheshire.
1897. Jan. 28 Bellis, W. R. North Madoc street, Llan-
dudno.
1864. Dec. I *Benas, B. L. 5 Prince's avenue, Liverpool.
1889. Mar. 7 "Bencke, Albert Henry, M.A. Oliva, West
Derby, Liverpool.
1894. April 5 "Bennett, Richard. Nottingham Buildings,
19 Brunswick street, Liverpool.
1897. Nov. 4 '•'Bingham, David A. 15, Brunswick street,
Liverpool.
1896. Jan. 16 *^''Birkenhead Free Public Library. Birkenhead.
1 89 1. Feb. 19 Birley, Major Hugh Arthur. Woodside,
Knutsford.
1889. Odt, 31 Birmingham Central Free Library. RatclifT
place, Birmingham.
xiv List of Members.
Date of Election,
1870. April 7 Blackburn Free Library. Blackburn.
1 89 1. Feb. 5 Bleckly, William Henry. Thelwall Lea,
• Warrington.
1883. Mar. 8 Blundell, Rev. T. B. H., M.A., Hon. Canon of
Liverpool ; Hon. Chaplain to Her Majesty
the Queen. Halsall Rectory, Ormskirk.
1888. Mar.. 22 Bodleian Library. Oxford.
1890. Nov. 6 '-'Bootle Free Library. Oriel road, Bootle.
1888. ]\Lir. 22 Boston Athenaeum. Boston, U.S.A.; c/o Messrs.
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Pater-
noster house,Charing Cross rd. , London, W. C.
1889. Jan. 10 Boston Public Library. Boston, U.S.A. ; c/o
Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
1853. Dec. 15 Bossi, Arthur. Careof Thompson, Melly& Co.,
Brown's Buildings, Liverpool.
1 88 1. Dec. I Bourne, Robert W. Higham, Northiam,
Sussex.
1889. Feb. 21 "Bradbury, George. 14 Cook street, Liverpool.
1 89 1. Feb. 5 Bretherton, Rev. Humphrey W., M.A.
Eccleston Rectory, Chorley.
1898. Nov. 3 ^Brierley, A. W. 45 Criendale road, Port
Sunlight.
189 1. Nov. 5 British Museum Library ; c/o Messrs. Dulau
and Co. 37 Soho square, London, W.
1876. April 20 '•'Bromley, James, The Homestead, Latliom,
Ormskirk.
1888. Feb. 23 Brooke, Colonel Thomas, F.S.A. Armitage
Bridge, Huddersfield.
1868. Feb. 6 Brooks, Sir William Cunliffe, Bart, M.P.,
F.S.A. Barlow Hall, Manchester.
1897. Mar. II Bulpit, Rev. W. T, M.A. Crossens Rectory,
Southport.
188 [. Jan. 27 Burnley Literary and Scientific Club, (per T. G.
Crump, B.A., M.IB., Hon. Sec.) Burnley.
1879. Jan. 9 Caraher, Hugh. Boyne Lodge, Abbey road,
Llandudno.
1885. Jan. 22 Caroe, W. D. 94 Clieyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W.
1888. Nov. 15 Carrington, W. A. Bakewell, Derbyshire.
1894. Nov. I "''Carson, Thomas Ellis. 62 Grove street,
Liverpool.
1891. Nov. 5 Castle, Egerton, M.A., F.S.A. 49 Sloane
gardens, London, S.W. ^
1897. Dec. 2 "''Castle, Septimus. 1 2 Devonshire road, Birken-
head.
1889. Feb. 21 '^'Caton, Richard, M.D. Rodneystreet, Liverpool.
1888. Dec. 13 Chadwick, Edwin. Mottram road, Staly-
bridge.
List of Members. xv
Date of Election.
1889 J^"« 10 Chester, the Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of,
D.D. The Palace, Chester, President,
1879. J^"' 9 Chetham Library. Alanchester.
1893. Feb. 23 Chicago Public Library. Chicago, U.S.A.
1859. April 14 Clement, Leonard. Forest View, Nelson-in-
Marsden, Burnley.
1892. Nov. 3 *Cockbain, T. Herbert. 6 Castle street, Liver-
pool.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 '''Cook, Edmund. Oakfield, Abergele.
1855. M^y 24 "^'Comber, Thomas. Leighton, Parkgate, Che-
shire.
1894. Nov. I -^'Cornett, Alfred. 15 Lord street, Liverpool.
1895. Dec. 5 Crook, John. 6 Waterloo road, Southport.
1899. Nov. 2 '"'Crowther, Thoftias. Talbot road, Birkenhead.
1896. Mar. 26 '"CuUen, Hugh, Junr. Oakhill park, Old Swan,
Liverpool.
1899. Mar. 2 Davies, Samuel. Alvanley terrace, Frodsham.
1895. Nov. 7 De Hoghton, Sir James, Bart. Hoghton
Tower, Preston.
1889. Jan. 10 Dempsey, Miss EUinor Mary. Sand Hey,
Hoylake.
1893. Nov. 30 Derby, The Earl of, K.G., G.C.B., Lord
Lieutenant of Lancashire. Knowsley, Pres-
cot, Vice-Pj-esident.
1892. Nov. 3 Detroit Public Library. Detroit, Michigan,
U.S.A. (Per B. F. Stevens, 4 Trafalgar
square, London, AV.C.)
1857. April 23 Devonshire, The Duke of, K.G. Chats-
worth, Chesterfield.
1895. Dec. 5 Dickson, Edmund. 2 Starkie street, Preston.
1896. Dec. 3 "^'Dufifus, George A., M.B. Tue Brook villa,
Liverpool.
1894. Nov. 15 ^Dunthorne, Edwin E. 27 Lord street, Liverpool.
1888. Mar. 22 Earle, Hardman Arthur. 7 Hill street, Rutland
Gate, London, S.W.
1890. Feb. 20 Earle, Major Henry, D.S.O. Allerton Tov;er,
Woolton.
1888. Feb. 9 -Earle, T. Algernon. Hartford, Cheshire.
1851. Jan. 7 Egerton of Tatton, The Lord. Tatton
Park, Knutsford, Cheshire.
1898. Nov. 3 '''Ehrenborg, Harold. 49 Sydenham avenue,
Liverpool.
1891. Mar. 19 *Elliot, Robert J. 1 11, Chatham street, Liver-
pool.
1897. Nov. 4 *Ellis, John AV., M.D. 18 Rodney street,
Liverpool,
xvi List of Members.
Date of Election.
1 89 1. Jan. 22 Ellis, Thomas Ratcliffe. 18 King street,
Wigan.
1889. Oct. 31 Esdaile, George. The Old Rectory, Platt-in-
Rusholme, Manchester.
1886. Nov. 18 -Eshelby, H. Douglas, F.S.A. 80 Shrewsbury
road, Oxton, Birkenhead.
1848. Nov. 23 Evans, Edward. Bronwylfa, Wrexham.
1878. Jan. 10 Fairclough, John. Latchford Grange, War-
rington.
1 89 1. Mar. 5 Farrer, William. Marton House, Skipton.
1871. Jan. 12 Ferguson, William, F.C.S., F.GS., F.R.S.E.
Kilmundy House, near Mintlaw, N.B.
1 89 1. Feb. 19 fifarington, Lieut.-Col. R. A. Mariebonne,
Wigan.
1888. Nov. 15 "Finney, Charles F. Huyton House, Hiiyton.
1880. April I Fishwick, Lieut.-Col. Henry, F.S.A. The
Heights, Rochdale.
1891. Mar. 19 "Fletcher, Mrs. Alfred. AUerton House, Wool-
ton, Liverpool.
1890. Nov. 6 Formby, John. Formby Hall, Pormby.
1891. Dec. 3 "Fox, John D. 44, Norwood grove, Liverpool.
1875. Jan. 7 Garnett, William. Quernmore Park, Lan-
caster.
1890. Jan. 9 "Gatehouse, Charles. Westwood, Noctorimi,
Birkenhead.
1867. April II "Genn, John Hawke. Rutland House,
Nicholas road, Blundellsands.
1896. Dec. 3 '''Gilbertson, Alfred. 6 Stanley street, Liverpool.
1889. Feb. 21 "Gladstone, Robert. Harrington street, Liver-
pool.
1893. Nov. 2 "Goffey, Thomas. Amalfi, Blundellsands, Liver-
pool.
1897. Nov. 4 '♦Goodacre, William. Terra Nova, Aughton,
Ormskirk.
1889. Nov. 14 "'Gregson, Wm. Eugene. 43 Moor lane. Great
Crosby, Hofi. Treasurer,
1854. Aug. 31 Grenside, Rev. William Bent, M.A. Melling
Vicarage, Carnforth.
1898. Nov. 3 "Handley, William. Aldersyde, Runcorn.
1890. Nov. 6 "Hannay, A. M. Queen Insurance Buildings,
Liverpool.
1883. Jan. 25 "Hargreaves, John. Egerton Park, Rock Ferry.
1894. April 5 "Harris, George. 35 Fairview road, Oxton,
Cheshire.
1898. Nov. 3 ""Hawley, Wilfrid. Egerton park, Rock Ferry.
List of Members, xvii
Datb op Electiom.
1 89 1. Feb. 5 Head, Robert. West Lodge, Congleton.
1872. Sept. 5 Hi.vMERS, W. Cleveland House, Lancaster j
road, Eccles, Manchester. ]
1891. Nov. 5 ^Holland, Walter. Mossley Hill, Liverpool.
1 89 1. Nov. 19 Hope, Thomas H. The Laburnums, Ather-
ton, Manchester.
1899. L'l"- 19 "Hoult, James, Jun. 1 7 Derwent road, Liverpool.
1888. Dec. 13 HovENDEN, Robert, F.S.A. Heathcote, Park
Hill road, Croydon.
1890. Jan. 23 Hughes, (Jeorge. Metropolitan Bank, Oxford.
1887. Mar. 24 Hutton,Wm.L. "y^//zr;-//W Office, Ormskirk.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 Ireland, National Library of, c/o Messrs.
Hodges, Figgis & Co., Dublin.
1893. Nov. 2 Irven, Mrs. John D. Dutton Lodge, Preston
Brook.
1890. Nov. 6 *Irvine, Wm. Fergusson. 4 Eaton road,
Birkenhead, Jfon. Assistant Secretary,
1890. Nov. 6 *Kent-Green, Mrs. Edward. 32 Derwent road,
Liverpool.
1890. Nov. 6 Kerfoot-Jones, J. The Bank, Hoylake.
1863. Nov. 5 "King, John Thomson. 4 Clayton square,
Liverpool.
1890. Dec. 4 "Kirk, William. 15 Lord street, Liverpool.
1897. Mar. II Knowles, Mrs. Frederick. Belair, Birkdale,
Southport.
1897. -Nov, 4 Lancaster Free Public Library. Lancaster.
1888. Nov. 29 Lawrence, William Frederick, ALA., M.P.
Cowesfield House, Salisbury.
1889. Mar. 7 Leeds, Free Public Library of. Leeds.
1891. Nov. 5 Letts, Rev. Plrnest F., M.A. Newton Heath
Rectory, Manchester.
1892. Feb. 25 'Lever, William Hesketh. Thornton Manor,
Thornton Hough, Cheshire.
1889. Feb. 7 '"'Lister, Alfred Hamilton. Basil Grange, West
Derby.
1899. Nov. 2 "Liverpool Reform Club. Liverpool.
1893. Nov. 2 *Livesey, John. 30 James street, Liverpool.
1899. Mar. 2 '^^ Lloyd, John Wesley. 28 Mount Pleasant,
Liverpool.
1889. Oct. 31 London, Library of the Corporation of.
(Charles Welch, Librarian.) Guildhall,
London, E.C.
xviii List of Members.
Date of Election.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 Mainwaring, Colonel Charles Salusbury, ?
Galtfaenan, Trefnant, R.S.O., N. Wales.
1898. Nov. 3 "Marshall, Ambrose, c/o Messrs. R. Stubbs &
Co., 1 1 Rumford street, Liverpool.
1888. Feb. 9 Marshall, George William, LL.D., F.S.A.,
J^otioe Croix, College of Arms, Queen
Victoria street, London, E.C.
1898. Jan. 20 "Mason, George Percival. 34 Castle street,
Liverpool.
1896. Nov. 5 May, Thomas. 20 Museum street, Warrington.
1 891. Feb. 19 Mayler, William. 34 Richmond road, Birk-
dale, Southport.
1887. Feb. 10 "McKay, Professor, M.A. University Col-
lege, Liverpool.
1888. Mar. 22 Manchester Free Reference Library. King
street, Manchester.
1888. Nov. I "Mansergh, Jas. Fleming. Clougha, Hargreaves
road, Sefton park, Liverpool.
1896. Dec. 3 Martin, Edgar G. Brookfield, Ormskirk.
1874. Feb. 18 "Mawdsley, James Piatt. 26 Castle street,
Liverpool.
1894. April 5 "Mead, William D. Highlands, Prenton hill,
Birkenhead.
1890. Nov. 6 "Meade-King, Richard R. Sandfield park,
West Derby.
1892. Nov. 3 ^Morgan, Joseph B. Stand House, Childwall, ,
Liverpool.
1899. Nov. 2 "Muir, J. R. B. 17 Willowbank road, Birken-
head.
1888. Nov. I Myres,T. Harrison. 15 Chapel street, Preston.
1897. Mar. 25 New York, Public Library of. New York,
U.S.A.
1893. Feb. 9 Newberry Library. Chicago, U.S.A.
1874. Dec. 10 Nicholson, Major Edward J. 22, Bath wick
hill, Bath.
1889. Feb. 7 Owen, William. Cairo street Chambers, War-
rington.
1888. Mar. 22 Owens' College, c/o J. E. Cornish, 16 St.
Ann's square, Manchester,
1 89 1. Dec. 17 Parker, Major John W. R. Browsholme Hall,
Clitheroe. ,
1891. Nov. 5 Park- Yates, Mrs. Ince Hall, Chester.
1896. Dec. 3 *Parry. W. E. 67 Lord street, Liverpool.
1897. Jan. 28 -Patchett, Alfred. 37 York road, Birkdale,
Southport.
V
\
List of Members. xix
Date or Election.
1891. Feb. 5 Pearson, George. Tythe House, Knutsford,
Cheshire.
1896. Jan. 30 Peck, Herbert, M.D. Ormskirk.
1895. Nov. 7 Pedley, George. Moody House, Congleton.
1890. Nov. 6 "Peet, Henry, F.S.A. 97 Mount Pleasant,
Liverpool.
i860. Mar. 2 1 Petty, Thomas Shaw. 128 Mount street,
London, W.
1894. Nov. I 'Phipps, S. W. Harlescot, Longland road,
Liscard.
1877. Dec. 13 Pierpoint, Robert, M.A., M.P. St. Austin's,
Warrington.
1890. Dec. 18 Pilklngton, Sir George A., Knt. Belle Vue,
Lord street West, Southport.
1886. Nov. 18 '• Pilkington, Lieut.-Col. John, F.S.A. Rook-
wood, San down Park, Waver tree.
1896. Nov. 5 -''Pilkington, J. Arthur. Heathfield, Maghull.
1896. Mar. 26 *Plummer, W. E. The Observatory, Bidston,
Birkenhead.
1898. Feb. 3 'Toole, ^liss J\L Ellen. Alsager, Cheshire.
1887. Mar. 24 Powell, Rev. Edward. Lydiate, Maghull.
1890. Feb. 20 -''Prentice, John George. 62 Shrewsbury road,
Birkenhead.
1892. Feb. II -'Price, William F. College road, Crosby.
1889. ^^^» 21 -Quiggin, John M. 8 Harrington street, Liver-
pool.
1899. Jan. 19 Quinn, John, Jr. Heatherlea, Formby.
1889. Oct. 31 -'Radcliffe, Sir David, Knt. Rosebank, Knows-
ley, Prcscot.
1888. Feb. 9 '''Radcliffe, Frederick M. 9 Cook street, Liver-
pool.
1896. Dec. 17 "^'Radcliffe, John. Rosebank, Knowsley, Pres-
cot.
1879. Jan. 8 ^''Radcliffe, Richard Duncan, M.A., F.S.A.,
Old S.wan, Liverpool, Jlon. Secretary,
1892. Nov. 3 Radclyffe, C. R. Eustace. The Hyde, Ware-
ham, Dorset.
1891. Feb. 5 Reynolds, Rev. Charles L.,, M.A. Wray
Vicarage, Lancaster.
1899. Mar. 2 Rhodes, Josiah. Norman road, Runcorn.
1889. Oct. 31 ''Ridgway, Ebenezer. Huyton^ Liverpool.
1889. Jan. 10 Ridgway, John Clare. Grappenhall lodge,
near Warrington.
1 89 1. Dec. 17 - Rigg, George Wilson. Golborne.
jcx. List of Members.
Date of Election.
1890. Nov. 6 '''Robinson, Arthur Muschamp. Lome road,
Claughton, Birkenhead.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 "Robinson, Lieut. -Col. Herbert J. Bridge
House, Mossley Hill drive, Liverpool.
1876. April 20 Roper, William O., F.S.A. Yealand Con-
yers, Lancaster.
1889. Oct. 31 Royds, Clement Molyneux. Greenhill, Roch-
dale.
1888. Nov. 29 "Russell, Sir Edward R., Knt. 6 Abercromby
square, Liverpool.
1870. Nov. 3 '''Rylands, John Paul, F.S.A. Heather Lea.
Claughton, Birkenhead, Vice-President,
1854. Dec. 13 Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, F.S.A.,
F.L.S., M.R.LA. Highfields, Thelwal),
Warrington, Vice-President,
1874. Dec. 10 Rylands, William Harry, F.S.A. Society of
Biblical Archseology, 37 Great Russell street,
Bloom sbury, London, W.C.
1891. Feb. 19 Ryland, John William. Rowington, Warwick.
1890. Nov. 6 "Ryley, Thomas Cropper. 19 Sweeting street,
Liverpool.
1888. Mar. 22 St. Helens Free Public Library. St. Helens.
1872. Mar. 21 Salisbury, The Marquess OF, K.G. Hatfield,
Herts.
1898. Nov. 3 ''Sampson, John. University College, IJverpool.
1888. Nov. 15 Sandeman, Lieut.-Col. John Glas, Sub-
Officer H.M. Hon. Corps of Gentlemen at
Arms. 24 Cambridge square, London, W.
1891. Nov. 19 Sanders, Rev. Francis, M. A. Hoylake Vicar-
age, Cheshire.
1897. Dec. 16 "^'Scarborough, Charles. 6 Chatham place. Edge
Hill, Liverpool.
1898. Feb. 3 *Scarisbrick, Charles. Scarisbrick Lodge, South-
port.
1889. Jan. 10 '"'Scholefield, Joshua AVilliam. 2tZ Pembroke
road, Bootle.
1894. Nov. I '''Scott, David. 10 North John street, Liverpool.
1898. Nov. 3 ^^Seddon, F. W. Woodhey, Rock Ferry.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 Shaw, Giles. 4 Ash street, Southport.
1894. April 5 Sheldon, Alfred S., Town Clerk. Congleton.
1891. Feb. 19 ''Shute, Arthur. 67, Hope street, Liverpool.
1897. Nov. 18 Smith, Bernard. Rainford.
1892. Nov. 3 '^'Smith, Rev. Frederick. Island road, Garston.
.1897. Jan. 28 Southport (Atkinson) Free Public Library.
1880. April I Stanning, Rev. Joseph Heaton, M.A. The
Vicarage, Leigh, Lancashire.
List of Members. xxi
Date of Election.
1 89 1. Feb. 5 Stapleton-Bretherton, Frederick. The Hall,
Rainhill.
1899. April 13 Starkie, Colonel Edmund A. Le Gendre.
Huntroyde, Bromley.
1876. April 6 -''Stewart, Rev. Alexander, M.A., Hon. Canon
of Liverpool. 29 Sandon street, Liverpool,
Vice-President,
1890. Nov. 6 '''Stewart, Rev. Percy, M.A. The Rectory,
AVest Derby.
1893. Nov. 2 Stoner, Thomas. The Orchard, Lathom,
Ormskirk.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 Stonyhurst College, Rev. the Rector of, SJ.
Blackburn.
1891. Mar. 19 Stubs, Peter. Blaisdon Hall, Newnham,
Gloucestershire.
1893. Mar. 9 Stuttard, Thomas. Lawnswood, Swinton park,
Manchester.
1897. Dec. 16 Taylor, Alexander. St. Mary's place, Bury.
1898. Nov. 3 '"Taylor, Edward Russell. 67 Lord street,
Liverpool.
1889. Feb. 7 '''Taylor, Francis Willis. 9 Cook street, Liverpool.
1889. April 4 Taylor, Henry. Braeside, Rusthall, Tunbridge
Wells.
1872. Sept. 5 Taylor, James. Rencombe, Gloucestershire.
1887. Feb. 10 Tempest, Mrs. Arthur Cecil. Broughton
Hall, Skipton-in-Craven.
1889. Feb. 21 '''Thompson, Edward P. Whitchurch, Salop.
1890. Nov. 6 '"'Thompson, John. 1 1 Bentley road, Liverpool.
189 1. Jan. 8 '''Thompson-Yates, Rev. S. A., M.A. 45 Philli-
more Gardens, London, W.
1889. Oct. 31 ''Thornely, Jas. L.' 5 Fenwick street, Liverpool.
1886. Nov. I Threlfall, Henry S. 1-2 London street, South-
port.
1890. Nov. 6 Tonge, William Asheton. Disley, Cheshire.
1888. Feb. 23 Toulmin, John. *'6^«d5r^/rtr//" Office, Preston.
1889. Oct. 31 '''Turton, Fletcher Thomas. Municipal Buildings,
Liverpool.
1890. Dec. 18 '-'Van Gruisen, Nicholas. 27 Bold street,
Liverpool.
1872. Dec. 12 Veevers, R. Woningworth, Fuhvood Park.
Preston.
1894. Nov. 29 '''Vyner, Robert C. de Grey. Newby Hall,
Ripon.
.1889. Oct. 31 '''Wainwright, Thos. T, 13 Union court, Liver-
pool.
xxii List of Members,
Date of Election.
1894. April 5 Warburton, Rev. William. Altcar Vicarage,
Liverpool.
1892. Nov. 3 Warrington Museum. Warrington.
1896. Nov. 19 '''Watkins, J. R. 5 Harrington street, Liverpool.
1897. Nov. 4 WfiARiNG, J. W., M.A. Fleet square, Lan-
caster.
1849. ^^b. I '''Webster, George. 6 York Buildings, Dale
street, Liverpool.
1891, Mar. 5. Weeks, W. Self. Clitheroe.
1895. Nov. 7 '''Weightman, Percy O. Fern Lea, Seaforth.
1888. Dec. 13 Weldon, William Henry, Norroy King oj
Arms. College of Arms, London, E.G.
1856. Jan. 3 Welton, Thomas A. 38, St. James's road,
Brixton, London, S.E.
1896. Mar. 26 ''-Whinnerah, William. 20 Wellington road,
OxtOn, Birkenhead.
1897. April 8 White, Richard Prosser, M.D. Standishgate,
Wigan.
1891. Feb. 5 White, Rev. W\ Stua'rt, ^LA. Esh Vicarage,
Durham.
1889. Jan. 10 Wigan Free Library, Wigan.
1892. Dec. 15 Williams, Rev. J. Wright, M.A. Farnworth
Vicarage, Widnes.
1896. Nov. 19 'Williamson, James. Stanley road, Linacre.
1892. Mar. 24 *\Vilson, G. F. B. 24 Prince's avenue, Liverpool.
1885. Nov. 26 ■'•'Wilson, W. Forshaw. 20 Groxteth road, Sefton
Park, Liverpool.
1865. Dec. 7 Wood, Richard Henry, F.S.A., F.R.G.S.
Behiiont, Sjdmouth, S. Devon.
1 89 1. Nov. 19 WooDHOUSE, Miss E. D. Burghiil Gourt,
Hereford.
1888. Dec. 13 Woods, Sir Albert William, K.G.^LG., G.B.,
F.S.A., Garter King of Arms, Gollege ot
Arms, London, E.G.
1892. Nov. 3 Worsley, Philip J. Rodney Lodge, Glifton,
Bristol.
ASSOGIATE MEMBERS.
1885. Nov. 26 -^Athcrton, Webster. 8 Victoria park, Walton.
1895. Nov. 7 ^' Ball, T. Stanley.
1893. Nov. 30 Dolan, Dom Gilbert, O.S.B. St. Benedict's,
Ealing, London, W.
1 888. ^Lir. 8 *Shaw, George Thomas. Athenaeum, Ghurch
street, Liverpool, Hon. Librarian*
1894. Nov. I '''Waite, James A. 6 Fairfield street, Fairfield,
Liverpool, Hon* Assistant Secretary.
Date of Election.
1855. Feb. I
1875.
Jan.
7
1880.
Oct.
5
1870.
Sept.
13
1854.
Sept.
27
1870.
Sept.
13
1852.
Dec.
9
1891.
Dec.
3
1880.
Oct.
5
1870.
Sept.
13
Lz5^ 0/ Members. xxiii
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Clarke, Joseph, F.S.A. The Roos, Saffron-
Walden, Essex.
Coughtrey, Mill en. London street, Otago,
New Zealand.
Dean, John Ward. 1 8 Somerset street, Boston,
Mass., United States of America.
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, C.B. The Camp,
Sunningdale, Berkshire.
Latham, R. Gordon, ^LD. 96 Disraeli road,
Putney, London.
Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A.
High Elms, Hayes, Beckenham, Kent.
Mac Adam, Robert. 18 College square Ea.st,
Belfast.
Oxford, the Lord Bishop of, F.S.A. Cuddesdon
Palace, Oxford, Vice-President.
Ruskin, John, LL.D. Brantwood, Coniston,
Lancashire, Vice-President.
Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, Bart, M.P., P.R.S.,
LL.D. Pembroke College, Cambridge.
( xxiv )
CORRIGENDA.
Lines 17-18, page 39, instead of "the onsets of the
** Sikires in South Wales," read ** a rising of the Iceni
** on the east coast."
Transactions.
THE
ROMAN FORTIFICATIONS RECENTLY
DISCOVERED AT WILDERSPOOL.
By Thomas May, F.E.I. Scot.
Read i6th February, 1899.
THE discoveries made during 1895-6-7-8, in
excavating for building sand, on the site
of the Roman Station at Wilderspool, situated
about half way between the swing bridge and
the side cutting to connect the Ship Canal and
the river Mersey, have been described in my
-two papers read before this Society, in December,
1896, and March, 1898/ These papers were so
suggestive as to induce the Council to make a
grant of ;^io, to enable me to commence
systematic exploration in the adjoining field,
belonging to Messrs. Greenall, Whitley & Co.,
of Wilderspool. The latter well-known firm not
only granted the required permission, but also,
when that fund was exhausted, subscribed to
continue the work, along with a few private
individuals: Messrs. William Owen, F.R.I.B.A. ;
L. Greening, F.L.S., M.R.I.A. ; and myself.
Later, the Museum Committee of the Warrington
Corporation, on condition of receiving the ** finds,'*
voted £1^ for the same purpose, so that work
» Later discoveries have rendered the printing of the second paper
superfluous, and its substance has been embodied in the text.
C
2 The Roman Fortifications at Wilder spool.
was continued from May to December, 1898
(except during the holiday season, in July and
August, when it was interrupted for about a
month). In acknowledging the assistance re-
ceived, it should likewise be stated that the
excavater, Mr. John Hallows, with both spade
and camera, performed faithful and intelligent
service.
The lantern slides now exhibited were prepared
by the Chester and North Wales Archaeological
and Historic Society, from originals lent by me,
to illustrate my paper read at their meeting on
the 17th January last ; which paper included a
description of all the discoveries and *' finds ''
from December, 1895, to December, 1898.
Preliminary Search.
From the accompanying plan it will be seen
that the field and Roman Camp cover nearly
the whole width between the Ship Canal and
river, only a roadway intervening, and that the
sides of both approximately face the cardinal
points.
Clay Floors and Oven. — Soon after excavations
were begun, two clay floors, measuring 11 feet
by 8, and 11 feet by 7 respectively, and 10
inches thick, were uncovered at 16 inches below
the sod, 20 feet east from the Roman via, and
30 feet from the south fence of the field. Round
their margins were pieces of stone roofing slabs
(one nearly whole, measuring 12 by 11 J inches,
and f inch thick), of the micaceous sandvStone
largely used for a similar purpose at Wroxeter
(Uriconinm) ; and 21 of the iron nails, 2 to 3
inches long, for fastening them to the roof. At
one corner, during a visit of Messrs. E. W. Cox,
of Rock Ferry, and R. D. Radcliffe, M.A., F.S.A.,
of Liverpool, as representatives of this Society,
H
2 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool,
was continued from May to December, 1898
(except during the holiday season, in July and
August, when it was interrupted for about a
month). In acknowledging the assistance re-
ceived, it should likewise be stated that the
excavater, Mr. John Hallows, with both spade
and camera, performed faithful and intelligent
service.
The lantern slides now exhibited were prepared
by the Chester and North Wales Archaeological
and Historic Society, from originals lent by me,
to illustrate my paper read at their meeting on
the 17th January last ; which paper included a
description of all the discoveries and *' finds''
from December, 1895, to December, 1898.
Preliminary Search.
From the accompanying plan it will be seen
that the field and Roman Camp cover nearly
the whole width between the Ship Canal and
river, only a roadway intervening, and that the
sides of both approximately face the cardinal
points.
Clay Floors and Oven, — Soon after excavations
were begun, two clay floors, measuring 11 feet
by 8, and 11 feet iDy 7 respectively, and 10
inches thick, were uncovered at 16 inches below
the sod, 20 feet east from the Roman via, and
30 feet from the south fence of the field. Round
their margins were pieces of stone roofing slabs
(one nearly whole, measuring 12 by iij inches,
and f inch thick), of the micaceous sandstone
largely used for a similar purpose at Wroxeter
(Uriconiimt) ; and 21 of the iron nails, 2 to 3
inches long, for fastening them to the roof. At
one corner, during a visit of Messrs. E. W. Cox,
of Rock Ferry, and R. D. Radcliffe, M.A., F.S.A.,
of Liverpool, as representatives of this Society,
The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL 3
there .were unearthed fragments of a quern of
vesicular lava from the Eifel, square lumps of
mineral coal (Wigan nuts), scoriae or slag,
potshards of common red and black Upchurch
and so-called Samian ware, and the broken
handle of an amphora^ stamped with the potter's
name :
ICIOR
Traces of walls were also met with, and in
the interval of about 6 feet between the two
floors, a thick mass of clay, enclosing \yhat has
since been recognised as an oven. The total
thickness of the latter was a little over 2 J feet,
presenting the following vertical section : —
Feet. Inches,
Brown clay (in a plastic condition) i 6
Wood charcoal (small burnt sticks,
&c.) thin layer
Red and brown clay (hardened by
fire) o I to 2
Red and brown clay (in a plastic
state) o 3 to 4
Brown clay (indurated by pressure) o 8
2 6 to 8'
Hollow platform or basin of stones 2. 2 to 4
This hollow platform was beneath the clay,
and of about the same area, and 2 feet 2 inches
deep in the middle. Underneath were found
horses' teeth in a decayed condition, fragments
of an amphora^ and a large piece of Samian,
with sharply embossed wreath ornamentation ;
also round the edges, at 4 J feet from the surface,
there were found small fragments of bone, a rib
bone, 2 small molars of wild boar, a 3-inch iron
nail, and a first brass coin of Domitian in fine
condition.
c 2
4 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
In cutting an exploratory trench from this spot
along the east side of the via^ as far as the bend
at the north-west angle, a well, traces of walls,
clay floors, and worked stones associated with
undoubted Roman potshards, coins, &c., were
met with for the whole distance. Only a portion
of these structural remains were fully explored,
and will be subsequently described under the
head of interior buildings.
Among the worked stones there was a short
pila or pedestal of sandstone, roughly scabbled
with a pick, and unweathered, the tool marks
and edges being as sharp as when first wrought.
Its height is 20 inches, consisting of a trunk, gj
inches square, 14 inches in height, without capital
or cornice, and a base, 6 inches high, enlarging
by a splay on three sides to 13 inches, where it
rested on the ground, giving the stone a firm
basis. Round about were 17 walling stones,
hammer-dressed flat on two sides, and chiselled
smooth on the exposed face, which was about
the dimensions of an ordinary brick seen sideways.
Discovery of Entrenchments.
About the end of August, operations were begun
close to the north-west angle, on the outside or
west side of the via^ and it was not until the
beginning of September that the footings of the
rampart and outer ditch were first divscovered in
this locality.
The Defences, — The lines of the encampment
were invisible and unrecorded until these special
excavations were made. The only external in-
dication of the existence of a Roman settlement
was the slight eminence along the western margin
of Messrs. Greenall, Whitley and Co.\s field, where
an immense thickness of sandstone rubble and
gravel rose to within a few inches of the surface.
I
The Kopian Fortifications at WilderspooL 5
rendering the vegetation comparatively yellow and
barren. This slight elevation was supposed to be
merely the agger formed by a well-known Roman
highway, running north and south, between Wigan
(Coccium) on the one hand and Kinderton (Con-
date), near Northwich, on the other. The work
of the past summer has proved it to include
remains of wall, berme, and ditch situated along
the western, and a row of interior buildings
along the eastern margin of the via, and the
results of the special excavations initiated by this
Society have been an agreeable surprise to all
concerned.
To ascertain the situation and character of the
fortifications, 24 sections were cut across them and
carried down to the undisturbed sand wherever
requisite for noting any peculiarity of structure.
The details of these cuttings will now be described
by reference to the accompanying Plan (Plate I)
and Cross Sections (Plate III) prepared by me
from measurements taken during the progress of
the excavations.
WEST SIDE.
Beginning at the south fence of the field,
Section I was cut outwards and westwards from
the via for a distance of 25 feet. At a depth of
2 feet beneath the sod, a layer, about 2 feet thick
and 18 feet wide, of sandstone rubble, including
a few hammer-dressed blocks, consolidated with
clay, was uncovered ; and beyond it a ditch, 7
feet wide and 3J feet deep, measured at the surface
of the undisturbed sand. To these measurements
of the ditch must be added some allowance for
the depth of soil, probably about i foot, when it
was excavated, to obtain its original dimensions.
The exposed face of the sand inside the ditch
was hardened by pounding, and of a deep red
colour, except along the bottom, which was
6 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
blackened by a thin layer of sediment. Mixed
with the soil cast from the ditch in this section
were fragments of charcoal, potshards of common
red and black Upchurch, and a few pieces of
bright red Samian ware, several of the latter
bearing traces of secondary burning, which had
injured their appearance.
The outer rampart having thus been traced to
the extreme south side of the field, the evidence
recorded of its further extension in the same
direction, obtained during its removal in the sand-
pit, becomes interesting. In one of my previous
papers (at p. 8 of the Transactions for 1897) it is
stated, with reference to the via: ^^ Margin es or
*' footpaths, 3 yards wide, paved with gravel upon
** sandstone blocks, extend on both sides." An
entry in my note book of loth July, i8g6, records
that at about 40 feet north from the Ship Canal,
or 32 feet from the spot referred to (Section I),
the via was 51 feet in width, clearly marked with
stones and gravel, and that the traces were found
extending 12 feet further on the west side, deep
in the soil. Owing to their rude and indefinite
character, these traces were at the time mis-
undervStood, but there can be no doubt that they
were the footings of the rampart and debris from
its superstructure in both instances.
As the south-west gateway was here situated,
and an altar was found 30 feet west from the
same spot, the record is worth quoting of still
earlier discoveries made during the construction
of the Irwell and Mersey Junction (Old Quay)
Canal, in 1801-3, close at hand, in the position
now occupied by the Ship Canal. The workmen
then employed are stated by W. Thompson Watkin
{Roman Cheshire, p. 261) to have unearthed
** numerous Roman foundations of buildings,
** together with bases, shafts, and capitals of
PLATE II.
H. S. of L A C.
NO. I. ROMAN WELL FOUND NEAR
INSULA II.
NO. 2. QUERN OP VESIOlTLAR LAVA PROM THE EIPEL.
FOUND in aitU NEAA OVEN II.
NO. 3. FOOTINGS OF RAMPART NEAR N.W. CORNER OP CAMP.
REMAINS FOUND IN THE ROMAN CAMP AT WILDERSPOOL, NEAR WARRINGTON.
The Roman Fortifications at Wilder spool. 7
** columns, especially in the * Stony Loont ' field,
** near the windmill, 7 feet below the surface,
*' some of the ashlars 3 feet by 2, with luis
** holes. . . . Potteiy of all kinds, including
** Samian, and numerous coins. A road was cut
** through, more than 6 yards wide, running north
"' and south, rather to the east of the windmill.''
The windmill here spoken of, which no longer
serves as a landmark, occupied the summit of an
ancient barrow that once stood about 70 }'ards
in a direct line' westward, where is now the
north bank of the Ship Canal. A fragment of
the burial urn obtained from this barrow when
it was removed, sqme 40 years ago, is in the
Warrington Museum. The road cut through
** rather to the east of the windmill'* was the
Roman via^ which passes round two sides of the
encampment.
In continuing the work of exploration. Section II
was cut 80 feet north from No. i, and carried
westward from the via for a distance of about
50 feet, in search of a possible series of outer
ditches or defences, but without result. Close to
the 'edge of the via, the footings of the rampart
were again exposed at a depth of only i foot
below the sod, and consisted of a layer or platform
of stones, g feet wide, with straight margins of
hammer-dressed sandstone blocks, the interval
being filled in with rubble, and consolidated with
alluvial clay. Underneath, for about a foot, the
sand was blackened by black oxide of iron dis-
solved out of the foundations of red sandstone
laid directly upon it. This blackened layer had
the appearance of a gremiuntj or bedding, and
was invariably met with below the foundations
of walls, and also beneath the siatumen or lowest
course of the via in all parts. The ditch in
this section, and in no other, left the straight
8 The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
course and came close up to the rampart. Its
width was 6 feet 8 inches, and depth below the
present surface 5 feet 10 inches, with sides nearly
perpendicular. Bordering the outside of the ditch
were the bottom courses of a wall of rubble,
cemented with clay, 2 feet wide and deep ; and
beyond this the thickness of soil increased to 3 J
feet as far as the cutting extended.
Section III, cut 84 feet north from the former,
was carried far enough to uncover rampart and
berme, and to ascertain the existence of a ditch
at .18 feet from the via. The footings of the
rampart were similar in structure and dimensions
to those in section II. The berme, or platform,
between rampart and ditch was, consequently,
9 feet in width, and there was a cobblestone
pavement partly covering it at 18 inches below
the sod.
Section IV, 25 feet from the preceding, was
made long enough to ascertain the presence,
without variation, of the stone platform, 9 feet
wide and 22 inches down, close to the edge of
the via.
Section V, at an interval of only 12 J feet, was
deemed to have proved the continued existence
of the rampart when carried about half its
width.
Section VI, at an equally short interval, was
carried 37 feet from the via^ to uncover the
rampart, berme, and a flagged pavement crossing
the ditch, and a clay floor beyond. By reference
to the Plan No. I,^ it will be observed that the
ditch, or what is possibly a small addition to
the bottom of the original ditch, at 4 feet from
the present surface, is only 18 inches wide and
13 inches deep. It was inferred from the blackness
of the soil beneath the stone flags, and the layer
of charcoal half-an-inch thick in one portion
PLATE
H. 8. OF L. AND C.
>SS SECTIONS.
R O f^ A N THOMAS MAY, F.EJ.Scot., and drfcwn by
I V W/ ITI J**^ I ^ ^ F.R.r.S,A.. LooftI Secretary of the HletoHo
ILDER
HAh^pc and Cheahip*, March, l8dB.
Section N*?9
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. 9
(indicated by dark shading on the plan), that
the timbers used for carrying them across were
subsequently burned. The width of the rampart
was here 11 feet, the margins being somewhat
indefinite ; and the width of the berme 7 feet.
Section VII, 20 feet from the former, uncovered
stone footings, berme, and ditch, measuring 9 J feet,
9 feet, and 7 feet wide respectively, and presenting
no special features worth mentioning. The form
and dimensions of the ditch were uniform with
those found in nearly all the remaining sections,
viz., V-shaped, with scarp and counterscarp slo-
ping at an angle of about 45 degrees, the width
being 6 to 8 feet, and depth 2^ to 3^ feet at the
surface of the undisturbed sand.
From this section, northwards, a row of larger
hammer-dressed stones was laid bare along the
inner margin of the rampart, bordering the via^ for
over 50 feet, to the point where the footings of
another wall, an offset of the former, leaving it at
right angles, was encountered close to the N.W.
angle of the fortification.
Owing to the increasing importance of the dis-
coveries, the remaining sections, Nos. VIII to XII,
commencing at 13 feet from No. VII, were griadually
widened until they almost entirely coalesced. In
this way the ditch was to a great extent cleared,
and the remains of the rampart fully exposed for a
distance of 50 feet, to where the turn of the via in
an easterly direction begins.
Occupying the interval of 13 feet between sections
VIII and IX, were what appeared to be the founda-
tions of a gateway. Three large hammer-dressed
blocks of sandstone, two on the outer and one on
the inner face of the rampart, were in positions for
supporting the jambs or gateposts, and there was
a fourth still larger block on the inside, rather away
from the direct line of the passage between them.
lo The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
This passage was paved with rubble to a short
distance beyond the outer margin of the rampart,
but no traces of any further extension of the road-
way were met with, although digging was continued
across the ditch and for another 40 feet in a direct
line westward. The width of the rampart was
here gj feet, and three courses of stones along its
outer margin were in situ. The berme was without
pavement and about 10 feet wide, and the ditch
uniform as described.
For the remaining distance, 27 feet, between
sections X and XII, the stone footings were of a
more substantial character than elsewhere. The
outer marginal blocks were of larger dimensions
and of a harder description of grey sandstone ; and
although the size of the inner row was unchanged,
the interval between the rows was filled with a g-inch
layer of puddled boulder-clay, well rammed down
upon about a foot of rubble. A photograph, Plate II,
No. 3, of this portion vshows several of these larger
stones. One is much weather-worn and channelled
with a pick in a rough manner on one surface.
Underneath another the bronze regiila, or foot-rule,
was discovered, and under one of the inner facing
stones the rib-bone of a rat, both probably preserved
from decay by the clay covering. A quantity of cal-
cined wheat, from a layer at 2 feet from the bottom
of the ditch in the nearest section, suggests that a
granary or store of provisions was here located.
NORTH AND EAST SIDES.
The remains of circumvallation uncovered on
the north and east sides were more uniform in
construction than the foregoing, and may be more
summarily described.
Section I, on the north side, was cut as nearly
as could be judged through the middle of the
north-west angle, where rampart and via turn
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. ii
together at an angle of about 103 degrees in an
easterly direction. The remaining sections on this
side are at intervals of loi, no, and 71 feet
.respectively.
The sections on the east side, numbered I to VII,
commence at the south fence of the field, and are
7i» 33 J, i37» 16, 24, and 25 feet apart.
In eight of these sections the ditch was cleared
and measured, and found to be the most uniform
and persistent feature, as already described. In
six sections the stone footings were likewise present,
a bed of hard clay replacing them in the other two
sections. Only in two places were the remains of
the rampart entirely wanting, having been removed
apparently by grubbing gardeners on the south
side of the field, where, was once a shrubbery, and
in making a roadway near the north-west angle,
where a gap is plainly visible.
On each side one section was carried across
rampart, berme, and ditch, and for some distance
beyond them in either direction ; and in both, an
examination of the stone footings showed them to
be similar in material and construction to what has
been already specified. Their margins, 10 and 13
feet apart, w^ere perhaps straighter and more
clearly defined, the hammer-dressed stones being
in two or three courses, and 18 to 24 inches deep.
Their surface was fairly level at i to 2 feet below
the sod, but whether made so by design of the
Roman architectus^ whose foot-rule is shown, or by
subsequent disturbance in digging or ploughing,
could not be determined ; probably the latter.
SOUTH SIDE.
For want of better opportunity, the line of the
defences on the south side has been pieced together
in a very fragmentary manner, by means of the
records of discoveries made in the sand-pit along
12 The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
the north bank of the Ship Canal, in 1895-8, as
described in my previous papers. The structural
remains here uncovered were concluded, on the
authority of the dotted lines demarcating the
Roman station on the old 25in. Ordnance map, to
belong to the northern rampart. Recent discoveries
prove that they belong to the opposite, or southern,
side of the camp.
The most complete example of Roman masonry
yet found upon the site was the small square cell, No.
7, uncovered in November, 1897, between the lines
of rampart and ditch, about the middle of the south
side, at y\ feet below the sod and 3 to 4 feet below
the mean level of the pure sand. The walls were
4 feet across, and, when fully exposed at a total
depth of 12 feet, rose to a height of 4J feet. They
were about 20 inches thick, and composed of sand-
stone blocks (up to 22 X 18 X 15 inches) along with
a few boulders embedded in clay without any order.
The inner and no doubt exposed faces were made
smooth and perpendicular by merely breaking off
projections with a hammer, and filling up the wide
intervals with clay. A few fragments of an amphora,
obtained from the inside, suggested that it was used
as a wine cellar [cella vinaria). It was probably the
foundation of a small tower in front of the rampart,
or of a sentry box for the Roman sentinel.
At the bottom of three other deep holes in the
same vicinity, foundations of sandstone rubble set
in clay were met with, and recorded on plan and
section, Nos. 2, 4, and 8, at depths of 7 feet, 7^ feet,
and 10 feet respectively. In all these the higher
courses of masonry had obviously been removed in
the search for stones at some previous period, pro-
bably at the time of the construction of the Irwell
and Mersey Canal, in 1801-3, above-mentioned.
In March, 1897, two large hammer-dressed blocks
of red sandstone, fully 30 inches square and 8 inches
The Rommi Fortifications at WilderspooL 13
thick, were found in situ, lying corner to corner, 8
feet east from the via and 58 feet from the Ship
Canal, as vshewn at No. i on plan and section. They
were bedded on an even layer of puddled boulder
clay, about 10 feet square and 8 or 9 inches thick,
at 4 feet from the ordinary surface. They appear
from their position to have supported one of the
jambs of the presumed gateway at the S.W. angle.
In their vicinity were also what appear to be two
broken pieces of the socket-stone of one of the
wings of the great wooden gate. They are rude
blocks of sandstone which, when joined at their
fracture, measure 22 inches in width by 18 inches
in thickness. A smooth conical groove has been
worn in them by friction: diameter 5 J inches at one
end and 4 inches at the other. These and the much
worn and corroded remainder of an iron pivot-ring,
from the same locality, are in the Warrington Mu-
seum. Similar pivot-rings have been found inside
their sockets in the gateways of the vStations per
lineam Valli,
The positions are indicated on the plan, near to
No. I, of two other large blocks of sandstone (22 X
15 X 14 inches and 19x18x9 inches) somewhat to
the southward of the former ; and still further east-
ward along the line of the rampart, 20 feet from the
presumed gateway, there is'shewn a bed of rubble,
12 feet long and 9 feet wide.
The depth and tenacity of the surface soil over
this portion rendered the w'orking of the sandpit
unprofitable, and necessitated the constant use of a
pick, though elsewhere round about it can be easily
turned over with a spade. This was due to the
amount of clay in lumps and artificial layers inter-
mixed with the soil, derived from the superstructure
of the southern rampart.
As shown on the plan, portions of the ditch on
this side were measured and recorded towards the
14 The Roman Fortifications at Wilder spool.
east end of the sandpit, at 37 feet and 36 J feet from
the margin of the Ship Canal. One of these, re-
maining in December, 1898, was recognised by so
experienced an authority as Mr. Robt. Blair, F.S.A.,
to be a section of the outer ditch.
A wide trench, shewn about the middle of the
vertical section accompanying my first paper, was
proved by subsequent excavation to be a longitu-
dinal section of the same ditch.
The few slight traces above described were all
that remained of the southern rampart, and as
they have now been entirely swept away, they
afford no sufficient basis for determining the dimen-
sions of the enclosure. For this purpose, therefore,
the lines of the ditch are the only data, and when
these are extended until they meet at the corners,
as shewn on the plan No. i, a trapezium is formed,
or a figure with four unequal sides, measuring 372 X
394x454x468 feet on the west, south, north, and
east sides respectively. These measurements give
a mean length and breadth of 424 feet east and
west, and 420 feet north and south, equal to an
area of about four acres. The stations per lineam
Valli contain from 3 to 5 J acres, and the important
camp at Birrens, recently excavated, almost 4 acres,
the interior dimensions being 520x320 feet. A
deduction of about 50 feet, or double the width of
wall, berme, and ditch, must be made from the
mean length and breadth above stated in order to
arrive at the interior dimensions of the Wilderspool
camp, which reduces the enclosed area to a little
over 3 acres, or barely sufficient accommodation for
an ala^ or troop of 300 cavalry, or a cohort of 600
foot soldiers.
The inconsiderable dimensions of the ditch (6 to
8 feet wide and 2j to 3 feet deep) correspond to
those of the later imperial or Hyginian camp, of
which the breadth was to be at least 5 feet, and the
depth 3 feet.
The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL 15
EXTERIOR BUILDINGS.
In digging the foundations of Wilderspool
House, situated near the presumed gateway at the
north-east angle, in 1787, a large number of
Roman articles, including coins, were obtained ;
but there is no record of any previous discovery on
the west side of the encampment, where, towards
the close of the working season, in November last,
the foundations of an annex, with walls nearly as
massive as those of the main work itself, were
partly traced, and now fall to be described. They
were of similar material and construction to those
of the latter, and extended at right angles on the
west side, parallel to one another, and 71 feet
apart. The northmost was found abutting upon
the rampart close to the north-west angle, and
running across the ditch and along what was once
the sloping bank of the river for a distance of
77 feet. Its various breadths, taken in four cross
sections, at intervals of 10, 30, 20, and 17 feet,
were 10, 9 J, 8 J, and 5 feet respectively. In the
last section the stones had been partly removed in
making a pathway. In the adjoining section the
outer margin of the wall was buttressed by flat
stones, 2 feet wide, set on edge and springing by
four steps from a considerable depth in the sand,
to prevent it from bulging and slipping down the
bank. The whole was consolidated with clay, but
there were no straight margins or even courses.
The southmost wall of the annex was traced, by
means of a zig-zag cut, for a distance of 45 feet,
with more or less completeness, from the outer edge
of the ditch, where it was observed to be 6.} feet
wide, with straight margins of rather large hammer-
dressed stones, filled in with rubble and clay.
Whether these two walls formed parts of one
enclosure, and were united by a cross wall at
their outer or western extremities, could not be
1 6 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
ascertained, owing to the obstructions interposed
by a garden and young plantation.
By means of several holes and an east and west
trench, 23 feet long, shown on plan at section
No. Vll, the intervening space was found to be
floored with a thick layer of boulder clay, bright
red in some places, especially in the 23 -foot cutting,
where it shelves up from the bottom of the ditch
to within a foot of the present surface.
The only other external structure worth men-
tioning so far met with is a circular bit of polygonal
pavement, about 6 feet in diameter, situated on
the east side, in section V, at 34 feet from the
outer margin of the rampart. It was formed of
small slabs of sandstone, roughly fashioned and
fitted together at the edges with a hammer, among
which was a Roman brick of very dense consist-
ency. Underneath was a bedding of made-earth,
and on its vSouth side the Roman stratum of dis-
turbed soil was traced to a depth of 5 feet.
Interior Buildings.
Very little exploration has been done within the
fortification, and much remains to be accomplished.
An attempt was made to discover the presumed
forum or market place, by digging holes down to
the undisturbed sand in two long cross lines at
the mean or measured centre, without success.
Here, in what was once a shrubbery, any founda-
tions have probably been uprooted in the search
for stones or in gardening operations.
Two walled enclosures were uncovered on the
inner margin of the via, having frontages of 40
feet and 24 feet respectively, — one on the west side
of the camp, near the south-west angle, insula i ;
the other on the north side, near the middle,
insula ii, where a gateway is usually located in
a regular military encampment. Owing to their
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. 17
tumbled and incomplete condition, the whole areas
of these enclosures had to be excavated before their
ground plan could be mapped out. Their general
outline will be best understood by reference to the
plan, and no further description is needed, since
they were formed of the usual unshaped rubble set
in clay, with a few hammer-dressed stones, and
derive their chief interest from the associated finds.
Insula I. — The following is a brief summary
of the noteworthy features and more important
** finds " in or about Insula I.
(i) The thickness, 4 to 5^ feet, of the outer
walls, indicating that they were carried to a good
height with the same kind of material.
(2) The shaft of a well and its various con-
tents. (Plate II, No. I.) This was situated in the
north-east corner of the enclosure, inside and
partly in the thickness of the outer wall, at 36 J
feet from the edge of. the via. In construction
it was similar to the one described in m)^ first
paper. {Transactions^ 1896, p. 6.) Among the
debris cast from the interior there was a large
corner-stone (20 x 18 x 16 inches), having a square
dowel-hole or mortice, 3J inches wide by 3 inches
deep, on its weathered surface, as if to receive
the tenon of an upright beam, and two small notches
for the insertion of stops or tenons of cross beams ;
pieces of stone roofing slabs and the nails for fasten-
ing them, fragments of brick, tile, burnt clay and
plastic clay, potshards of the commoner descrip-
tions of Roman ware and a few chips of Samian,
decayed teeth of horses and oxen, bits of wood
charcoal, and a first brass coin of Trajan, in fine
condition, found near the mouth of the well in the
presence of Mr. Edward W. Cox, during his visit
on 5th July, 1898.
(3) An oven, ingeniously constructed of solid
clay. (Plate I, margin.) It must have been formed
1 8 The Roman Fortifications at Wilder spool.
by piling up puddled clay around a wooden frame,
and maintaining a fire within the interior until the
wood had been burned away and a lining of burnt
clay or solid brick formed of sufficient thickness to
support the arched roof. When opened out, its
roof had, of course, collapsed. Flues, lined with
soot, ID inches wide by 5 inches deep, branched
north and south from the mouth of the oven for
a distance of 13 feet, in the thickness of the
clay floor, as if to utilize the waste heat in
warming the apartment ; the floor of the latter
and of the oven being nearly at the same level.
(4) The base of an amphora or dolium of large
size (17 inches by 16 J inches), in situ^ adjoining
the oven.
(5) A millstone or quern, slightly conical, of
vesicular lava from the Eifel, diameter 16J inches,
with a hole in the centre, i| inches square. It
fell to pieces on removal, but was, fortunately,
photographed m situ, at 4 feet from the oven.
(Plate I, No. 2.)
(6) Many fragments of Romano-British or
Gaulish pottery of the usual descriptions, including
Samian ; a few pieces of black-glazed, embossed
v/are, bowl-shaped, but in a very different style
of ornamentation from Samian ; and two small
vases, nearly perfect, of common red ware.
(7) Inside the front wall of the enclosure, at
4 feet below the sod, in a very black layer of
sandy soil beneath the ordinary Roman stratum,
lumps of slag, scoriae, iron in a much oxidized
condition, 'square bits of mineral coal (Wigan
nuts), cannel coal, burnt clay, and vitrified clay
from the interior of a furnace, indicating that
the apartment had been used as a forge (officina
f err aria) or blacksmith's shop.
(8) A cobblestone pavement, covering the pass-
age between the pistrinum or bakery and the
officina or workshop.
The Roman Fortifications at Wilder spool. 19
Though, trenches were cut 40 feet further in
the rear of the pistrinum, and clay floors were
uncovered, no traces of walls were found in that
direction. ■
Insula II. — In comparison with those above
referred to, the front wall of the building on the
north side was less massive (3! feet wide) but
contained a larger proportion of hammer-dressed
vStones, its margins were straighter, and the courses
deeper in the ground. No rear walls were met
with, though clay floors were crossed in the long
cuttings made during the search, as in the pre-
vious instance.
The following objects were found in its vicinity: —
(i) A large ribbed bead (fig. 14) with bright blue
vitreous glaze (subsequently described), 2^ feet
down in the trench, between wall and via,
(2) Several large fragments of a Samian bowl,
with embossed ornamentation of an obscene cha-
racter.
(3) A fragment of a bowl of the same kind of
ware, with embossed lettering in one of the com-
partments on the outside of the bulge. (See de-
scription on page 27).
CEMETERY.
In October, 1895, the local Ship Canal officials
unearthed a dug-out oak coffin, covered inside and
outside with sheet lead, and containing a decayed
human skeleton, at .6 feet from the summit of the
north slope of the canal, 300 yards east from the
Roman station, and 120 yards from the Wilderspool
swing bridge in the same direction. The human
remains were re-interred, but portions of the lead
and the bottom of the coffin were removed to
Warrington Museum. The largest fragment of
sheet lead measures about 23 J by 20 inches. The
joints were made by overlapping or folding, and
D 2
20 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
without solder. It bears no ornament or pattern,
such as is often found upon leaden coffins obtained
from Roman cemeteries. The length of the wood
is 6 feet 8 inches, and its breadth varies from 14 to
ig inches. Its thickness is 3 inches inside and
6 inches outside at one end, where it turns at right
angles, showing it to have been hewn out of the
solid log, and decreases to about one inch at the
other end. The preservation of this portion from
decay is probably due to its lead covering.
A cinerary urn, of ordinary smoke-tinted
Upchurch ware, containing fragments of burnt
bone, but unaccompanied by any coin or ornament,
was found at 3 feet from the surface near to, but
not quite vertically over, the wooden coffin. This
urn has not been deposited in the local museum.
It is described by the owner as being iif inches in
height by gf inches in diameter.
These two discoveries are not sufficient to prove
the existence of the cemetery of the Roman statioh
in this locality, but they suggest the propriety of
observation being directed by local antiquaries to
any further digging near the spot.
Description of the Objects Found since
December, i8g7. (Plate IV.)
BRONZE.
Locket (fig. I.) — This fine example of the art of
enamelling, or decorating metal objects by fusing
patterns in coloured glass upon their surface, is of
special interest, as a survival of a phase of native
British civilization, known as Late Celtic, which
was prior to the Roman occupation. It consists of
two thin plates of bronze, lozenge-shaped, each
side J inch long, with edges turned at right angles,
so that when conjoined they form a locket or
satchet for containing scents or amulets. The
back plate is perforated with four holes at the
PLATE IV.
H. S. of L A C.
Ytuv
#
OBJECTS IN BRONZE AND FRAGMENT OF URN OF SAMIAN WARE
WITH DESCRIPTIVE LABEL IN EMBOSSED LETTERING.
FOUND IN THE ROM^N CAMP AT WILDERSPOOL. NEAR WARRINGTON.
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. 21
angles, but is otherwise plain. The front plate has
been cast with 25 similar champlev6 compartments
and filled with enamel, forming a trellis pattern,
or diamond lattice, which, when fresh and perfect,
must have been both pleasing and effective. One
corner has been destroyed by corrosion, and the
enamel has, through age or chemical action, faded
to a uniform pale green colour.
A similarly-ornamented specimen previously dis-
covered at Wilderspool, but not deposited in the
Warrington Museum, is figured in the Journal of the
Architectural^ Archaeological^ and Historical Society
of Chester^ parts x and xi, 1876, p. 21 1, and described
by Dr. Kendrick thus : — '* No. 6 in our plate of illus-
** trations is a lozenge-shaped object in bronze, with
** the remains of a hinged pin at the back, probably
** another variety of the fibula. Its form at least
** appears complete, the small compartments in its
** front still retain the blue and yellow enamel with
** which they were all no doubt originally filled/'
Nothing is known of the whereabouts of this valu-
able specimen.
Scalpel or Scalpelluin.^ An instrument identical
in shape with the surgeon's scalpel of the present
day. It has a two-edged leaf-shaped blade 2 inches
long by J inch wide, with a rectangular haft or
hilt, I inch long, of bronze, in one piece. The haft
retains part of an iron handle ingeniously dove-
tailed into it for about 3 inch, though the external
portion of the iron is almost entirely corroded
away. There are deep narrow grooves at the
extremity of the haft for receiving a binding w^ire,
by which the attachment of the handle was
apparently completed. (Fig. 10.)
Interesting object, in the form of a hasp, ij inch
in length, with characteristic Late Celtic trumpet-
shaped ornamentation in relief on one side, and
plain on the other. It is pierced at one end with
22 The Roman Fortifications at Wilder spool.
a round hole, and at the other with an oblong
slot. (Fig. 2.)
Small bell'Shapcd object, in bronze, i inch in
height, I inch across the rim. There is no trace
of an internal attachment for a clapper. The
external loop for suspension appears to have
been lost by corrosion. It may be the ferrule of
a javelin, &c. (Fig. g.)
Thin bronze ring, i J inches opening, J inch sec-
tion, with external circumferential groove. (Fig. 7.)
Thin penannular bronze ring, oval shape, ij
inch by I J inch opening, flat section, which may
have been a small key ring or a spiral finger ring
expanded. (Fig. 6.)
Bronze foot measure (regula or pes), such as
was found in a mason's shop at Pompeii. It is
made to fold together in half, by a five-plate
hinge, like a modern pair of compasses. To
prevent the hinge from bending in use there is a
stay, or latch (now broken) on one limb to slip
under the heads of two studs on the other. Inch
divisions (nncice) are marked on one side by slight
punctures, with a double mark for the quarter-foot.
Owing to the corroded state of the metal, the two
halves have been kept folded. The total length,
obtained by adding the length of both together,
is exactly 11*54 inches, or about one-tenth less
than the standard Roman foot, which is 11-6496
English inches. (Fig. 11.) A foot rule, of bronze,
measuring 11-604 niches, found at Caerleon-on-Usk
(I sea Silurum), and believed to be '* an object unique
'* amongst Roman antiquities found in Britain,'' is
described in the Archceological Journal, vol. viii, p.
160 ; and by Mr. John Edward Lee, F.S.A., in his
Catalogue, p. 69, plate XXXV, No. 11.
Bronze handle or stud, with divided tang. (Fig.
5.) — The use of this object is not apparent. It is
I J inch long, and made up of an ornamental head
The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL 23
(x% inch), and a divided tang, like a pair of
tweezers {^^ inch). The ends of the latter are
broken at the part where they have been pierced
with holes, apparently for a rivet. It may have
served as the handle for a small penknife, lancet,
or picker.
Sheet bronze, — A small piece (about 2 inches by
I inch) of thin sheet bronze, quite plain, and in a
much corroded condition.
Ligula. (Fig. 12.) — It may be worth mention that
the diminutive long-handled spoon {ligula) described
in my previous paper, is identical in shape with one
of the probes (specillum) , also contained in a bronze
box, discovered in the surgeon's house of the Strada
Consolare at Pompeii.^
Fibula. — A bow-shaped fibula, ornamented with
longitudinal grooves and cross bar, bearing traces
of a coiled spring attachment for the acus. The
latter has been lost owing to corrosion.
Fibula, shaped like the sole of a sandal, filled
with blue enamel, having four yellow spots. (Fig. 3.)
Nearly perfect.
IRON.
Horse-shoe. — A specimen of the broad, flat
horse-shoes frequently met with in the abandoned
settlements of the Romans, and along their still-
existing highways, found near a rubbish pit
containing clay, scoriae, and pieces of mineral coal
opened out at a short distance from the south-
western gateway. The oxide of iron has compacted
the sand covering it into a hard, stony mass. Two
similar specimens, along with a second brass coin
of Trajan, struck during his second consulship,
circa a.d. 100, found in 1827, alongside the same
via, at Ashton-in-Makerfield, are now preserved at
Knowsley.
2 Lt/e of the Greeks and Romans^ by E. Guhl and W. Koner, p, 528.
24 The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
Netting Needle^ an implement identical in shape
with the modern tatting needle, though of larger
dimensions, 8J inches over all in length, of iron
rod, J inch thick. The forked ends for receiving
the thread are each two inches in length. No doubt
it was employed in making nets for use in the
adjoining river, which was once famous for its
salmon fisheries. (Probably mediaeval.)
Pivot Rings. — Two broken and corroded half-
hoops of strap iron, i- inch thick on one side, but
worn to an edge by friction on the other, (i) Dia-
meter 4i inches, width if inch. (2) Diameter
4 inches, width if inch. The former was found
in the vicinity of the south-west angle, and the
latter near to the north-west angle of the encamp-
ment. As before stated, similar objects have been
found inside their stone sockets at the gates of the
camps along the line of the wall of Hadrian,
between the Tyne and Solway. They were affixed
to the ends of the wooden pivots of the great
gates, to resist wear.
The following iron objects are also worthy of
mention : —
Tripes. — A tripod stand in the form of a triangle;
height 7 inches, length of each side 9 inches ; for
supporting a pot or kettle over an open hearth.
Uncus. — A pot-hook, 6| inches long and i| inch
diameter across the bend, pierced with a hole at
the shank end, for attachment to a chain.
CuUer Coqiiinarius. — (i) Knife-blade straight on
the cutting edge and curved on the back, 8 inches
long and if inch across the widest part. (2) A
knife with iron handle attached at right angles to
the blade, total length 11 inches. The blade, 6
inches long, is straight on the back and tapers in
a straight line to the point on the cutting edge.
The handle or haft is 5 inches long and tapers in
the opposite direction till it becomes 2 inches wide
at the end, which is slightly curved.
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. 25
Clavis, — A key for moving a b6lt, in the form of
an iron rod, 5 inches long and J to J inch thick,
with two prongs curved at right angles. Also two
keys of the ordinary type, with holes pierced for
suspension.
LEAD OR PEWTER.
Cup or Vase. — This curious vessel was found at
28 inches below the ordinary surface and 10 inches
below the burnt vegetable layer in the middle of
the trench on the west side of the via. It was
figured (plate II, No. 25), in my previous paper.
At the back it is flat and quite plain for setting up
against the wall, but in front is nearly semi-
circular and moulded in graceful contours which
resemble the ogee curve of a later period. It
stands 2^ inches high, and measures at the rim 2|
inches across the back or chord, and 2 inches
across the radius at right angles. . The correspond-
ing dimensions of the base are i^ inch by i inch.
The inside contours show that it was cast in a
mould. The most probable suggestion as to its
use is that it was the oil receptacle for some kind
of lamp, or a drinking cup for a birdcage.
IF^z^///.— Barrel-shaped leaden weight, or pos-
sibly a counterpoise or plumb-bob of some descrip-
tion. The iron ring for suspension is corroded into
a shapeless mass. It weighs 13 oz., and measures
I J inch in height and i^ inch in diameter.
Thin strip of sheet-lead^ with nail holes close
together all round the edge.
Several strips of thick sheet-lead.
GLASS.
Portions of the thick moulded rim of a bowl,
patera^ of greenish glass.
Pieces of the sides, corners, and neck of a large
square bottle, ampulla, of thin greenish glass.
26 The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
Two fragments of the beautiful iridescent glass
which glitters as if small flakes of metal had been
mixed with the material rn a molten state. It is
but slightly translucent, and is dark blue to green
in colour.
Several pieces of thick window glass^ having a
greenish tinge, from the foundations of the sup-
posed gateway near the N.W. angle. On one side
the glass is slightly cloudy and the edge quadrantal
where it has been in contact with the mould ; the
material, when in a molten condition, appears to
have been poured into a polished stone tray with
upright sides.
Large ribbed beady globular in shape, J inch
diameter, ^ inch bore, of grey porcellanic paste,
coated with bright blue vitreous glaze. (Plate IV,
fig. 14.)
Small transparent glass bead, of bright emerald
green colour, and tubular oblong shape, I inch in
length, ^3_ ii-jch in diameter, and of very thin
material.
POTTERY.
During the present as well as during previous
excavations on the Wilderspool site, the specimens
of pottery have been of prim-ary importance, owing
to their abundance and variety, as well as for the
artistic, local, and historic interest they possess.
One description of soft red, ornamented with
so-called ** rough cast '' of dry clay fastened on
with slip, is so liable to injury during transmission
from place to place, that it appears to have been
made in the locality, though no potter's kiln has
been met with.
Several vessels of smooth Samian of the broad
flat shape, patercB^ have been pieced together nearly
complete, but they are too well known to require
separate description. The potter's stamps found
inside the base of these and other fragments are
given in the accompanying list.
^ m
X z
o q
o I
(0 O
i
5:
ft
The Roman Fortifications at }ViUer$fiM}l. a 7
Fragments of bowls of the same kind of ware*
with embossed ornamentation, have also been
abundant.
One fraijment from the same localitw evidently
from about the middle of the bulge of one of
these hemispherical bowls, bears on the outside,
in embossed lettering : — /TT^^\ (Plate IV, fig. 15,)
Though the exploits \|iR**/5 of Hercules form
a verj' frequent subject \lJ^^^'^ of ornamentation
on the so-called Samian, there is no record of any
other specimen bearing a descriptive label of the
above character.
List of Potters' Stamps.
BELiNicci • M (two examples) pocnliim.
. F cALVi. poculiim,
CALAVA • F, pOCUltWl,
CRACVNA • F, with owncr's private mark in graffiti
Nil inside base, patera.
donatina. with the letters ma ligulate for maniiy
poculiun.
Lvpp . . . (lvppa in C. Roach Smith's London
list.)
paterclini . OF, poculiim,
sEVERi M, patera,
viDvcos F poculiun.
.... HOR F do,
, . . TRI M do.
These names are all found in C. Roach Smith's
London list, except calava, which is in Wright's
list {The Celt, The Roman and the Saxon),
Imitation Samian, — A large fragment, more than
half, of a drinking cup, poculum, is of bluish grey
paste, slatey in texture, and merely washed over
with a thin coating of red glaze, to resemble the
very common form of vessel in true Samian, termed
an acetabulum. It bears no potter's stamp.
28 Th$ Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
Another specimen of imitation Samian is an
almost complete dish, or saucer, patera^ of light
yellowish brown terra-cotta paste, coated with red
glaze, so perfect an imitation that the difference
can only be discerned along the broken edges. It
bears an imitation potter's stamp, with letters so
crudely formed that they cannot be made out.
Both are of the smooth description, though a
few small fragments accompany them of embossed
ware, composed of the same kind of bluish grey
paste as the first mentioned. Imitations of em-
bossed Samian are also recorded as having been
found at Wroxeter {Uriconiu?n), Castor {Durobrivce)^
and Cirencester {Corinitim),
A few fragments are exhibited of the small
elegant cups with curved rims, bearing on their
top surface embossed tendrils and ivy leaves, but
with no other ornamentation, and a large number
of fragments of the ordinary embossed Samian, no
two belonging to the same vessel.
Castor Ware. — Among various specimens of this'
fine description of native manufacture, from the
banks of the Nen, in Northamptonshire, the Roman
Dtirobrivce, are (i) a small piece of a thin vase, of
the yellowish brown paste, with black glaze, orna-
mented with raised scroll-work in slip ; (2) a frag-
ment of an indented vase of white paste, with black
glaze ; (3) several fragments of a small globular
vase of elegant form and ** rough-casf surface,
bluish grey internally, covered with a delicately
tinted dark brown glaze ; (4) a few small pieces of
a similar vessel, but bright red internally. The
paste of Nos. 3 and 4 is thin and hard, resembling
porcelain in texture.
Frilled Ware. — A number of fragments, found in
the ditch underneath the foundations of the north-
most wall of the annex, in the north-west corner of
the encampment, when fitted together were sufficient
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. 29
to display the form and ornamentation of a very
interesting vase or urn, about 14 inches high and
12 inches across the bulge, of soft red paste coated
with white slip. Three projecting rings of frilled
work divide the bulge into two bands or belts, about
three inches wide, which are ornamented with
hemispherical bosses arranged in triangles, 3, 2
and I, the bosses being formed by pressure of the
potter's thumb on the inside against a ring or tube,
about I inch in diameter, on the outside of the soft
clay. Between the triangles the vacant spaces are
filled with a simple pattern in the form of a tree,
painted in red slip. The edge of tlie rim is
elegantly moulded and 5 inches across, the contour
of the neck and shoulder being extremely graceful,
and ornamented on the outside with turned rings
and a regularly waved line, drawn with a point in
the soft clay. ' (Plate V, No. i.)
The vessels with frilled ornamentation are usuallv
goblet-shaped, having a bowl mounted on a pedes-
tal with circular foot. Several fragments of such
vessels have been obtained. One has borne upon
either shoulder a diminutive cup, attached just
below the level of the frilled rim, serving as handles.
Urceus, — Among those of coarser material are
the neck and base of an urceus (small ewer), dark
grey, almost black in colour, which has a spout
for pouring, formed by compressing the moist clay
across the mouth. A perfect vessel of this descrip-
tion, found near to Northwich, is figured and
described in W. Thompson Watkin's Roman Che-
shire, p. 255/
There are also portions of a somewhat vsimilar
vessel, but of larger size, and thinner, lighter-
coloured material. It has on the inside a rough
seam where the neck is joined to the body, and a
projecting earthenware plug or rivet at the lower
end of the handle, showing that neck and body
30 The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
were separately fashioned and fastened together,
without being smoothed off internally, the aperture
being too small to admit the hand of the potter.
Amphorce. — Amongst the necks and handles of
large wine-jars {amphorce) exhibited, there are
several of the latter bearing potters' vStamps, of
which only two can be deciphered —
L I CI • s P E c
and j p. c. I. j
On a large fragment of the base of one of these
vessels i v << v n i ) i is inscribed with a sharp
point in graffiti characters. The name is a well-
known one, found on a piece of Samian ware from
the site of the Manchester encampment, and in
C. Roach Smith's London list. On the base of an
amphora found near St. John's Church, Chester,
c E L E R I o is scratched in a similar way.
Pelves or Mortaria. — The numerous fragments of
these v^essels obtained vary in size and material,
but resemble one another in shape and in being
thickly studded with quartz fragments inside the
base to resist friction. Some pieces of the rims
are shown with stamped patterns, potters' marks
of an arbitrary character, or letters too rudely
formed to be decipherable. One of the latter
appears to be patinis or patinvis and
another fo%im (retrograde).
Common Red and Black Ware, — Unlike the other
descriptions, vessels in these two kinds of ware
(believed to be Upchurch) are somewhat uniform
in size and shape, and have little or no ornamenta-
tion beyond a trellis pattern or network outside,
of almost invisible straight lines, or, more rarely,
a surface of \' rough cast," consisting of little
lumps of clay fastened on by a thin wash or
*'slip." They are comparatively thick and un-
ornamented, and are intended solely for useful
purposes, comprising ampullar (water bottles) , patellce
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. 31
(small pans or dishes), oUce^ urnce (pots, jars, and
cinerary urns). The latter are 8 to 10 inches
high and 4 to 6 inches across the brim, which
is curved outwards as if adapted for having a
cord tied round and across the mouth to serve
as a handle. The patellce (dishes) are g to 10
inches across and 2 to 3 inches deep, the sides
being straight and sloping outwards to the brim,
like an ordinary pie-dish.
The remains of oII(b {]^^^) ^^ black and red
ware are so abundant as to suggest that they
were used for a special purpose. Are they fragments
of the cooking pots which formed part of every
Roman soldier's kit ? These vessels are represented
on the Trajan column as of similar size and
shape, and suspended by a cord from his pike.
Appian states also that each soldier bore an
olla, which was more likely to be of earthenware
than of any kind of metal, the latter being too
costly for such a purpose.
Earthenware roundel or disc, | inch in diameter,
ornamented on one side with five concentric rings.
The material resembles fine unglazed porcelain.
Similar objects in bone and earthenware have been
found at Wroxeter {Uriconiitm), and other Roman
vStations. A shoulder blade in Reading Museum
shows the holes from which they have been cut.
At Colchester they have been found of rather larger
dimensions, scratched with names and numbers,
as if used as admission tickets to the theatre.
The local specimen resembles an ordinary bone
button, unperforated. (Fig. 16.)
Bricks and Tiles. — The fragments of bricks and
tiles found within the fortifications have been rather
numerous. They include chequered floor tiles,
and revetting tiles, about i inch thick, with wavy
lines on one side to secure adhesion of the cement,
flange tiles, and bricks rather less than 2 inches
thick, of very dense consistency.
32 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool,
One fragment of tile is stamped faintly with the
letters xxd, broken across, the expansion and
translation of which may be, ** The Twentieth
Legion, Devensis,'' the usual letters, v.v., being
omitted. No other example is known of this
inscription, and no other inscription has been
found in this locality. (Plate V, No. 2.)
STONE.
Two small whetstones, dimensions, 3 X | X f inch,
and 2jx|x| inch, of rectangular shape, one
coarse and the other fine, and worn by use on both
sides and ends.
ANIMAL REMAINS.
Boar's Tusk, — The finding of this specimen at
Wilderspool, near to the edge of the via^ and of
many others among Roman reliquice throughout
Britain, reminds us that boar hunting was a favour-
ite field sport of the Romans, and that the wild
boar was a denizen of the primeval forests of
Lancashire and Cheshire. The inscription upon
an altar found at Stanhope, county Durham, dedi-
cated to **Svlvanus the Invincible,'' states that it
was consecrated by the prefect, C. Tetius Vetu-
rius Micianus, on account of the capture by him of
a splendid specimen of boar which many others
had failed to secure.
A quantity of cooked or calcined bones, unrecog-
nizable, were found in the ditch near to the north-
west angle. The long bones are invariably split
for the purpose of extracting the marrow.
Teeth of horses and oxen in a decayed condition
have been found in numbers throughout the exca-
vations.
COINS.
For convenience of reference, a complete list
is appended of all the coins found during the
recent excavations (including those recorded in
my previous paper) : —
The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL 33
Vespasian Silver
Silver
2nd Brass
DoMiTiAN Silver
I St Brass
2r.d Brass
Trajan ist Brass
I St Brass
2nd Brass
2nd Brass
Hadrian Silver
I St Brass
Obv. : Portrait of Emperor to r.
Rev. : Eagle on a cippus.
Obv. : Portrait of Emperor to r. Legend
obliterated.
Rev. : Female draped figure seated to /.,
holding a cornucopia in /., right hand
extended (imperfect).
Reverse obliterated.
Obv. : Portrait of Emperor to r, . . germ.
Rev. : Minerva marching to r, armed with
crested helmet, round shield in /., hurl-
ing a javelin with raised r. . . . cosxv.
Obv. : IMP. caes. domit. avc. germ, cos
XII. gens. pp. Portrait of Emperor
to r.
Rev. : Domitian on horse-back. Legend
obliterated.
Reverse obliterated.
Obv. : imp. caes. ner. traiano avg. ger.
DAC. PM. tr. p. COS. V. P.P. Portrait
of Emperor to r.
Rev. : s.p.Q r. OPTIMO principi, s.c. in
field. Female draped figure standing
to /., with cornucopia in /. and a branch
or ear of corn in extended r. In good
preservation.
Obv. : IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. avg.
germ. P.M. Lanreated bust of emperor
io r.
RaK : Female draped figure seated on a.
chair with spiked feet, holding a barbed
spear jn /., and in her right hand a
wreath. . . . cos 11., s.c. in exergue.
Reverse obliterated.
Obv.: Illegible.
Rev. : Female figure standing, cornucopia
in /. s c. in field.
Obv.: imp. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS
AVG. Portrait of emperor to r.
Rev.: P.M. TR. p. COS in. Female
draped figure standing to /., holding
an oUve branch in extended r, and
hastapura in /.
Obv. : HADRIANVS AVG COS . . . Portrait
of emperor to r.
Rev. : Female draped figure standing to
/., right hand extended and holding
cornucopia in /. s.c. in field.
£
34 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
I St Brass
2nd Brass
2nd Brass
Marcus 2nd Brass
AURELIUS
Obv. : HADRiANVS. Portrait of emperor
to r.
Rev : Female draped figure seated on an
arch or shield, holding spear in /., and
a diminutive figure in extended r.
Illegible. Reverse obliterated.
Do. Do.
Obv. : IMP. CAES. M. AVREL. ANTONINUS
AUG. P.M. Portrait of emperor to r.
Rev. : SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR. P. VIII., COS
HI in exergue. Hygceia standing to /.
with hastapura in /., feeding a snake
rising from an altar out of apafera in
extended r,
Obv. : IMP. L. AVREL. VERUS AVG. Por-
trait of emperor to r.
Rev. : PROVIDEOR TR. P. cos II. Provi-
dentia, draped, standing to /., with
cornucopia in /., and globe in extended
r.
Obv, : LVCILLAE AVG ANTONINI AVG.
Portrait of empress to r.
Rev. : Pietas standing to /. with r extended
over an altar, s.c. in field.
Obv. : FAVSTINA AVGVSTA. Portrait of
empress to r,
RetK : FECVNDiTAS, draped, standing to
front, with a spear in r, and small
figures in extended /. ; s c. in field.
Obv. : SEVERVS AVG. PART. MAX. LaU-
reated bust of emperor to r.
Rev,: . . . P.M. TR. P. viii. cos 11. p.p.
A Victory flying to /., holding a wreath,*
with trophy in front.
coNSTANTiNVS AVG. laureatcd bust of
Emperor to r.
Rev,: PROVIDENTIAE AVGG. SMTS E in
exergue, Pretorian gate of Casira^ with
star above.
There are also four 2nd brass coins undecipher-
able.
The coins previously recorded by Dr. Kendrick
and W. Thompson Watkin {Roman Cheshire) are : —
Family or Consular silver 2 ; Vespasian, 2nd brass
2 ; Domitian, silver i ; Trajan, silver 3, ist brass
3, 2nd brass 3; Hadrian, silver 2, ist brass i,
Lucius Silver
Verus
LuciLLA ist Brass
Faustina 1st Brass
Severus Silver
CoNSTAN- 3rd brass
tinus
Magnus
The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL 35
2nd brass i ; Antoninus Pius, 2nd brass 2 ;
Marcus Aurelius, 2nd brass i ; Commodus, silver
I, 2nd brass i; undecipherable, ist brass 2, 2nd
brass 5, 3rd brass 2.
General Remarks.
The specimens of Roman masonry met with in
and around the fortifications, and remains of the
fortifications themselves, clearly show that clay
was employed not only in the foundations but also
in the superstructure, as a substitute for mortar or
cement.
In this connection the following additional
examples of the use by the Romans of clay as a
building material are interesting : —
The Roman walls of Manchester (Nlancunium)
are stated by the Rev. J. Whitaker [History of
Manchester) to have *' had a foundation of paving
** stones (boulders) bedded in clay."
The walls of the castra at Lancaster, according
to W. Thompson Watkin {Roman Lancashire)^
bear the precise character of those found at Man-
chester — ** blue clay under the foundation being
** always found.''
In describing the excavations at Wroxeter,
Wright {Uriconium, p. 97) says that the wall itself,
three miles in circuit, averaging six feet wide, and
in several places found *' tolerably perfect to a
** height of about four feet,'' . . ** consisted merely
** of large cobble stones (or small boulders) and
*' broken stones from the quarry, which had been
** placed together without any order, and imbedded
** in clay" . . **with its sides tolerably smoothed,
** but with no evidence of facing stones." The
external fossa or ditch was likewise faced on both
sides with a mass of clay.
The late Mr. Charles Potter, describing the
remains of ancient dwellings exposed at Great
Meols, on the coast of the Wirral peninsula {Trans.
B 2
36 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
Hist. Soc. Lane, and Ches,, vol. xxviii, p. 139), says,
** the floors are made of puddled clay/' and ** what
** remains of the walls, which in one varied from
** 9 to I5in. in height, shows that they were made
** of wood frame-work, filled in with puddled clay
** similar to the floor, the puddle being worked to
** a good smooth surface. The perpendicular tim-
** hers of the frame-work were supported on long
** irregularly squared blocks of sandstone, two of
** which had holes cut into their surface for the
** foot of the timber to rest in.'' The Roman
coins, catalogued by Dr. Hume {Ancient Meols^
p. 290) as being found in this locality, extend
from Claudius (a.d. 41-54), to Magnus Maximus
(A.D. 383-8).
Similar remains at Filey, on the opposite coast,
of Britain, are thus described by Professor Phillips
of Oxford {Annual Report of the Yorks. Philo. Soc.
for 1857) : — ** Four squared stones set in clay with
** which boulders had been mixed had stood at the
** corners of a rectangular space, probably sup-
** porting angle-posts and horizontal tie beams, on
*' which a roof of straw or turf had been placed."
The floor above the clay and boulders was a thin
irregular layer of concrete, on which lay a mass of
rubbish, bones, and charred oak, with coins of
Constantius and Constantine in considerable num-
bers — ** all Roman, without intermixture of any
** work of later generations." He concluded that
it had been used '* as a shelter for a detachment
** of Roman soldiers appointed to guard the coast."
Dr. Bruce, describing the construction of the
great wall of Hadrian between the Tyne and Sol-
way {Roman Wall, p. 90), says: — **At Sewing
** Shields the entire foundation has for some dis-
** tance been laid upon a bed of clay three or four
'* inches thick"; and in a footnote on p. 91: —
** In some parts of the line the joints of the wall
** are at present filled with earthy matter instead
' The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool. - 37
** of mortar, and it is the opinion of some autho-
*' rities — and amongst them the eminent architect
** and intelligent antiquary, Mr. Dobson, of New-
*' castle-upon-Tyne — that in thcvse places clay has
** been originally substituted for mortar/*
During the excavations at Birrens [Blatunt Bui-
gium) in 1895 by the Scottish Society of Antiquaries
{[Proceedings J 1895-6, p. 118), it was found that
* for the lowest course of stones, and mostly the
* second also (of the interior buildings), or what
' of the wall would be lower than the surface of
* the ground, instead of lime mortar, clay is used
* for bedding and jointing. The work is exceed-
^ ingly good, every crevice closed, and the whole
' a solid mass. • . . After the lapse of so many
* years these footings, so built, where undisturbed
* by force, are yet in perfect order, whereas the
' lime mortar used in the overwalling has been
* wholly absorbed by the accumulated soil. These
^ methods of constructing the foundations and
^ footings are peculiar to the primary walls."
Since neither the sand forming the site at Wil-
derspool, nor the heathy sod upon its surface, would
have been suitable for constructing an earthen ram-
part> and there is no lime in the vicinity for making
mortar, it was inevitable that the abundant boulder
and alluvial clay and red sandstone rock close at
hand should be utilized in the fortification.
From the materials described it may be inferred
that here, as elsewhere in Britain, the houses were
of one storey, constructed of heavy timber frames,
supported on dwarf walls, and filled in with clay
mixed with chopped straw, the roof timbers being
also of great strength to support' the stone slabs.
They were the prototypes of the half-timbered
houses, filled in with wattle and daub, of the
present day.
A glance at the map will show that the road was
diverted slightly westward in order to enter the
38 The Roman Fortifications at WilderspooL
camp, and that the camp itself was constructed
with special reference to the road and river, being
erected close to the margin of the latter, where it
first becomes fordable at low water. The banks
to the north, east, and westward were nearly at a
dead level, and constantly Hable to flooding, which
rendered the river unfordable for weeks together,
and converted the adjoining meadows into bottom-
less quagmires. In the absence of a bridge, the
station was necessary as a halting place and
refuge for troops and passengers waiting for a
ford. It may also have been erected to secure the
crossing, or for a protection against the northern
enemy, or merely as a residence and guard station
for the portitor, or collector of tolls and customs.
The road, which is of unusual width and solidity,
enters- at the S.W. angle, and after passing round
two sides, leaves at the N.E. angle, pointing in the
direction of an old lane (Lousher's Lane), leading
to an ancient ford at Latchford, three-quarter of a
mile distant. The camps at Pevensey (Anderida)
and at Ribchester [Bremetonacum) also had gate-
ways in or near the angles.
The highway between Wilderspool and Chester
is on the line of an earlier Roman road, whjch is
represented on the Ordnance map as branching at
right-angles close to the river bank. A section of
this branch road, running westward, was measured
by me at 300 feet from the N.W. angle, and 3^ feet
below the present surface, in the last culvert hole
of a drain, in GreenalPs Avenue, constructed
during June and July, 1897. I* consisted of
about a foot of black loamy sand, covered by an
equal thickness of sandstone rubble, and two or
three inches of ferruginous gravel, forming a hard
pan.
The discovery of a tile stamp of the Twentieth
Legion (which for over 300 years was in garrison
at Chester) among the ruins of the great wall in
The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspoot. 39
the north-west corner of the fortification at
Wilderspool, as at Manchester and Ribchester,
proves that they were all three erected, wholly or
in part, by that famous legion or its auxiliaries.
Tacitus, in his account of the conquest of this
portion of Britain, Annates XII, 32, states that
M. Ostorius Scapula, propretor and legate under
Claudius, was recalled from a campaign against
the Decangi, in North Wales, to suppress a rising
of the Brigantes, north of the Mersey, in a.d. 48 ;
and since he did not attempt any new advance
until his position was secure {ne nova moliretur nisi
prioribus firmatis), he probably erected the fortifi-
cations at Chester, Manchester, and Wilderspool,
for the purpose of securing his then existing frontier,
just as he planted the Roman colony at Colchester
{Camulodunum) as a guard against the onsets of
the Silures in South Wales. The Wilderspool
station was situated on the Brigantean frontier,
with the river in front as a protection against the
northern enemy ; and the historian's statement
that the Brigantes remained a separate kingdom
more or less under Roman domination for several
years after these events, is confirmed by the recent
discovery at Horley, near Huddersfield, of several
coins of Venutius and Cartismandua, their king
and queen, who were in authority down to a.d. 69.
Pigs of lead with the Roman stamp exkai of
Nero's fourth consulate {circa a.d. 57-8), and
DECANCL of Vespasian's fifth consulate (a.d. 74),
prove the existence of lead mines in the territory of
the Decangi in North Wales, under the control of
the Romans at these dates. The latter was found
at Tarvin Bridge, near Chester ; and no fewer tjban
twenty, bearing dates from Vespasian's fourth con-
sulate to the reign of Domitian (a.d. 84-9), found
on the shore at Halton, near Runcorn, show that
Chester was connected by means of roadways with
Manchester {Mancunium), and with landing places
40 The Roman Fortifications at Wilderspool.
on the banks of the Mersey, including Wilderspool,
as early as a.d. 74.
The date of the destruction of the Wilderspool
station may be inferred with equal certainty.
There is clear evidence that the Roman camps
at Chester and Wilderspool derived their origin
from the same source ; and, owing to their prox-
imity, it seems highly probable that both in their
rise and fall they were contemporaneous. The
latest coins found at Wigan {Coccium) are of Tet-
ricus, circa a.d. 273 ; at Ribchester (Bremetonacum)^
of Valens, a.d. 364 ; at Manchester {Mancunium)^
of Valentinian, a.d. 364 ; at Wroxeter {Uriconium)^
of Gratian, a.d. 383 ; at Chester {Deva)j of Magnus
Maximus, a.d. 383-7 ; at Lancaster {Longoviciis .^), of
Honorius, a.d. 395 ; and in the four last-mentioned
localities a number of small barbarous minimi in
use after the Roman departure, prove their con-
tinued existence down to the fifth century of our
era. No adequate grounds exist for assigning an
earlier date for the destruction of the Wilderspool
station than for any of these surrounding stations.
In the Saxon Chronicle^ under a.d. 607, we read
that Ethelfrith, the Saxon King of Northumbria,
** led his army to Chester, and slew numberless
** Welshmen '' ; and as his descent was from the
east and north, it is probable that Wilderspool
fortifications were destroyed on his way to or from
the former, and in the same year, a.d. 607.
THE VESTRY-BOOK
OF THE TWENTY-FOUR SWORNE MEN
OF GOOSNARGH.
By the Rev. E. D. Banister, B.A.,
Vicar of Goosnargh.
Read 3rd November, 1898.
TRAVELLERS from Liverpool to the Lake
District by the London and North-Western
Railway, will probably remember something of the
appearance of the land lying on both sides of the
line which runs from Preston to Lancaster. They
may have noticed a large tract of country, which,
following a line of gradual descent from the spurs
of the Pennine Range, finds its limit on the western
horizon. The greater part of this tract lies in the
hundred of Amounderness, a division of the county
of Lancaster not less rich than its fellows in
historical associations and in matter meet for the
antiquary.
In the large area to which I allude, the land
east of the line from Preston to Lancaster is
generally known as ** The Fells.'' On the west
side of the line, confining ourselves mainly to the
portion between Brock station and Scorton station,
the land slopes from a general elevation of lOO feet
above sea level, until it reaches an extensive plain
42 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh,
of rich alluvial soil, known to antiquaries as the
** Mosse of Pylin/' or Pilling Moss. Westward
again from this tract, for the most part between the
River Wyre and the sea, lies the district generally
known as '' The Fylde/'
Not much is known to the outer world of these
*' highlands and lowlands. '* The scenery from the
hills has yet to be described by some such powerful
hand as, say, that of Mrs. Humphry Ward — a
scenery which, as you look westward, vshows a
coast-line from the farthest stretch of the Lleyn
Promontory in Carnarvonshire to the westernmost
spur of Black Combe in Cumberland ; and, as you
look eastward, is bounded by the outlines of the
ancient forests of Bleasdale and Rowland, and
stretches away to the south-east among the hills
which lie beyond Clitheroe, Whalley, and Pendle
Hill.^
In one corner, so to speak, of the hundred of
Amounderness lies the ancient township of Goos-
nargh-with-Newsham. Climbing up into the Fells
eastward, and almost touching the fringe of the
Fylde to the west, it starts from the foot of Parlick
Pike and runs south and south-west for more than
eight miles, varying in breadth from three to five
miles. Its area is returned in the Preston Union
Census Returns of 1891 as 7891 acres. Its highest
part is Beacon Fell, 874 feet above sea level. From
this elevation the township shows itself abounding
in undulating reaches of pasture and meadow, ever
growing fuller in herbage and richer in colour as
the gradients of the land trend downward to the
south and south-west.
This township of Goosnargh does not abound in
mansions and lordly dwellings. It does not possess
I Parlick Pike, in the township of Chipping (1414 feet above sea leveP,
and Beacon Fell, in the township of Goosnargh (874 feet above sea level),
afford such views.
i
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 43
a resident squire. It is owned- by a few large
landed proprietors and a considerable number of
yeomen. The bulk of its inhabitants consists of
tenant farmers and labourers. For the antiquary
its attraction lies in the number and character of
its sixteenth and seventeenth century residences,
houses which, in days gane by, were occupied by
some of the principal families of Amounderness.
These buildings now are used only as farmhouses.
They are mainly characterised by their long and
low strong stone-mullioned windows, by their thick
and substantially built walls, their stout and often
rough-hewn rafters, black with age, but as strong
as they were in the days when they were first laid
down. In many of these houses the door of the
principal entrance is of oak, thickly studded with
heavy-headed nails, and clasped top and bottom by
iron bands simply ornamented, to which have been
welded powerful hinges.
These houses were mostly built, or enlarged
upon their original foundations, about the beginning
of the sixteenth century. After the Wars of the
Roses, property became more secure, and the
inducement to a landowner to reside upon his own
estate, to promote the cultivation of his lands, and
to exercise a paternal government over his depend-
ants, became more potent.""
2 A short reference to a few of these houses may be interesting. I. White
I.ee. This house stands on high ground, 405 feet above sea level, commanding
an extensive view of the country. It formerly belonged to the family of the
Keighleys. Until about seventy years ago there stood close to the house a
small chapel. 2. Ashes, in Goosnargh. This was at one time the seat of the
Threlfalls. Here is to be seen a remarkable hiding-place, so situated as to be
warmed by the kitchen fireplace, the back of which formed one of its walls,
and communicating with an upper room, which bears signs of having been
used as a place of worship. 3. Blake Hall. The seat of the ancient family
of Midghall. There is still to be seen the outline of the old open fireplace,
so characteristic of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the old carved
oak dining table, with the square indent for the salt, bearing the initials A.M.
and the date 1630. 4. Chingle Hall. The seat of the Singletons, who threw
in their lot with Cardinal Allen in 1558. The house stands much as it stood
three hundred years ago. A bridge of brick takes the place of the old draw-
bridge. The moat is easily traceable, only about a qiuarter of it having been
44 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
Goosnargh in Domesday Book is written '* Gu-
*^ sanarghe/' There are many conjectures as to
the meaning of the word. Some derive it from
** goosen" — a plural of goose, and ** argh" — a field.
Monsr. Gradwell suggests the words **gussand"
and *' orgh." On the authority of the Rev. J. C.
Atkinson, who has studied the Cleveland and East
Yorkshire dialects, ** gussand'' means in Danish a
divine image or idol, and ** orgh '^ is an old Norse
word meaning an altar of stone on high ground.
Goosnargh, thus derived, may mean a god's
altar.3
Three churches are mentioned in Domesday
Book as existing in the hundred of Amounderness —
filled up. This house, like many others built in the sixteenth century,
possesses a strongly built outer vestibule.
I have only alluded to four such houses. It may be interesting to some to
peruse a list of houses, the properties of well-known Amounderness families
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Some idea is given by this list of
the importance of Goosnargh in the days of the Tudors and Stuarts.
G(>OS\'AKGII-\VITH-NeWSHAM and WniTTINGHAM.
Name of Hous?. Owners.
Middleton Hall ... ... ... Singleton, afterwards Rigby.
r.ulsnape ... ... Catterall, afterwards Fishwick.
White Lee ... ... ... ... Keighlev.
Whits Hill Hesketh.
Ashes (Goosnargh) Threlfall.
]31ake Hail Miughali.
Higher Barker ... ... ... Halsall. Sidgreaves, Patten.
Lower Barker... ... ... ... Warren.
Ini^lewhite Lodge ... ... ... Sidgreaves.
Whinny Clougli ... Bamber.
Latus Hall .. .. ... .. Latewise or Latus.
Ghurch House ... ... ... Helme.
WMiittingham Hall Whittingham.
Chingle Hall ... ... .Singleton.
Dun Cow Rib ... ... Hoghton.
Crombleholme Fold ... Crombleholme.
Got Field Warings.
Newsham Hall ... Newsam.
3 How is the word Goosnargh pronounced ? The following story may
help us to a conclusion: — "Do you pronounce the name of this station
** ' Grimsargli ' ? " was the question asked of a porter of that station not many
months ago. *' No, sir," was the prompt answer : ** accent on the first syi-
" lable." '* Then I suppose that it is * Grimsargh,'" said the enquirer, at the
same time doing full justice to the *'gh." *'No, sir," said the porter:
• " final consonant silent." The porter's canon holds good with regard to the
pronunciation of " Goosnargh."
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 45
Preston, St. Michaers, and Kirkham. The patron-
age of Kirkham, after passing through several
hands, was granted by royal charter in 1281 to the
Abbot of Vale Royal ; and in the ledger of Vale
Royal we find an entry, date 1330, referring to a
payment due from the *' Chaplain of Goosner'' to
the Abbot of Vale Royal, of an ox, value ten
shillings. The ledger speaks, four years lat^r, of
the parish of Kirkham together with the chapel of
''Gosnargh.''^
Goosnargh then was a part of the ecclesiastical
parish of Kirkham, and so continued for five cen-
turies, until, in 1846, the parish of Goosnargh was
separated from the parivsh of Kirkham, and the
patronage transferred to the Dean and Canons of
Christ Church, Oxford.
A few words may here be said about Goosnargh
Church. This church, mainly a fifteenth-century
building, consists of a nave, north and south aisles,
chancel, vestry, and tower. The varieties of archi-
tecture show different periods of restoration or
enlargement, the oldest portion being the tower
and the north aisle. The windows in the aisles
are of two lights each, those in the chancel of
three lights. The east window has five lights.
There are no clerestory windows, but the roof is
lighted on the south side by two, and on the north
side by three dormer lights, in oak, of beautiful
design. The roof is supported by principals and
purlins— rough-hewn, as though they had been
dressed by the foot axe of a 'prentice hand.
Separated from the nave by an oak screen, bear-
ing date 1622, is the Middleton Chapel, within
which lies a tombstone, rich in ornamental raised
carving. This is supposed to mark the resting
place of the Singletons, who founded a chantry in
4 See revised edition of Baines' History of Lancashire^ by Harkind and
Herford.
46 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
Goosnargh Church, and who were at one time the
owners of Middleton Hall.
Among the treasures of Goosnargh Church,
carefully preserved in an iron safe, is a large, well-
bound folio book in manuscript. It contains an
account of the meetings and deliberations of the
members of an ancient select vestry, who are
officially designated as **The Twenty-four Sworn
** Men of Goosnargh/' The book is in good con-
dition. The writing is for the most part clear, and
can be easily read by those who are accustomed to
decipher the hand-writing of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. The paper is strong (hand-
made), the ink exceedingly good, challenging fear-
lessly the ink of modern times.
From this book I propose to give some extracts,
telling of matters which interested Goosnargh
people mainly in the seventeenth century.
First, however, a word about the constitution
of the ** Twenty-four " whose deliberations are
recorded in this book.
** Select vestries'* (says Cripps, in his book, A
Practical Treatise on the Law relating to the Church
and Clergy) '^seem to have grown from the practice
** of choosing a certain number of persons, yearly,
** to manage the concerns of the parish for that
** year, which, by degrees, came to be a fixed
'' method ; and the parishioners lost, not only their
** right to concur in the public management, but also,
** in most places, if not in all, the right of electing
**the managers; and this custom of government
** of parishes by a select number has been held to
** be a good custom, and the churchwardens ac-
** counting to them has been held a good ^account."
In the thirteenth century it was an established
custom to appoint twelve men in each hundred for
the purpose of making or controlling assessments.
These were called ** Sworne Men." It appears that
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosndrgh. 47
the assistants who were appointed to help them
were also sworn upon oath. In the Goosnargh
Vestry Book, the first deliberations and pronounce-
ments recorded relate to questions of taxation and
assessments.
Colonel Fishwick, in his History of Goosnargh,
writes thus : ** In some of our ancient cities the
*' chosen of the inhabitants were called * sworne
** * men,' as we find from * the old usages of the
'* * city of Winchestre of the fourteenth century,
'* * that of the heades of the city should be foure
'* * and twenty y-sworne in stede of (/.^., to repre-
*' * sent) the most gode men and the wyseste of
*' * the town for to treuleche help and counseyle the
*' * meyr for to save and susteyne the fraunchise.' '''
In Amounderness these select vestries were not
uncommon. There were at Kirkham thirty sworne
men ; these ceased to exist as a body thirty-five
years ago. Garstang had twenty-four men ; Lan-
caster, had twenty-four men ; and Preston its
'* twenty-four gentlemen/' The Preston Vestry
ceased in 1770. It appears that the only one of
these vestries surviving is that of Goosnargh, which
is periodically summoned to meet for appointment
of certain of its members to act as governors of
Goosnargh School, under the provisions of a
scheme drawn up by the Charity Commissioners.
The duties of the Twenty-four were at first, in all
probability, merely secular.^ The council, out of
which the Twenty-four were formed, was a gathering
of men prepared to act on the defensive against
some injustice, mostly against the inequalities and
iniquities of taxation ; but as the very body which
administered matters relating to the valuation of
5 In connection with the subject of early \-.illage councils, the following
works will be found of great interest: — 7/if Viilaee Community^ by C. L.
Gomme ; Seebohm's English Village Community ; Sir Henry Maine's Early
Law ami Cnslpm,
48 The Twenty 'four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
property and assessments, was practically identical
with the body which met to consider ways and
means for the maintenance of the fabric of the
church and its services, it was found that one body
and one meeting would do the work for both
objects. It is easy also to surmise how the twenty-
four, though originally elected by the open vote
of all the householders, would so arrange that
vacancies occurring in the body should be filled up
by the rest of the twenty-four, according to their
own discretion.
Considering the high social status of the bulk of
the twenty-four thus elected, (or, to use a modern
phrase, "co-opted") in comparison with that of
the remainder of the parishioners, opposition to
this select body would be hopeless. In the absence
of any vStrictly defined code of duties in matters
parochial, a resolution of the twenty-four would
become paramount in all matters, ecclesiastical or
civil.
I have just alluded to the high social status of
the Twenty-four. In the Goosnargh Vestry Book
we have the following entry : —
A Catalogue of p'sons which this ejght day of Aprill in the
yeaie of our lord god one thousand six hundred thirtie and fower .
and in the tenth yeare of the reigne of King Charles over
England Scotland ffrance and Ireland, are of the fower and
twenty sworne men of the parish of Gosenargh in the County of
Lanc^® viz.
Then follows the list, which contains the names
of one esquire, six gentlemen, twelve yeomen, and
five husbandmen.
Let us think of the composition of this body.
I take it that in the days named, an esquire was
one out of a class from which were chosen sheriffs
of the county, deputy-lieutenants, and members of
the grand jury.
I
The Twenty 'four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 49
The esquire might own a parish or two. Let
Tennyson complete the picture for us —
A great broad-shouldered genial Englishman,
A lord of fat prize oxen and of sheep,
A quarter-sessions chairman, abler none;
Fair-haired, and redder than a windy morn.
Next we have the vsix gentlemen.^ As compared
with the esquire, the gentleman was less well
endowed in lands, tenements, and hereditaments.
He was, however, the possessor of more than one
estate, and lived upon the rent of his properties.
The yeoman, as a rule, was simply the owner of
one estate, which he himself cultivated, being thus
entitled to be styled '* independent.'' In Cumber-
land and the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in
other parts of the North of England, such a man
is called a ** statesman'' : i,e,, a man possessing an
estate of his own.
The husbandman corresponds to the tenant
farmer of our own times.
The catalogue referred to is dated 1634, but in
1639, ^^d again in 1640, the vestry is composed
only of esquires, gentlemen, and yeomen.
We see now the importance of the twenty-four
men in their day, and how hopeless would be the
resistance on the part of the rest of the parishioners
to their monitions and resolutions. We are there-
fore not surprised to learn that they took upon
themselves to appoint churchwardens, sexton,
clerk, and, if some authorities are to be believed,
they endeavoured to put in a word about the
appointment of the minister.
6 The Rev. Robert Lamb, in his *' Free Thoughts by a Manchester Man,'*
p. 85 (Essays contributed to Frasers Magazine) y tells the story of a ploughboy
who described a gentleman as one who ** wears a watch an ligs by hissel."
There is also the time-honoured definition of a gentleman as " a man who
** keeps a gig." I have often heard the story told that in the early part of
this century there was only one man in the township of Goosnargh who was
possessed of a "conveyance on springs." This man was popularly known as
the ** King of Goosnargh."
50 The Tiventy-foiir Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
The special duty of the Twenty-four was, as we
have seen, primarily, to act as a check upon unjust
taxation, and to redress grievances arising from
inequalities. But as time went on, and business
secular became mixed with business ecclesiastical,
the duties of the Twenty-four became multifarious.
Upon them eventually devolved the care of the
church and churchyard, belfry and vestry, the
provision of bread and wine for the Holy Com-
munion, the purchase of a surplice, the painting of
a bier, the oiling of hinges, and the winding of
the clock. Before them came appeals for help
from distressed parishioners, nay, appeals from
distant parishes, even from London, and further
still, from the prisons of Barbary and the dungeons
of Algiers. Sometimes they are extravagant ; after
a while a sudden fit of economy seizes them, in
which mood they are careful to avoid involving
themselves in any perpetual obligation.
It would have been most interesting to be present
at the debates, in the seventeenth century, of the
Twenty-four, conducted, as they would be, in
language partly composed of the formal business
expressions of the time, and partly of comments
in the vernacular. A Hogarth could have painted
for us the one Solomon of the body keeping silence
whilst the discussion was at its height, knowing
that the meeting must call upon him to act as
judge and give the verdict. We can suppose, as
we read some of the deliberations, that a resolution
which has been arrived at regarding the time when
bells should be rung on Sunday, might be followed
by an equally vigorous resolve that a price should
be set upon the head of every sparrow and mole in
the parish.7 Vestries of all kinds in the old days
7 In a note on page 52 of Fish wick's History of Goosuar^h, it is stated
that in 1638 there was paid at Kirkham, for the heads of sparrows and
magpies, the sum of £10 12s. 40.
The Twenty 'four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 51
seemed to wage intermittent war against sparrows,
magpies, and moles.
Again, some person who can behave himself is
appointed by the Twenty-four as sexton. Someone
else is appointed to whip the dogs out of church
and churchyard, ** so long as he demean himself
'' dutiful." From such entries you and I, reading
between the lines, may not uimaturally conclude
that, if any kind of stick will do to throw at a dog,
it is not necessarily any kind of man that will do
to throw that stick.^
Each man of the Twenty-four was bound by a
solemn oath to discharge conscientiously the duties
of his office. In the vestry book is the following:
Here ensueth the forme of the oath w^ of ancyent tymes hath
beene used to be ministered unto everie p'son elected into the
number companie or Societie of the fower & twentie sworne men
of the parish of Gosenargh in the Counlie of Lane, at the lyme
of his eleccon into that Societie vidzV
You shall well & truely observe & keepe all such ancyent
lawfull & Lawdable Customes as heretofore in this place have
been observed ^ kept so farre as they shall agree w*^ the Lawes
of this realme & the good & benifilt of this Church & p*sh or
Chappellerie according to y"" power & best understanding & y"^
owne Counsell & y"^ felowes you shall kieepe so help you god.
The last list of *' sworn men" is for the year
1740, and since that date the oath does not appear
to have been administered.
It is not until 175 1 that we find the name of the
Vicar of Goosnargh among the Twenty-four. The
following entry is taken from the minutes of a
meeting of the Twenty-four, dated April g, 175 1 : —
8 The following is an imaginary conversation in the Lancashire dialect in
the seventeenth century :
Dratn/ttis persona— }o6Mi\?i and Mattha.
JooANAS — " Katta, Mattha, theer's a sect to' mony mowdies agaat."
Mattha — " Yar reet ; ther' as thick as bleaberries. How mon we ger rid on 'em ? "
JooANAS — " Sithabod, Mattha, theer's brass as is spent i' woss things than catching
mowdies, casta."
Mattha — " Fowkes as paas raates owt to see summat for ther brass."
JoiiANAS — "Wots gooads for it we cooant paa a chap to catch mowdies?"
Mattha — "Twenty-four '11 be meetin' belive. We mum tell 'em to look to it."
F 2
52 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
It was ordered That the Revnd M"^ Chr Swainson be one
of the 24 for Whittingham in room of Tho* Slater deceased.
2"^ That the s^ M'' Swainson as 24 man and M"^ Richard
Whittingham for M" Grimbaldstones be Churchwardens for
Whittingham.
Whether the illusion, common nowadays, that a
clergyman is not a good business man, obtained
in the seventeenth century, or whether he had not
a sufficient stake in the country to entitle him to
be considered as one of the body politic, we know
not. At any rate, to judge from the Goosnargh
Vestry Book, there came a time, about the middle
of the eighteenth century, when the minister was
admitted to the council of the Twenty-four. We
learn, however, that the minister arid the Twenty-
four were not always in harmony .^
The first principal resolution recorded in the
book of the ** Twenty-four '' refers to a grievance,
a part of which I here transcribe.
GOOSENARGHE.
Whereas the inhabitantes of the Towneshij^p of Goosenarghe
doe all of them generallie fynd themselves agreeved with
taxacbns and leyes which hitherto sithence the enclosures of
their commons have not beene made by any certaine Rule but
arbitrary at the taxor's discretions, The better sort of the
Inhabitants complayneinge that they are oftentymes occaconed
to their propper expenses losse of tyme and neglect of their owne
occacbns and extraordinarie payments in Regard of the non-
solvency of the worser sort, complayneinge That they are
unequallie taxed, although the taxors used the most indifference
9 In 1638 the ** thirty sworne men of Kirkham " were at variance with the
vicar, who took the high hand, and locketl them out of the church. [The
quarrel appears to have arisen on the question of the continuance of soQie
ancient custom.! The matter was referred to the bishop, who decided as
follows :—** That the Corporation or Company of the Thirty Men. not
" having any Warranty from the King, was nothing in law ; but that if the
*' parish or township did delegate tlie power to those thirty men as to church
*' matters, then their acts relating thereto was as effectual and binding as if
*' they had the King's sanction." The bishop accordingly issued an order for
the parishioners to meet on the Saturday l)ut one following, which they did,
and gave their unanimous vote for the continuance of the ancient custom. I
am indebted to Fishwick's History of Goosnargh (p. 52) for the above
interesting extract from the Kirkham registers.
The Twenty 'four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 53
to their understandings And whereas alsoe the taxors have beene
sometymes constrayned upon precepte directed to the Constables
to assesse greater somes than were conteyned in the same p'cepte
In Regard many of the Inhabitants were negligent backward and
obstinate in their paymts and to the end the people might bee
satisfyed accordinge to the tenor thereof by the payments of the
more forward sort of the Inhabitants which hath beene oftentymes
an apparant greevance to them that deserved it not and hath
othertymes occaconed the Constables and Collectors at such
lymes as I hey could gather more than would satisfy the saide
p*cepte to detayne the surplusage in their hands to th*" owne uses
without accompt thereof makinge to the generall hurt of the
Inhabitants c^cc. &cc.
You notice how curiously worded the resolution
is, and in what a roundabout way the grievance is
stated. It is evident that some paid the tax and
some did not pay, some paid more, some less than
they ought to have paid. The grievance so stated
ends with a summons to all landed proprietors to
meet on a certain day **at the church of Goose-
'* nargh/' and agree upon a certain *Mey '* {i.e.^ a
scheme of taxation), which may ** guide lead square
*^ and governe all taxacbns leyes gaudes and assess""'*
** hereafter to bee made throughout the Towneshipp
** of Goosenargh except the ould fifteenths to bee
** hereafter granted by act of Parliaments which is
** to bee paid accordinge to the ancient cu.stome.''
The date of the publication of this notice is
Sunday, the loth of July, 1625.
The next entry tells us the result of the
summoning of the landed proprietors, which was
that '* a certaine taxacon ley or goude of seaven
** nobles was made '' upon all proprietors or occu-
piers of land in the township '* distributurelie
** proporconably and equally accordinge to the
** quantity and qualitie of every man's lands.'' A
certain day was fixed for hearing complaints, and a
committee of six was formed for the consideration
of them. It was composed of one man from each
of the tithings into which the township was then
54 The Tiventy-four Suvnic Men of Goosnargh.
divided. '° Finally there is given in full a complete
list of persons taxable, and the lands in respect of
which the assessment is made, and the sum due
from the owner or occupier."
About ten years later we have a record in the
Vestry-Book relating to Goosnargh Church, as
follows :
Here ensueth a p'ticuler note made the 19^'^ day of July Anno
dom 1635 ^*^ ^^^^ Church of Gosenargh in a pubHque assenibhe
of divers of the fower and twenlie of Gosenargh then and there
holden declaring what formes pewes and seates in that Church
are now made repayred or amended in Anno dom millesimo
sexcentesimo tricesimo quarto, and by whom or at whose charge
the same weare so made or repayred \\^ weare as followelh
vidz' Imprim In the Nonh lie Inpi'^ Middleton (Jhappell con-
teyning all the uppermost arch from the eastend walle of that lie
unto the midle of the uppermost pillar was repayred by Alexander
Rigby Esqre &cc. &cc.
*' This ** p'ticuler note*' then proceeds to give
the precise position of every seat, and the name
of the owner liable for its repair.
In all matters, ecclesiastical or civil, the same
precision of statement is noticeable. The entries
are made in clear handwriting, and, in some cases,
w^th almOvSt unnecessary minuteness of detail.
The Vestry-Book was intended to be the parochial
*' final court of appeal."
In 1636 the Twenty-four, to prevent misunder-
standing with the clerk, enter the following :
Memorand'" 'J hat ihe ancient custome of this p'she hath
beene that in regard the Claike beeinge both Clarke & Sexton
hath formly at all times in the yeare hath swept & made clean
the whole Church savinge at the Ruirhbearing on'y and it is
therefore ordered that the Clarke now & hereafter shall doe &
p*forme the same according to the same custome, and at the
'o The following is a list of ihe tiiliinirs :— i. Church Tyih. 2. Beesley
Tylh. 3 Longley Tyih. 4. Aspinhuist Tyih. 5. Thielfail Tylh. 6. Kid-
snare Tyih.
:i The lifit is given in fu'.l in Fishwick's HUtory of Goosnargh, chap, v,
page S9-
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 55
Rushbearinge the Churchwardens shall yearly doe or p*cure the
same to be done upon the p'ahe charges.
The churchwardens were obliged to show their
accounts to the Twenty-four every Easter. The
following is a memorandum from the Easter Vestry
of 1657 :—
Mmd'" that the xxxi^** of March 1657 the ould Church-
wardens viz' Laurence Dicconson, John lieesley, 'I'ho Slater &
John Walmisley have she\N^ iheir acconipts & it appeared that
for the use of the Church they liave disbursed three pounds six-
teene shillings & seavcn penc & for three foxe headcs, three
shillings, & for takeinge out the order of Dismission of the suit
which stood heretofore in ihe Chancery betweane the inhabitants
of Kirkhani and us of Goosnargh, five shillings all \v^ is
;^4 ,, 3^ 5, 1 1^ of w^ said sumes the Churchwardens of Goosnargh
is in arreare unto the Churchwardens of Whittingham eleaven
shillings & fower penc.
We know nothing of briefs nowadays by such
title. But in the sixteenth century, and until the
early part of this century, they were common.'*
In them was set forth the necessities of towns or
parishes or individuals, consequent upon misfor-
tunes and accidents ; and an appeal was made for
help and sympathy from Christian people. These
briefs were read out in chirch, and collections
were made for the sufferers.
In the Goosnar«:h Vestrv- Book there is an entrv
as follows : —
In the moneth of May 1661
Collected by the Churchwardens within the p^sh of Goosnargh
by a briefe to them directed, for the use of the Inhabitants of
the towne of Ilminster in the County of Somerset, the sume of
;^oo „ 16S ,, cod
Collected likewyse by the said Churchwardens for the use of
the Inhabitants in the p'sh of S^ Bartholomew Exchange within
the Citie the sume of ;^oo „ 6^ „ 00^
12 A** Brief" is thus defined in Bailey's Dictionary — '*An order issuing
'*outof Chancery, or some other Court; also any Process of the King, in
"writing, under Seal, requiring anything to be done, especially Letters
'* Patent granted for Collecting of charitable Benevolence to poor Suflereis
*• by Fire or other Casualties."
56 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
Collected alsoe for the use of Thomas Wry of Horncastle in
the County Lincolne the sume of ;^oo „ 5^ „ 00^
In 1662 we have the following entry :
It is agreede that Henry Threlfall of Goosenargh shall sweepe
the Church make the Alleys eaven make all graves Looke to the
Bell-Roopes hacks and spades and receave the monyes due for
Buriall in the Church before the grave bee made and have such
allowance as hath beene formerly accustomed.
In 1668 the following entry appears :
Dec. 13, 1668. Collected in the Chappell of Goosenargh the
Sume of Seaven shillings and two pence ffor the poore Sufferers
by ffyre within the Citie of London.
Jan. 10, 1668. Collected in the Chappell of Goosenargh the
sume of three shillings seaven pence for the Inhabitants of
Leaver Hill in y« County of Suffocke who had their houses
consumed by fyre.
In 1669 the following :
July the 25^** 1669. After the publishinge of a briefe collected
for the poore captives within the Turke's dominions in the
Chappell of Goosnargh the sume of three shillings sixpence by
the Churchwardens for this presente yeare.
This brief would be for the purpose of ransoming
the crews of our merchant vessels which had been
taken by pirates in the Mediterranean.
In 1670 we have the following :
Aprill the 5*^ 1670. This day it is agreede that Christopher
Salisburie shall take care of the Bells and Roopes and provide
Liccor for the Bells. And give accompts lo the 24 men at their
meeteings and be paide for his paynes untill further Order.
The following entry shows the value which the
Twenty-four put upon the safe keeping of parish
papers :
August y* 5, 1675. It is ordered that all deeds and writings
that doe relate or concerne the Church and Schoole together
with the Church Books, shall be kept in the Chest with three
lockes upon it standinge in y« Vestery. And that the keyes shall
bee henceforward kept, one by y* preachinge-Schoolmaster for
the time beeinge. And one by one of y« Inhabitantes of Goos-
nargh. And one by one of the Inhabitantes of Whiltingham.
The Twenty 'four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 57
It appears from several entries that the mother
church of Kirkham claimed a contribution from
the parish of Goosnargh towards the expenses of
maintaining the fabric of Kirkham Church and its
services. The amount claimed was ten shillings,
and there was a running controversy for many
years between the inhabitants of Goosnargh and
the minister of Kirkham, respecting the liability of
the former to payment. In connection with this
is the following entry :
April >* 16, 1677. — Att a mee tinge of y^ Four and Twenty
Alexander Rigby Esq, Edward Rigby Sergeant-at-Bar Thomas
Whittingham Esq William Helme gen^ John VVhittingham gent
Rob^ Bamber gent Nicholas White gent John Parker Henry
Waringe John Waringe James Johnson Rob^ Barton John Mercer
John Harrison Thomas Parkinson, it is agreed as followeth y^
Whereas M"" Sergeant Rigby did produce a Letf from M'' Clegg
Minister at Kirkham intimating unto him y' y® thirty men of
Kirkham had refered y*^ Controversy betweene them and y*
Inhabitants of Goosnergh Concerninge }* arears of y® ten shil-
lings Claymed to bee p^ for y« Repaire of y*^ Church of Kirkham
unto )® determination of }® said M*" Sergeant Rigby, it is iherfore
now agreed y' )* endinge of y® s^ difference shall bee left wholy
to }* s^ M*" Rigby and what hee y*^ s^ M"^ Rigby shall doe in that
behalfe shall bee confirmed by y® said Inhabitantes of Goos-
nergh.
It is agreed y' at all times hereafter when any one or more of y^
four and twenty of this Chapeldri of Goosnergh shall happen to
dy that one or more person or p'sons who shall have an estate of
lands within y® Township of goosnergh or Whittingham and shall
bee thought most deservinge and filtinge for y« Imploym' shall
by y® major part of y® four & twenty at theire generall Meetinge
in Easter weeke then next followinge be Elected and Chosen in
y« place & stead of such as shall bee dead w*^out any distinction
of beinge Chosen for eyther goosnergh or Whittingham being y'
each of the s^ four & twenty are equally concerned for both y«
said Townshipps.
It is ordered that the Ringers of the Parochiall Chappell of
Goosnargh shall upon every Lord's Day ring one bell at 7 of the
Clocke in the afore noone two bells at 8 of the Clocke and three
bells at nine of the Clocke as also in the afternoone one bell at
12 of the Clocke 2 bells at one of the Clocke and 3 bells at 2 of
the Clocke Unlesse the Minister of y* s^ Chappell give other
direction.
58 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
The following is an interCvSting entry :
April >« i8 1682. — It is ordered that Will"™ Wareing do looke
to the Ciocke to sweepe the Church and keepe it cleane to ring
tiie Bell at 8 of y*^ Ciocke to wash y« surplices to take care of >.'^
hacks and spades and all y^ utensills of the Church and for his
so doeing hee shall have the benefitts of burialls in the Church.
In 1684 there was a very strong '* Twenty-four."
It consisted of the following : — Alexander Rigby,
Esq., Mr. Sergeant Rigby, Mr. Justice Warren,
Mr. Thomas Rigby, Edward Rigby, Esq., Thomas
Whittingham, Esq. After these come seven
'* gentlemen " of honourable names, the eleven
remaining being entered with Christian and sur-
name, followed in each case by the word '* vsworne."
In that particular vestry the power would probably
lie in the hands of the first six on the list.
The Alexander Rigby here named would pro-
bably iDe the son of the famous Colonel Rigby
(himself once a member of the Twenty-four), who
besieged Lathom House in 1643-4.'^
Sergeant Rigby, Thomas and Edward Rigby,
would probably be directly related to the Squire of
]\Iiddleton.
There is reason for believing that the Mr. Justice
Warren here named was an ancestor of the late
Lord de Tabley, whose fore-elders exercised mano-
rial rights at Inglewhite, a hamlet in the township
of Goosnargh. These manorial rights were sold
by a Lord de Tabley about forty years ago. They
are now no longer in force.'-*
13 The famous answer of Lady Derby, when summoned by Colonel Rigby
to surrender Lathom House, was as follows : — *'TeIl that insolent rebell. hee
" shall neither have p'sons, goods, nor house, when our strength, and p'vision
"is spent, we shall find a fire more mercifull than Rigby and then if the
*' providence of God p'vent it not, my goods and house shall burne in his
" sight : myself, children and souldiers rather than fall into his hands will
" seale our religion and loyalty in the same flame." — See Chetham Society's
Publications.
14 The light of taking toil at the cattle fairs at Inglewhite, in the parish of
Goosnargh, formed part of the privileges of the lord of the manor. The
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh, 59
It is probable that no parissh council at the
present day could exhibit on its roll the names of
so many men of high social standing and personal
influence as' were the first six found on the roll of
the Twenty-four Men of Goosnargh in 1684.
There is a curious entry in '' Aprill y^ 6^^' 1697" :
At a meeting of the flour and twenty, present Tho Rigby Esq ,
'J'ho. Whiitingham Esq., W John Whitiingham &cc.
Memorandum ihat the tenth day of Aprill 1696 there was
deliv^ unto our present Minister W"^ Hubhell one table-Clollie
two napkins, two fflaggons two bowlls and one pewder di h by
John Newsham one of the Churchwardens that year.
On '* Aprill y^ 22, 1701," we find the following:
Item — WHKKiiAS severall extravagant expences have been
found not only in the accounts of the Churchwardens for the
Year last past, but also in some former Years in entertaining of
Strang Min*""^ when they preached here it is Ordered that no
Churchwarden for the future shall ex])end above 2^* upon the
account ai)ove s^ More not to be allow^
As in this case, so in 1703, a severe fit of
economy seizes the vestr}'. The Twenty-four are
determined to know precisely how matters stand
from a financial point of view. Under date *' March
ct^.e 20^^ 1703," we have the following:
It was ordered .... That all Accounts shall be stated
10 dayes before any Generall Meeting atid shewed to any of the
24 recpiiring them before the s^ Generall Meeting.
That the Churchwardens for the Year last past shall not be
charged w^'^ the Sume o\ 10*^ 4^^ assessed upon Tho Rigby Esq
towards the repair of the Church untill a Certaine dispute arise-
ing uj^on liis repaireing the roof over his own Quire be stated
betwixt the s*^ Tho Rigby & this Chappelry.
For the Regulating of Expences, at all publicje Meetings for
this Chappelry (w<^^ oftentimes heretofore have proved very
extravagant) It is Ordered that no Officer dischargeing such
right was often disputed, and at length the question of its validity was tried
in a court of law. I understand that the judgment of the court went against
the owner of the toll, because the lord of the manor had not kept the part of
. the covenant which required him to provide at Lower Barker a bull and a
boar.
6o The Twenty 'four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
Expenses shall have more allowed him than 4** for every indivi-
duall person necessaryly appearing at every such Meeting wthin
the Chappelry and 6^ if out of the Chappelry.
Under date April 10, 1705, we have the follow-
ing:—
Robert Harrison be Sexton so long as he demeans himself
duetifull and careful in his place and service which service shall
be to Ring Eight of the Clocke from the 29*** of Sept: untill the
25*^ of March yearly except if it be otherwayes Ordered, to oyle
the Bells at his own Charge, to sweep the Church and whip the .
dogs every Lord's day, to wash the Surplus and table Linnon,
flagons and bowles, to Mow the weeds in the Churchyard and to
fence the Churchyard, and that he shall have for his wages all
the advantage of the buryalls in the Church without account
makeing.
There is no doubt that occasionally the minister
of the parish would find the situation awkward
when he had to deal with obstinate officials of the
church over whom he had no control, and who
were responsible not to him, but to the Twenty-four.
We find that in 1738 the minister had to give a
written admission of the vestry's power in the
matter of the appointment of a sexton. The
admission runs thus :
I hereby acknowledge the right of nominating of a Sexton for
the parochial Chapel to belong to the select Vestry of Twenty-
four, w^^» right I will not hereafter controvert, and assure them
that whatever opposition Tve hitherto made to it was owing to
misinformation And not occasioned by any designe formed by
me wrongfully to usurp or invade it. But 1 hope the Gentlemen
who constitute that Vestry will not ellect a man into that Office
who makes it his study to affront me dayly. But permitt George
'J'urner to Exercise it at least one year longer in w*^^ time both
they and 1 may be better satisfyed of Edw^ Edmundson's
Behaviour both in Generall and to me in particular.
W"' Whitehead
June the ii'^ 1738. Minisf
From the middle of the eighteenth century to
the present time the entries become, of course, less
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 6i
interesting to an antiquary. It is true that these
entries throw some light on contemporary questions,
and show to us the gradual transition of power
from the hands of the few into the hands of the
many ; but there is not the charm about them that
attracts us in the earlier years. The matter
becomes monotonous. It is the old story of outlay
considered, expenditure incurred, rates laid, and
obligations discharged.
I think that I have given a sufficient quantity
and variety of entries to show the kind of work in
which the twenty-four men were engaged. We
have noticed that, though elected originally upon
*^ home rule " principles, they eventually formed an
oligarchy ; though never at any time, as far as I
can learn, was this oligarchy in conflict with public
opinion. It must have happened more than once
in the seventeenth century that a minority of the
vestry held sway, but we may take it for granted,
that, after the middle of the eighteenth century,
power was more equally distributed amongst the
members. From that time the strength of the
Twenty-four virtually lay in the various gradations
of rank amongst the members. Men of different
classes were brought into common converse, genial-
ity of intercourse was facilitated, which, like oil
on machinery, obviated friction and conduced to
general harmony of work.
When the records of the ** Sworne Men '* are
edited by some man specially competent for the
task, the text will occupy no small space. Justice,
however, cannot be done to such a work unless
there accompany the text a full commentary,
throwing a search-light upon the entries, which
ought, where possible, to be taken decade by
decade. There must be a comparison of such
entries with contemporary records of a similar
nature, showing the various degrees of importance
62 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Qoosnargh.
attaching to the pronouncements and resolutions of
the Twenty-four.
It may strike you as vStrange, but it is a fact,
that there is not once found amongst the deHbera-
- tions of the Twenty-four any reference to the burn-
ing poHtical questions which agitated the country
during the time of the great Civil War.
No man could be more uncompromising than
Alexander Rigby, as the records of the Parliament
of 1640 bear witness. Rigby is present at almost
every meeting of the Twenty-four. He is always
the first to sign his name, or rather to have it
entered. Yet not a single resolution is there at
any meeting at which he is present, which shows
in the slightest degree political or puritanical bias.
It is possible that if the ideal editor of the
records of the Twenty-four could disclose some-
thing about the politics of the Rigbys, Threlfalls,
Whittinghams, Warings, Lancasters, Parkinsons,
Helmes, Crosses, Townleys, Heskeths, Beesleys,
we might find that though differences, for the
parish's sake, might be sunk in the vestry, yet,
outside the walls matters might be diff'erent. VVe
may assume that not the least interesting of the
commentator's notes would be those showing the
number and the names of the Royalists and Parlia-
mentarians in the parish of Goosnargh at the time
of the Civil War.
That Goosnargh knew something of the war
may be learnt from three simple entries in the
register of burials ; for in th^ month of August,
1644, it is recorded as follows : —
Buried was a souldier found slaine ihe first daie.
Buried was ffrancis Rudson souldier the XVI daie.
Buried was Roger Barton the XXIV daie, a souldier.
In the Chetham Society's publications we find,
in the '* Discourse of the Warr " in Lancashire,
the troops of both sides occupying at this time the
The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh. 63
neighbourhood of PrCvSton and a considerable part
of the Fylde. Men were obliged to take sides. To
which side did the majority of the Twenty-four
lean ?
The work of editing such a book as the records
of the ** Sworne Men " would involve most careful
research into all kinds of documents, in order to
ensure its thoroughness. How certain families
take the lead at certain epochs, how they fall
behind, how they die away, how their names are
lost, and to whom their estates have passed : such
considerations force themselves upon the student
of the records.
Who can give us anything like an idea of the
havoc that was wrought amongvSt Lancashire
families in the thirty years 17 15 to 1745 ? In 17 15
came the troubles consequent upon the first Scotch
Rebellion ; in 1720 not' a few were ruined by the
disasters which ensued upon the failure of Law's
MivSsissippi Scheme ; in the same year the crash
which follo\yed the bursting of the South Sea
Bubble told heavily upon the North of England ;
in 1745 the consummation of the disasters con-
nected with the failure of the Jacobite movement
brought many of the leading houses in Amoun-
derness to serious trouble, and in not a few cases
to poverty and ruin. As the eighteenth century
draws to its end, what trace is there of the great
Amounderness families who hunted with Heskeths,
Tyldesleys, and Threlfalls ? They have most of
them passed into obscurity. Such questions no
man can avoid commenting upon who would
vSeriously undertake to edit the records of the
Twenty-four men of Goosnargh.
Let me now conclude by saying that a quarter
of a century's experience of life lived amongst the
descendants of the Goosnargh yeomen of old,
64 The Twenty-four Sworne Men of Goosnargh.
convinces me that the men of the present day,
who form our Twenty-four, have inherited the bulk
of the sterling qualities of their ancestors — inde-
pendence of spirit, a high value of justice, and a
practical mind. They do things in a prosaic way ;
there is not the romance of poetry in the associa-
tions of their every-day life, and their names are
not known to the world ; but they are content, if, in
the discharge of their duties, it can be said of them
that in accuracy, straightforwardness, and fair
dealing, they do not fall one whit behind the
*' Twenty-four Sworne Men" who ruled the fortunes
of Goosnargh in the olden time.
^*^.
THE MANOR OF HALTON.
By William Oliver Roper ^ F.S.A .
Read i7ih February, 1898.
THREE miles to the east of Lancaster, on {he
banks of the river Lune, is the village of
Halton. It can boast six objects of antiquarian
interest : —
The first is the Roman altar ** to the god Mars/'
placed by ** Sabinus a praepositus and the soldiers
of the numerus of boatmen/' This is now inserted
in the wall of the rooms at Halton Hall.
The second is the circular mound which looks
down upon the river, and probably forms the site
of the abode of some Lord of Halton in Saxon
times.
The third is the silver cup, containing 860 silver
pennies, six pieces of gold, and a silver torque or
collar which was found on the 12th of February,
1815, on Halton moor. The cup is beautifully
chased with outlines of a bull and a panther. The
torque is pierced at both ends to hang round the
neck, and consists of a number of interlacing silver
wires. The coins are chiefly of the time of Cnut,
and are supposed to have been buried on the moor
when Cnut advanced against Malcolm of Scotland
in 103 I.
66 The Manor of Hal ton.
The fourth is the cross shaft in the churchyard,
with, on two sides, carvings from the legend of
Sigurd and Fafni — the forging of Sigurd's sword,
Sigurd toasting Fafni's heart and tasting Fafni's
blood, and the noble horse '* Grain" galloping
riderless home — and on other sides, symbols of the
Resurrection. There are few more interesting
instances of the Pagan- Christian overlap in the
north.
The fifth relic of antiquity is the massive
Perpendicular tower of the church.
Close to the church and on the banks of the
river stands Halton Hall, the old home of the lords
of the manor of Halton.
In Domesday Book Halton is one of the thirty-
eight manors of Lonsdale, and is thus detailed : —
M In Halton habuit comes Tosti VI car t're ad
gUd.
In Aldeclif lie. Tiernun II. Hillun II. Lon-
' castre Vic. Cherca-loncastre lie.
Hotun lie. Neutun lie. Ouretun IIIIc. Mid-
dletun IIIIc. Hietune IIIIc. Hessam IIIIc.
Oxeneclif lie. Poltune lie. Toredholme lie.
Schertune Vic. Bare lie. Sline Vic.
Bodeltona IIIIc. Chellet Vic. Stopeltierne
lie. Newhuse lie. Chreneforde lie.
0ms hae ville p'tin' ad Haltune.
Earl Tosti, the owner of the manor of Halton,
had fallen at the battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.
His lands were bestowed by the Conqueror on
Roger de Poictou, who granted them to the Gernet
family, to be held by the tenure or service of being
chief foresters of the county.
Joan, the last of the Gernets of Halton, married
William de Dacre, and died in 1325 seised of the
manor of Halton.
Ranulph, son of William de Dacre, married the
heiress of the Multons of Gillesland, and, in a list
The Manor of Halton. 67
of landholders in Lancashire compiled about 1320,
is described as holding the manor of Halton.
Ranulph, the first Baron Dacre, died in 1338,
and was succeeded by his eldest son, William, who
died in 1361, seised of ''Halton Maner ut de
'* Honore de Lancaster.*' William was succeeded
by his brother Ralph, and he in turn by his brother
Hugh, the fourth baron. William, the eldest son
of Hugh, dying in 1403, the estates passed to his
son Thomas, who died in 1458.
Thomas left a grand-daughter, Joan — his eldest
son Thomas having died in his lifetime — married
to Sir Richard Fiennes, from whom were descended
the Dacres of Dacre.
Ranulph, the second son, fought for the House
of Lancaster at Towton, and fell on that fatal
field. His estates were forfeited. So also were
those of Humphrey, the third son ; but having
submitted to the House of York, and having at-
tended Edward IV in his victorious progress, he
became a royal favourite, and in 1473 laid claim to
the barony of Dacre. Eventually Edward IV de-
cided '* That Richard ffynes knight in ryghte of
'*Joane his wife and the heires of her body be
*' reput, had, named, and dated the Lord Dacre . . .
** and that the said Richard ffynes and the heires
'* of the body of the said Joane have to their use
'' . . . the Manores of Eccleston and ffyshewiche
*' in the Shir of Lancaster with all other lands and
'^ tenements that weare Thomas late Lord Dacres
*' . . . excepte the Manor of Halton in the County
**of Lankester . . . • and that Homfrey Dacre
'* Knight and the heires malles of the said Thomas
'* late Lord Dacre be reputed had named and
^' called the Lord Dacre of Gillesland . . • and
*' that the said Homfrey shall have to him and to
'* the heires malles of his body . . . the Manor of
'' Halton with the appurtenances in the Sheare of
G a
68 The Manor of Halton.
** Lankeshir, it to be made assure according to that
'* estat as shaH be devised by the Counsell of the
'* said Homfrey and at his costes."
Humphrey was succeeded in 1509 by his son
Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gillesland, who
was one of the leaders of the English forces at the
battle of Flodden Field in 15 13.
Thomas, second Lord Dacre of Gillesland, died
in 1525, and was succeeded by his son William.
In 1553 a survey was taken of the manor of
Halton, and the boundaries were described as fol-
lows:— ''The Limits and Bounds of the seyd
' Lordship of Halton begin at the foote of a cer-
* tain Gill called Baxton Gill, up a River or Water
' that falleth into Loyne, sometimes without Water,
* and so goin North West upwards the said gill into
* the far end of the West side of Thorne bank to
* the Standing Stone, and so down West by North
' until the far end of Derelaykes, And from thence
' West by North to Burthryke Beke, and thence
' through the mydeste of the Mosse west to the
' Syke of Swerthbecke and then up Swerthbecke
' West by South to the nether end of Crambury-
* mosse, and so down a Syke betwext the Swancliffs
' westwards to the Bolthole in Dunnelmylne Damme
' which payeth VP for damninge of the Est Syde
' of the said Damme unto the lord of Halton, And
* thence going West upon the Syke of Borwen-
' breke, and so still West down Shawsbecke to the
' Side of Gryvdell Close, and then turning up South
* East to Blewmanclose and so going over the West
* side of the same Close unto the West Side of an
* old House of the Stubb, being now decayed,
* wherein one Jenkin Peereson sometime did dwell,
' and so going down a place being sometime a beke
' and being now Meadow Ground, and leaving the
' same Meadow Ground by the side of Goldmyre
* West to the Nook of Brakendekebank Close and
The Manor of Halton. 69
' then through Styrleys unto the East end of Neth-
' eringhow Meadow, and so to the side of the new
* close of Beaumond, and then going down upon
' a Gill called Manesworne and so down to the
* East side of a Close called Crambotts by the
* North side of a Close called Bakehouse syke,
* and so down to the North end of a Lane called
* Thevesay Lane, and so down by the side of the
* Lane called Thevesay Lane unto a Beke called
* Holgill, and so down the same Beke unto the
* Water of Loyne unto the Foot of a Meadow
* Ground called Lynthwaite, and so going East
* over both sydes of the same water of Loyne in
* diverse places by the Merestones known unto the
' said Bakestonegill.'*
A survey, taken early in the sixteenth century,
states that *' the Lordship of Halton is holden of
* the Duchy of Lancaster by Knights Service by a
' whole Knights Fee of Land, and pays to the
' Castle of Lancaster £6. 13. o. There is in the
* said Lordship a free Warren for all manner of
* Game, and has been used as a Franchise without
* tyme of mind, with Wayfs and Strays and Drift
* of the Common. Every Tenant dying within the
* said Lordship hafying a Tenement Grisland or
* Cottage to ffarme, shall pay his Heriot first to the
' Load afore the Church, And every Tenant within
' the said Lordship is bound to come to the Lords
' Miln and pay Mulcture at 13 Wessall there used
' and occupied. The said Lord has alsoe Assize
' of Bread and Ail within the said Lordship. There
' is also a Parsonage appending of the same which
* is in Donation of the Lord, which is worth by
' yere over all charges and Reprisals 40 marks.
* There is also an Ermitage of Saint Ellin which
' is worth by yere to the Hermit the Close."
In 1553 there was a dispute between the owner
of Halton and his neighbour, Lord Monteagle of
70 The Manor of Halton.
Hornb)'. Eventually, by a deed made on the *Mast
*' day of August in the first and second years of
** the Raigne of our Sovereigne Lord and Ladye
** Phillip and Mary by the Grace of God King and
** Queen of Englande ffrance Naples Jerusalem
*' and Ireland Defenders of the flfaith Princes of
** Spaine and Cicilie Archdukes of Millayne Bur-
*' gondy and Brabant Countess of Haspurge fflan-
** ders and Tyroll Between the right honourable
*' William Dacre Knight Lord Dacre of Graystock
** and Gilseland of the one partie and the right
*' Honourable Thos Stanley Knight Lord Mount-'
*' eagle of the other partie '' the contention and
variance which had risen between the parties con-
cerning '*the Boundes of the Moors or Wast
** grounds of the Manors of Halton and Over-
** kellet *' was arranged '* at the mediation of Row-
** land Threlkeld Gierke parson of Halton John
'* Bains Henry Croft and Thomas Talentyre." All
the land on the north side of a certain boundary
line was declared to belong to Lord Monteagle ;
all to the south of that line, down to the water of
Lune, to Lord Dacre.
William Lord Dacre of Gillesland died in
1563, leaving a family of four sons and several
daughters.
Thomas, the eldest son, died in 1566, leaving a
son, George, and three daughters — Anne, who
married Philip Earl of Arundel ; Mary, and Eliza-
beth, the wife of William Lord Howard.
George, fifth Baron Dacre of Gillesland was
** by a great mischaunce slayne at Thetford in the
** house of Sir Richard Falmenstone Knt by means
'* of a vaulting horse made of wood standing
'* within the same house, upon which horse, as he
** meant to have vaulted, and the pinnes at the feet
^* not being made sure the horse fell upon him and
** bruised the brains out of his head."
The Manor of Halton. 71
The barony of Dacre fell into abeyance between
his three sisters ; and an undated deed, signed by
'* W. Burghley/' lord treasurer in the sixteenth
year of the reign of EHzabeth, shews that in a par-
tition of the estates the manor of Halton, with an
estimated rental of ^^g igs. lod., fell to the share
of Anne Lady Arundel.
The uncles of George — Leonard, Edward, and
Francis— claimed, however, that under the award
of Edward IV the lands must remain in the male
line, and that Leonard was therefore the heir.
Lord Arundel and Lord Howard disputed this.
The three brothers then joined the rising in favour
of Mary Queen of Scots, and seized Naworth and
Greystock Castles. The insurrection failed, and
the brothers Edward and Leonard died childless ;
while Francis lived till 1634, leaving a son, Randal,
who died two years later, and concerning whose
burial the register of Greystoke Church records
that he was the last of the male line of the Dacres
of Gillesland, '* which said Randal died at London
** and was brought down at the charges of the
'* Right Hon Thomas Earle of Arundell and Surrye
'' and Earle Marshall of England."
In 1583 Halton was conveyed to Christopher
Carus. The conveyance is dated ** the ninth day
** of November in the fyve and twentyeth yeare of
'* the reigne of our Sovereign Ladye Elizabeth of
** England France and Ireland Quene Defender of
*' the flfaith,*' and is made *' betwene Phillipp Earle
'* of Arrondelle and the ladie Ann his wyfe and
** one of the daughters of the right honourable
'* lorde Thomas Dacres deceased and of the sisters
*' and coheirs of George late Lord Dacres of the
*' one part and Christopher Carus of Halton Esq
*' William Wulfall of Halton and William Hesham
*' of Highfield in Halton yeonian of the other part."
The consideration was ;jf5ooo, and the property
72 The Manor of Halton.
conveyed includevS **the Manner or Lordship of
'* Halton .... and the advowson of the Rectoiy
'' and Parish Church of Halton.''
The deed is signed ** Arundell '' and '* Anne
'* Arundell," in the presence of nine witnesses.
Prior to this conveyance there had been an
agreement between Carus, Woolfall, and Heysham
that after the conveyance of the '* manner or Lord-
** shippe of Halton " had been completed, certain
parts of the property were to be conveyed to certain
persons. On this agreement there is an endorse-
ment that ** Lord Dacres was Earle of Arundel "
and sold all Halton to Carus, Woolfall, and Heys-
ham for ;jf5ooo, and that they conveyed several
estates to the therein within named persons ; that
Robert Tatham purchased John Heysham's lands
** about 40 years ago," and claimed in a Chancery
suit to be half lord of the manor with Thomas
Carus the son of Christopher, and it was decreed
that the counterpart deed should be admitted as
evidence of the contents of the original deed,
which could not be found.
The endorsement concludes : — '* Ned Gardner of
" Leonard Gate's wife was when said Chancery
** suit commenced then Wife to Robt Tatham the
*' pretended half Lord of Halton and John Hollands
** Widow of Lancaster was his daughter, so that
** they may remember when said suit was com-
'* menced if that may be of service for the easyer
'* finding out of the above said proceedings in
'' Chancery."
On another part of the deed is written : —
** There is none liveing upon y^ earth but
*' they are subject to many dangers."
** Penam arrogantius effugit nemo.
'* Hoc decus esimiu fecit te secundere penam."
Christopher Carus died in 1633, ^^^ was suc-
ceeded by his son Thomas. This Thomas Carus
Th^ Manor of Halton. 73
with his son Thomas executed a deed shewing the
customs of the manor. This deed is dated the
15th day of April, in the tenth year of the reign of
Charles I, and is made between Thomas Carus, of
Halton, Esquire, lord proprietor and owner of the
manor of Halton afo;?^aid,>^d Thomas Carus,
gentleman, son and heir-appX;;ent of the said
Thomas Carus, Esq., of the one p^t, and eighteen
of the customary tenants of the said manor of
Halton of the other part.
These customs included the following : —
The first wife of every customary tenant ought
to have, after the death of her husband, the moiety
of his tenement during her chaste widowhood, and
the second wife ought to have one-third part only
during her chaste widowhood.
The elder sister ought to be preferred to inherit
before the younger.
Every customary tenant *' ought to do suit of
** court to the Court baron of the said Manor so
** often as the same shall be holden and do suit of
** milne to the milnes of the said Manor and allow
'* for toll only the sixteenth part and no more of
'' the corn and grain to be ground at those milnes
*^ and pay to every Lord of the said Manor upon
'' the change of every Lord of that Manor by death
*' eight years' rent and no more after the rate and
** proportion of his ancient rent for his customary
** Lands and Tenements within the said Manor
** and in name of a Fine for those Lands and
** Tenements.
'* That on the death of a tenant the heir male, or
*' on the marriage of a female tenant the husband,
** ought to pay to the lord of the manor eight years'
** rent as a fine.
** That on the death of every tenant the lord of
<* the said manor ought to have for and in the
*' name of a heriot the best beast or other best
76 The Manor of Halton.
One other right was formerly attached to the
manor — to wit, the testamentary jurisdiction of the
lord. The manor of Halton was the only manor
in Lancashire to which this jurisdiction attached.
The notice given by the lord of the manor was
as follows : — ** This is to give notice to all persons
'' within the Peculiar of the Manor or Lordship of
** Halton who have any Wills to prove or Admini-
** strations or tuitions to take that they do the
'* same forthwith before William Bradshaw Esquire
'* Lord of the said Manor or Mr. Dickinson Attor-
** ney at Law in Lancaster his Deputy and that all
** Wills and Administrations within this Peculiar
** are for the future to be proved and taken so.''
This notice is endorsed — '* 5 June 1747. . Sent
'* this Notice to proclaim at Halton Church by
*' young Richard Hartley the 6 of June 1747 by
'*W.D.^'
The fee on proof was five shillings, and the
representatives of a deceased person were also
called upon to pay a fee of ten shillings as a
mortuary.
The records of wills and administrations extend,
with intervals, from 1615 to 1814. After the death
of William Bradshaw Bradshaw, in 1815, wills
ceased to be proved in the PecuHar Court, and the
wills were removed from Halton Hall to the
Probate Registry at Lancaster more than thirty
years ago.
-7=^5$^^^-=
THE LESSER-KNOWN GATEHOUSES
AND GATEWAYS
OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.
By James A . Waite.
Rfad I7ih November, 189S.
SELF-PRESERVATION has always been one
of the first laws of Nature, and contrivances
for the preservation and defence of men who first
entered upon social and settled life are older than
history. Of such defences, gatehouses and gateways
and entrances must, of necessity, have constituted
an essential part, whose beginnings, forms, and
adaptations by many of the past races of mankind
are lost in the mists of antiquity ; and such as
remain to us present many points of study and
interest to all archaeologists and antiquaries. They
were of vital importance and prominent features in
the cities of eastern civilisation, centuries before
the Christian era, in that far-off period when the
Pharaohs were all-powerful in Egypt, and also
among the Assyrian and Persian races, for they
are represented on the monuments of that time,
bearing evidence of an advanced state of fortifica-
tion, and have continued to be used down to recent
times ; and the tragedies, romances, traditions, and
folklore connected with them would be a volume in
themselves, and almost a history of mankind.
8o Gatehouses and Gateways.
excellence of the workmanship. After the decline
of the Roman power in this country these great
works were neglected and fell into decay, and many
were destroyed. The country was more or less
unsettled and harassed for centuries by internecine
warfare and the ravages of the Saxons and Danes ;
and it was not till after William of Normandy had
invaded this land, and proclaimed himself king of
England, that there was introduced the oppressive
feudal system, and with it the need of increased
fortifications. The land was taken away from
its English owners, and given, in larger or smaller
portions, to his Norman followers and the adven-
turers who came with him ; but he took care
that this land was only held by them on a feudal
service. In order to hold the land securely by this
service, his feudatories built numerous castles and
fortresses, to effect which large numbers of skilled
workmen were brought over from the Continent,
and a newer and more advanced style of architecture
was introduced into our cities, towns, and churches.
It was in the next four centuries that gatehouses
and gateways became such an important and
splendid feature of our cities, castles, abbeys,
colleges, and fortified houses ; and many of the
gateways built during this period will be found to
be large, massive, and imposing structures. Even
until about the year 1600, when the building of
castles had become a thing of the past, the
defensive character of the gatehouse and gateway
was still preserved, and they were looked upon as
necessary adjuncts to large residences. Although
not so massive and strong as hitherto, but more
picturesque and ornate from an architectural point
of view, they still retained a certain defensive
character.
But it was from the middle of the fifteenth
century that the domestic type of gateway became
r\
Gatehouses and Gateways. 8i
an important feature in architectural composition,
for with the end of the Wars of the Roses the
necessity for fortified houses declined. This,
together with the rise of the woollen and other
industries, and the buying of estates by merchants,
was the starting-point of domestic building in this
country.
It would perhaps be to our advantage to take a
brief review of the different kinds of gateways in
our own country, and commence with the old town
gateways, that have stood the vicissitudes of peace
and war through long centuries, and still stand
among the most noteworthy and interesting speci-
mens of defensive mediaeval work that we now
possess. These will be found in such cities as
York (where there are, probably, the most interesting
examples of fortified gatehouses at the present
time), Canterbury, Norwich, Wells, Winchester,
Monmouth, Launceston, Chepstow, Ludlow, Tenby,
Conway, Carnarvon, Newcastle, Warwick, Carlisle,
Southampton, Lincoln, and other old towns. Their
general elevation and construction shows a central
gateway for traffic, and side gateways for foot
passengers. They were built of great strength,
loattlemented, and well-adapted for defence in early
times. Many of these gateways will be found to
combine every feature that skill and forethought
could suggest in their design and erection, and
some of them are splendid examples of architectural
proportion, detail, and beauty. One cannot fail to
be struck with the conviction that those men did
in reality design with beauty and build with
strength. Weathered by time, and subdued in
tone to a beautiful tint and surface, they form a
series of delightful studies for the pencil or the
brush. It is also worth noting how many and varied
are the other uses of the simple gateway, and how,
by means of alteration in details, its peaceful
H
82 Gatehouses and Gateways.
character can be changed to all that is stern, grim,
and threatening.
In former times the gatehouses, or bars, frequently
contained apartments for the accommodation of
the watchward, the police of the period ; and this
custom survived at York until a comparatively
recent period. Many gatehouses were used as
prisons for high-class offenders. The custom of
placing the watchman at the gate was also conve-
nient, for criminals or suspected persons would
frequently be recognised when attempting to enter
the town, and at once be arrested. And what grim
spectacles these town gateways must have presented
when it was the custom to draw and quarter the
bodies of rebels and traitors, and place their heads
on spikes over the gateways, to remain till they
were bleached and beyond recognition. This
custom remained in force till about the middle of
the eighteenth century.
In a few old towns where these gateways have
ceased to exist, their memory is still perpetuated
by such names as Northgate, Westgate, Bargate,
Kirkgate, Briggate, Lydgate, Cripplegate, Castle-
gate, Friargate, and many others. Gates in towns
invariably suggest the oldest thoroughfares, often
the main arteries ; and it is a pity to find that the
poetic affix has been gradually dying out, while the
modern *' street,'' **road,'' &c., has been usurping
its place. It is also . regretable that the old
towns have not preserved more of their ancient
character, by retaining the old names which have
for centuries been their most characteristic feature.
We. may now turn to consider the gateways of
castles. These were-of the strictly military type.
The earlier castles were plain, solid structures,
often mere, fortified towers, built by the immediate
followers of the Conqueror to awe the people and
keep them in subjection by the strong arm of force,
Gatehouses and Gateways. 83
and to hold with greater security the portion of
country allotted to them by the king, in fee for their
services.' In the castles the choosing of the site
was of the first importance, and every advantage,
natural and artificial, was taken, to render greater
the security of the stronghold. They were built
with immensely thick walls ; many of the apart-
ments were cramped and small, and devoid of
comfort, and the windows mere loopholes and
unglazed. Safety, and not elegance or comfort,
was the main consideration. The first point to
secure would be the gateway, and for this reason
the earlier gateways were built as one of the main
defences of the building, in military style.
The gateway usually consisted of a single
archway, large enough to admit horsemen, with
a strong door and one or^ more portcullises.
The ceiling was pierced with holes, through which
missiles could be cast down upon an enemy. Often
the gateway was protected on either side by bastions
or towers, with narrow apertures as outlooks, which
were deeply splayed inside to give greater range
and command of the gateway on the approach of
a hostile force, thus giving the defenders a decided
advantage over the attacking party. This custom
of placing the gateway between two bastions or
towers existed in this country from the end of the
eleventh to the early part of the sixteenth century.
The approach to the gateway, over a wide, deep
moat, was so formed that any body of men
approaching the bridge gradually contracted ; so
that in making an attack only a limited number
could assail the gateway at one time, and this
crowding of their numbers further exposed them
to the discharge of arrows and other missiles of
X Professor Meiklejohn says : '* So numerous did these castles become, that
** Henry II is said to have pulled down no less than i lOO castles, most of
•* which were only the dens of freebooters and robbers."
H 3
84 Gatehouses and Gateways.
the defenders, from under cover of the protecting
towers, and from the machicolations over the
entrance, which was a further danger to the
attacking party. This strong defence was neces-
sary, the gateway being so important a part of the
whole structure.
By the fourteenth century peaceful pursuits had
become more advanced, and the general state of
society less turbulent. There was a marked
modification in the style of military architecture,
greater regard being paid not only to defence and
security but to appearance and accommodation,
and the strength of the fortress combined to a
certain degree with convenience and grandeur.
The gateway was generally flanked by two lofty,
and more ornamental round or octagonal towers,
with turrets ; the rooms were more convenient, and
the open aperture was superseded by the glazed
window. This progress was a sure indication of
the gradual and decided advance to the domestic
type of gateway. These features can be seen in
many castles from the Late Plantagenet to the
Early Tudor period.
The gatehouses and gateways of our abbeys
shov/ quite different types, and they grew rapidly
in size and splendour under the Norman - rule.
They were not restricted by limited area of ground,
and there was generally more than one gateway
connected with the precincts of the building, which
was enclosed by a wall. The use of these gate-
ways was of a more decidedly domestic character,
of which we have examples in the lives of devotion
and self-denial of various monastic orders, in the
receiving and lodging of visitors and wayfarers,
and the bestowing of alms — all being evidence of
the peaceful character of these institutions. These
abbey gateways were ornate and dignified, combined
with solidity and soundness of workmanship ; the
Gatehouses and Gateways. 85
battlements were often enriched by panels, trefoils,
quatrefoils, circles, and continuous mouldings, and
sometimes bore an amount of heraldic display
which rendered them a grand approach to the
monastic demesne. The upper chambers and
rooms were frequently used for the accommodation,
of visitors and guests of distinction. In some cases
they were the private apartments of the abbot,
-while in others they formed -the courthouse of the
abbey, in which all pleadings, disputes, and offences
were heard, and justice meted out in all cases over
which the abbey extended its domestic authority
and power.
Here, again, it has been the fate of many of the
grand and stately houses erected by the pious
builders of past centuries to be despoiled and
converted into farm buildings, so that at the
present day they are hardly more than a mass of
bare stone walls, mutilated and patched.
Our ancient colleges, though in some cases more
restricted in area than the abbeys, by reason of
being built in towns, or more centrally situated,
possess similar features to abbeys, though their
circumstances were somewhat different. Being
specially intended for scholastic purposes, which
influenced to a considerable extent their construc-
tion, they were built on the quadrangular or other
defensive plan, having the chief doors and other
openings looking towards the courtyard, and
generally having the gateway in one wing of the
main building, adjacent to the thoroughfare. Still,
they are of the characteristic domestic type. We
have fine examples of these in the great colleges of
ancient foundation, such as we find in Oxford,
Cambridge, and Winchester.
In the gateways of fortified houses there was
much greater diversity in the form and architectural
arrangement, and they ranged from the gateway
86 Gatehouses and Gateways.
arch to the imposing gatehouse, and from the low
stunted tower, with stair turret, to the battlemented
gateway, with turrets at the four angles, those to
the front being generally the largest and most
ornate. They were mostly moated ; for the value
of the gatehouse and gateway for purposes of
defence would have been small had they not been
strengthened by moat and drawbridge.
When Henry VIII comnienced to reign, the sun
of feudal England had set, and the dawn of
modern England was bursting forth. The Wars
of the Roses had become a tale of the past, and
the southern country was settling down. The need
for fortified houses was past, and the mansions that
men built were not fortified castles, but the homes
of English gentry. And here we find scarcely a
pretence of fortification, but stout and graceful
homes became the prevailing fashion, with spacious
windows in the outer walls as well as in the inner,
and not raised high above the ground, as in earHer
examples. Law and order becoming more firmly
established, courts of appeal, rather than force of
arms, were more resorted to as the means of
obtaining redress for wrongs and grievances. Thus
the use of the gateway for strictly defensive purposes
gradually fell into desuetude. From the middle of
the fifteenth to the end of the sixteenth century the
domestic type of gatehouse and gateway became
generally adopted in England as the approach to
the greater halls and rnanor houses, and they were
built to give a grandeur and dignity to the mansions
of bygone days, and to set^ forth the importance of
the owner by giving a brave display of his position
among men. By the middle of the seventeenth
century they had become survivals of an obsolete
defensive approach, and before the close of that
century the building of gatehouses was discontinued,
and they were looked upon as a thing of the past.
Gatehouses and Gateways. 87
The great divergence in style of gateways is
mostly due to local conditions and surroundings,
and is influenced by the construction, position, and
site of the main building. Some are built of stone,
others of timber and plaster on vStone foundations,
and others of a combination of building materials.
They were built close to the edge of the moat, with
a drawbridge to secure the approach to the house,
and were of good elevation, thus retaining their
defensive character. Entrance was gained by a
moulded archway, giving direct access to the court-
yard. These archways were, in many cases, built
beneath square hood moulds, with foliated orna-
mentation filling up the spandrils. The chambers-
above were well-lighted, with mullioned windows ;
and the front, from the foundation upwards, had
abundant ornament, of mediaeval character ; the
general effect being enhanced by the frequent use
of heraldic emblems, which gave dignity and
importance to the mansions of that period.
The domestic feature and particular use of these
gatehouses was the receiving of visitors and
strangers by the janitor orwatchward, placed there
to ascertain the business of all persons entering
the building before giving admittance. This was a
very necessary precaution in the stirring times of
three centuries ago, securing safety and protection
in times of trouble, and privacy in times of peace.
It was the custom for visitors to occupy the
apartments over the gateway.
Our subject is rendered all the more interesting
from the fact that the gatehouses and gatew^aysj as
they existed centuries ago, have become obsolete.
It is strange that of the few examples left to us,
in some instances the gatehouse is all that remains
of what was once considered a mansion of
importance and dignity.
The gatehouses and gateways to which this
88 Gatehouses and Gateways.
paper particularly refers, are those attached to the
old halls and manor .houses of Lancashire and
Cheshire, the greater part of which were moated.
The great divergence in material used in the
construction of the main building, gave a corres-
ponding variety in the construction of gatehouses
and gateways. In the southern parts of Lancashire
and Cheshire, which at that time were mostly
woods and wastes, nearly all the old halls were
built of timber and plaster ; and in this class, of
the few that remain intact, we generally find the
gateway forming part of the main building, giving
direct access to the courtyard. This was a vestige
of the castle plan, and was capable of being made
strongly defensive. We find this feature in such
halls as Speke, Moreton, Agecroft, Bellfield, and
others that were built of quadrangular form. In
those halls that formed only two or three sides of
a square, a curtain wall, connecting the gateway
with the main building, formed the courtyard, such
as Kenyon Peel, Newbold, and Ordsall (now pulled
down).
In the north and north-east of Lancashire we
find many of these houses massively built of stone,
and mostly situated on high ground ; and though
bearing no trace of having been moated, they were
made strongly defensive by an enclosing wall,
entered by a gateway giving access to the main
building. Hoghton Tower, Borwick Hall, and
Barcroft are examples of this class.
Hoghton Tower is also distinguished by having
an outer gatehouse and an inner gateway. Fronting
the main building is a long, high stone wall, with
a tower at each end, and in the centre is the
battlemented gatehouse, giving access to the large
outer courtyard. Massively built, and of good
elevation, and having a small apartment at each
side of the entrance arch, this gateway, with its
Gatehouses and Gateways. 89
large entrance, forms a fitting approach to this
historical house. The inner gateway (originally
surmounted by a square tower like the outer one)
is approached by a broad flight of steps and an
ornamental terrace, and gives admittance to the
inner courtyard and entrance to the great dining
hall. Over both gateways are the arms of the
Hoghton family, also initials. That this house
was capable of offering a determined resistance
was well proved during the war between Charles I
and his Parliament.
At Speke we have a beautiful, moulded, stone-
faced gateway, flanked by two massive ornamental
pillars and side walls, serving as a barbican on the
eastern side of the quadrangle, and approached by
a stone bridge having half-round recesses on each
side with seats, over the now dry moat.
At Wardley we have a fine brick gatehouse, the
entrance arch faced with stone and set between
two fine stacks of chimneys. This gatehouse was,
until within the last three or four years, covered
with plaster and painted in the old magpie style.
At Claughton the old gateway opens into the
farm kitchen ; it has over it a beautiful oriel
window, supported on corbels, the lights having
trefoil heads, cusped and transomed, and is a good
specimen of rather late fifteenth century work.
At Lostock w^e have a fine gatehouse built of
stone, 1590, to a timber and plaster hall of earlier
date, now pulled down ; the front ornamented with
two pillars on each side of the gateway and to each
higher story, each supporting the one above at the
moulded string course, the roof line being finished
with rounded and moulded battlements. Over the
long mullioned window above the gateway is a
weather-worn crest and coat-of-arms and date,
1590. This gatehouse is now modernised and con-
verted into a farmhouse.
go Gatehouses and Gateways.
At Barcroft, near Burnley, the gateway is con-
nected to the hall by a high stone wall, and is one
of those crow-stepped gateways similar to the
outer gate of Martholme. The gateway of Ordsall
Hall, built of bricks with stone finishings, was of
a similar character ; this has been pulled down
within the last three years. At Bellfield we have a
fine gateway giving entrance to the courtyard,
faced with large stones of millstone grit that give
a very massive character to this side of the building.
At the moated Hutte, at Hale, we have a fine gate-
house built of brick with stone dressings, built on a
stone base, and surmounted by a timber and plaster
superstructure with coats-of-arms on the front.
This was built to a stone building of much earlier
date, now in ruins.
At Kenyon Peel we have a stone-built gatehouse
of Tudor character, with brick chimneys, entering
a stone-walled courtyard in front of a building of
timber and plaster that was rebuilt or considerably
altered about 1634 ; and at Mawdsley Hall we have
an ornamental gateway approached by steps and
standing high above the road, with a small circular
recess at one side, with the date 1622.
In Cheshire the gateways to be briefly mentioned
are : Bidston, with its beautiful early seventeenth
century gateway facing the hall, and standing well
above the road ; the gateway of the old grange
near Chester, known as Saighton Tower, built by
the abbots of Chester early in the fourteenth cen-
tury, has been carefully restored and added to, and
now forms the country seat of Lady Grosvenor ;
and Little Moreton Hall, known to every student of
black and white. This fine, and almost perfect
gatehouse is still in good order and preservation ;
the hall, surrounded by its moat, only needs the
drawbridge to make the picture perfect. It has
been so often illustrated and described that any
words of mine would be simply repetition.
Gatehouses and Gateways. 91
I think it is quite clear that some of the fore-
going examples show that they have replaced an
earlier gateway or been added some considerable
time after the construction of the main building,
such as Lostock, Kenyon Peel, or the Hutte at
Hale.
In a short paper like the present it would be
impossible to describe in detail each gateway that
remains within the borders of our own two counties,
therefore I think it will be to our advantage to
study some of those examples that do not come
under observation every day ; and, by avoiding
well-trodden ground, we may hope to add some-
thing to the. common fund of archaeological know-
ledge on gatehouses and gateways.
The particular examples that I wish to bring to
your notice to-night are the gateways at Mart-
holme near Whalley, Borwick Hall near Carnforth,
Agecroft Hall near Manchester, Newbold Hall
near Rochdale, Bradley Hall near Winwick, and
Ashhurst Hall as representative examples in Lan-
cashire ; Brereton Hall near Sandbach, Ridley
Hall near Peckforton, and Holyngworthe Hall near
Stalybridge as representing Cheshire examples,
believing them to be a representative and varied
selection of the gatehouses and gateways of tlje
past, as they stood when I had the pleasure of
taking photographs of them and obtaining a few
particulars, all within the last eighteen months.
Taking the Lancashire examples first, I will com-
mence with
' Martholme.
Martholme lies in a low situation on the south
bank of the river Calder, about three miles south-
east of Whalley and about i J miles north-east of
Great Harwood, and is approached by a rough
92 Gatehouses and Gateways.
bye-road about i J miles in length, heading off the
main road from Whalley to Accrington, near Cock
Bridge. It has in times past been a place of
considerable size and importance, and from the
depressions round part of the site, appears to have
been surrounded by a large moat. The present
building appears to be only about half the original
size, as can be seen by the position of the original
. door, and, no doubt, has been rebuilt two or three
times s^ince the Fittons first had the grant in the
thirteenth century. It afterwards passed by mar-
riage to the Heskeths, who appear to have aban-
doned it as a mansion some time towards the end
of the seventeenth century. The last important
rebuilding took place about the beginning of the
seventeenth century. The outside walls are strong
and massive and between three and four feet in
thickness in some places. The house contains two
of the old wide and deep fire-places and the
moulded oak beams supporting the ceiling ; but
little else besides the buttery door remains in the
interior of an ancient character, and this is pro-
bably of the late fourteenth century. Outside, the
mullioned windows are generally of a Tudor cha-
racter, except one window of two lights at the back
of the house, which seems much earlier— probably
late fourteenth century. The outside of the house
generally has been covered over by a coating of
rough-cast plaster and partly re-roofed. On the
front gable of the house is a sunk panel bearing a
shield, on which is the date 1577 and the letters
2 Sir Thomas Heskeih, Knight (father of Robert), Sheriff of Lancashire,
5 Elizabeth, served in Scotland at the siege of Leith, where he was much
wounded and had his ensign struck out of his hand, which he recovered again.
Died at Rufford, 1587. . Married Alice, daughter of Sir John Holcroft, of
Holcroft, CO. Lancaster, Knight. (Foster's Lancashire Pedigrees J) He was
knighted in 1553, apparently at the coronation of Queen Mary. (Metcalfe's
Knights)— Communicated by Mr, J, Paul Rylands^ F»S.A»
PLATE VI.
H. S. OF L. AND C
MARTHOLME.
""lj'^ '■■*■- ■•-'^■"fl^J'T^'i
94 Gatehouses and Gateways.
This building is now practically open to the roof,
the decayed joists of the chamber floor being in
position, but having no flooring boards. In the
centre of the passage or archway is the heavy oak
frame on which hung the gate, the styles being
II inches wide and 6 inches thick, the head-piece
having a depressed moulded arch of Tudor charac-
ter, with spandrils having foliated ornamentation,
the base of the stem on each side supporting a
shield ; on one shield is the fleur-de-lis and on the
other a sheaf, and the letters t.h.r. in a panel over
the gateway frame, but no date. Over the archway
on the front side of the gatehouse is a sunk panel,
bearing a shield, crest, and initials t.h. over, and
date 1567 at the foot of the shield. The face of
the front arch has a hollow moulding, much
weather-worn, and the face of the rear arch is
plain chamfered.
This gatehouse has two windows of three lights
on the ground floor to the front, one on each side
of the gateway ; on the upper floor to the front
and right over the arch, one large four-light
window, divided by a transom ; and a smaller
window of three lights on each side, but having
no transoms ; one large window of three lights,
divided by transoms, over the arch at the back ;
and a three-light window at the northern end of the
building on the chamber floor ; and a three-light
window on the ground floor to the back, the same
as at the front. All these lights have round heads,
under square window heads, and are divided by
stone muUions, with trefoil cavetti, between the
heads of the lights, and all of a Tudor character.
At the southern end of the building the square
chimney with wide moulded base still remains
in situ, with a finial at the northern end ; the
copings and the grey slated roof appear original.
The southern end of the building has at an early
Gatehouses and Gateways. 95
period had a small piece built on to it, but it seems
to be of later character, and being in the private
garden I did not get to measure it. Although the
windows have been mutilated and roughly handled,
the stone mullions having been destroyed or broken
away, and patched in places with brickwork, the
gatehouse has been kept in pretty fair repair.
The house, however, having been abandoned as
a mansion about the close of the seventeenth
century, we could scarcely hope for that care to
be bestowed on it that it deserves. The present
owner and the tenant (Mr. J. Parker) seem to take
an interest in the old place, and within the last
few years it has been re-pointed and undergone
some external repairs.
BoRWicK Hall.
About three miles north-east of Carnforth, and
standing back from the main road between Lan-
caster and Kendal, some three-quarters of a mile
up a winding country lane, stands the historic home
of the Bindlosses, Borwick Hall, — now empty
and deserted, except the back premises, occupied
by a farmer. In front of the hall is the large
courtyard, with high wall on the southern side and
the front facing the terrace, and the gatehouse and
outbuildings on the northern side, following the
winding of the road. The gatehouse is strongly
built of stone, rough-cast, and roofed in with gray
slates. The walls are some nineteen inches thick ;
the two chimneys are corbelled out at the level
of the chamber floor ; and there being no windows
to the front on the ground floor, the gatehouse is
distinctly of a defensive character. Over the
depressed arched entrance is a window of four lights
divided by mullions, with a muUioned window of two
96 Gatehouses and Gateways.
lights at each side, but having no hood-moulds. At
each side of the gateway facing the courtyard are
mullioned windows of two lights, each 20 feet by
14 feet, and having hood mouldings ; the upper
windows on this side correspond with those on the
front ; there are also vsmall single-light windows
high up in the gables. The aperture of the gateway
is 9 feet 2 inches, opening into a lofty passage
19 feet 9 inches long.
The exterior is made picturesque by having ball
finials at the corner of each eave and at the- apex
of the roof. The left-hand side of the building is
1 1 feet 1 1 inches to where it abuts on to the next
barn, and on this side is the living-room of the
gatekeeper. The right-hand side measures 19 feet
6 inches, but this includes a piece built on to fill in
the space between the gatehouse and the long
barn, the buildings somewhat following the course
of the road ; in this portion are the scullery, pantry,
and stairs leading to the sleeping rooms above.
Over each door in the passage are small deers'
heads cut in relief and painted white. The entrance
arch is built of large wrought stones, and is cham^
fered at the edge. Over this archway is a square
sunk panel, which bears the initials b over rb, and
date 1650 underneath ; but I think this panel must
have been inserted half-a-century after the erection
of the gatehouse, for the style is decidedly of the
same period as the hall, and also of Heysham
Old Hall, a few miles away, built about 1590.
The hall and outbuildings are all characteristic of
the Tudor period. On the walls of the barn
adjoining the gatehouse is a large irregular stone
slab let into the wall, bearing the date and initials
AoDni 1590
R B
AB
Gatehouses and Gateways. 97
Agecroft.
About three miles north-west of Manchester and
about one mile from Pendlebury station, and situ-
ated in a small well-timbered park, stands Agecroft
Hall, one of the very few timber and plaster manor
houses of quadrangular form remaining in Lanca-
shire. The exterior — with its groups of ivy-covered
chimneys, quaint gables, oriel windows, and the
weathered and subdued colour of the grey slates —
makes a very charming picture. This manor was
granted to the Langleys early in the fourteenth
century, and was held by them till 1561, when it
passed by marriage to the Daunteseys, in whose
family it remained until about the end of last cen-
tury, when it came into possession of the Rev.
Richard Buck, whose brother John, on becoming
owner of the estate, took the name of Dauntesey,
the present owner being Mr. R. Dauntesey.
' The western side of the house stands close to a
steep bluff, and, no doubt, in ancient times the
other three sides would be protected by a moat,
like all the mansions of the mediaeval period in
this district, although no trace of this defensive
feature exists at the present time. The house has
received alterations and renewals in parts from
time to time, the oldest part remaining dating, I
should think, from the fifteenth century; and al-
though the interior has been considerably altered
and modernised, there is still a good deal of
ancient oak panelling and carving, and many of
the windows contain the remains of heraldic
glass, with the arms of the Langleys, John of
Gaunt, &c., and other features of an old-world
character.
On the eastern front is a double row of oriel
windows that well deserve examination on account
of their peculiar ornamentation. On this side of
I
1)8 Gatehouses and Gateways.
the quadrangle is the ancient gateway, having over
it an oriel window, the terminal at the base reach-
ing to the head of the arch beneath, and the whole
forming a beautiful example of Gothic work. The
outer frame of the gateway is constructed of heavy
logs of oak, the styles being 12 inches broad and
5 J inches thick, the butts resting on the stone base
nearly i foot above the ground. The entrance has
an opening 8 feet o| inch wide and about g feet
8 inches Ijigh, the arch being very depreSvSed ; the
inner frame, on which hangs the heavy studded oak
doors, stands 5 feet 4 inches back from the auter
frame, and has a plain square head, the timbers
being of the same dimensions as the outer frame,
a seat being placed at each side of the gateway
between the outer and inner frames, thus forming a
porch.
In the right-hand door is a small entrance
wicket, being only 4 feet high by i foot 8| inches
wide, and at the right-hand side of the porch hangs
the bell-chain, terminating in a large iron ring.
At the present time this passage does not go
through to the courtyard, a much more modern
wall having been inserted on the courtyard side
to form a modern lobby. The timbers are all
morticed and tenoned, and secured by large oak
pegs. You will notice that the head of the outer
arch is of peculiar construction, the head being
straight, except the centre part of the arch, which
is worked to the curve of the arch out of the soHd.
beam, the timber on each side being cut away and
the spandril pieces joggled in.
This quadrangular form of building being a
vestige of the castle plan, with the. addition of a
moat and other simple outworks, is one that, before
the days of artillery, was able to offer considerable
resistance to an attacking force. Agecroft is to-day
a splendid example of the ancient manor house in
Gatehouses and Gateways. gg:
the particular vStyle it represents, and second to
none in perfection of detail. Long may the owner
be spared to guard and preserve his inheritance !
Newbold.
About ij miles from Rochdale and less than a
quarter of a mile away from Bellfield Hall, and
only separated from it by the Stanney Brook, on
high ground, with its front facing to the north-east,
stand the remains of Newbold Hall, built in the
sixteenth century. It was for generations the home
of the Newbolds, a family of sturdy Lancashire
yeomen, who held the estate for about 400 years.
The Newbolds are said to have been seated here
in the thirteenth centurv. The hall, thouo^h com-
paratively small, formed three sides of a courtyard,
two sides of which remain, the third is now a
modern public-house, — the quadrangle being com-
pleted by a high curtain wall, in which is what has
been the noble gateway, with large ornamental
and quaint gate piers, with caps placed diagonally,
and having ball finials, giving entrance to the
courtyard.
Though mutilated and sadly shorn of its former
glory, this strongly built house, with its heavy
muUioned windows and massive projecting chim-
neys, is a good example of the homes of our
forefathers in Tudor times. The house at present
is divided into tenementvS, partly empty and going
to decay ; and the front now faces a narrow dirty
street, very different to the pleasant surroundings
that it enjoyed when it was the home of a family
of some importance. Though showing no signs
of having been moated, this old house, from its
position on high ground, could be made strongly
defensive, and able to offer a vigorous resistance
if required, in the stirring times of 300 years ago,
I 2
100 Gatehouses and Gateways.
Bradley.
Within sound of the bells of the ancient fane of
St. Wilfrid of Winwick, and about a mile from
Collins Green Station, stand the ruins of the gate-
house of the ancient manor of Bradley, centuries
ago the seat of the Hay docks and afterwards of
the Leghs of Lyme, through the marriage of Sir
Peter Legh, who was knighted at the battle of
Agincourt, with Joan, daughter of Sir Gilbert de
Haydock.
Here we have the remains of what appears to
have been one of the finest as well as one of the
most ancient gatehouses in Lancashire. The stout
strong walls are faced with large wrought stones,
backed by thin irregular courses and grouting.
The entrance arch stands well back within the large
buttressed piers that face outwards and form a kind
of barbican. The partly dry moat that was once
spanned by a drawbridge is now crossed by a paved
causeway over a stone arch with wooden railings
on each side. The depressed entrance arch of the
gateway, with moulded plinth, stands under a
square panelled head, the spandrils without orna-
mentation, and within the arch a space of about
12 feet by lo feet forms the outer ward, having on
each side deeply splayed and moulded windows.
About 7 feet from the ground are corbels which
once carried groining — some portions of which still
remain — that show it not only carried upper cham-
bers, but strength and ornateness in construction,
with an approach to the ecclesiastical style. About
12 feet within the outer arch on each side, and still
in situ, are portions of the moulded stone jambs of
the inner gate, and beyond and in line with which
are the remains of the massive walling, showing it
to have been a building of considerable length.
Although most of the ruins are hidden by a thick
PLATE VIII.
H. S. OP L. AND C
ASHHURST.
Gatehouses and Gateways. loi
coat of ivy and creepers, sufficient can be seen to
indicate the early character of the masonry, which
appears to belong to the latter half of the fifteenth
century.
Of Bradley Hall itself only a few fragments
remain, built up in the farmhouse that now occupies
the moated site.
ASHHURST^
On the north-west slope of Ashhurst Hill and
close to Ashhurst Beacon stands the picturesque
gatehouse that once formed the outer approach
and defence to the ancient seat of the Ashhursts,
a Lancashire family of considerable note in early
times. The hall was pulled down many years ago,
and its site is now occupied by a farmhouse. The
gatehouse — built of stone in irregular courses, with
large quoins at the corners — consists of a centre
and wings having a total length of 32 feet 6 inches,
the centre standing forward about 6 feet 6 inches,
and measuring across the front 11 feet 6 inches.
The moulded round-headed entrance arch, faced
with large wrought stones, is 5 feet 6 inches wide,
and its walls are 20 inches thick. From the centre
of the keystone a round stone ornament depends.
The jambs that carried the door or gate are set
back 4 feet 8 inches and are 15 inches in thickness.
The door head is square, the rear arch having a
plain round head with walls 22 inches thick. Over
the passage is an upper chamber or loft entered by
a trap door, and on each side of the passage are
doors that give access to the wings, which consist
of one room only. The windows, with drip moulds
and stone muUions, are of two lights, each being
36 by 16 inches, with small diamond-shaped panes.
The roof of each wing slopes from front to back,
the eaves at the back being only 5 feet 6 inches
from the ground. The dwarfed appearance and low
elevation give the impression that the wings have
102 Gatehouses and Gateways.
been reduced in height since they were first erected,
while the roof of the central portion slopes from
side to side, the whole being roofed with gray slates.
The copings are of Tudor character with roll
mouldings. There is no evidence to show that the
gatehouse was ever connected with the main build-
ing. The beautiful coat-of-arms over the gateway,
with the date 1649,. is in very good preservation.^
Brereton.
About three miles north of Sandbach and about
two miles from Holmes Chapel Station lies the
ancient hamlet of Brereton, and about a quarter of
a mile from the high road stands Brereton Hall,
that was once the seat of the ancient family of
Brereton, who held the manor under the barony of
Xinderton from soon after the Conquest, down
to the early part of the eighteenth century; and
' during the whole of that long period its members
were among the most powerful (both civil and
military) that the county could boast, and allied
with the principal families of Cheshire. The
family spread into many branches ; and in 1624
Sir William Brereton, its then head, was created
3 Robert de Ashhurst in 19 Richard II married Matilda, daughter of
Hugh de Ince. Arms : Ar^ent^ three torteauxes between two bendlets Gules,
(Visitation, 1613.) This is the second quarter in the shield on the gatehouse,
the first being the Ashhurst coat — Gules y a plain cross beiwen four fleur-de-lys
Argent. The third quarter, a lion rampant^ is probably for Dalton, the
grandson of Roger Ashhurst named above, John de Ashhurst, 15 Henry VI,
having married Katherine, daughter and co-heir of Roger Dalton (Foster's
Lancashire Pedigrees) ; but if so, the arms are — Azure^ seniee of cross-crosUts
fitchee Or, a Hon rampant Argent, (Visitation, 16 13.) The ^r^j/ of Ashhurst
is a wolf staatnt proper,
William Ashhurst was the son and heir of Henry Ashhurst, by Cassandra
his wife, daughter of John Bradshaw of Bradshaw. William married a
daughter of Sir Thomas Eilys, of Wyham, co. Lincoln, Knight. William
Ashhurst " served with great reputation in several parliaments before and at
**the commencement of the Civil War, and opposed all parlies whose views
** he deemed adverse to the institutions and freedom of the country so firmly as
**to have the motto, sed magio arnica Veritas, placed under his portrait from
"the pencil of Vandyke." (Foster's Lancashire Pedigrees.)^ Communicated
by Mr. % Paul Pylands, F.S,A.
Gatehouses and Gateways. 103
Lord Brereton, of Leighlin in Ireland ; and on the
death of Francis, Lord Brereton, in 1722, the male
line became extinct, and the manor passed through
the female line to Sir Charles Holte, Baronet, and,
after several intermediate owners, became the
property of the late Aaron Clulow Howard, Esq.,
whose son, Mr. J. A. Howard, is the present
owner.
Brereton Hall— described by Webb as one of
the most complete brick buildings in Cheshire, and
called the stately home of the Breretons — was built
in 1586, and, no* doubt, superseded one of those
ancient timber and plaster mansions for which
Cheshire has always been famous. The present
hall was, no doubt, originally quadrangular, but
has been altered and reduced in size since 1586,
and only the entrance front and portions of the
two sides of the quadrangle remain, but still
sufficient to show what a fine mansion this has
been. The ground in front of the hall falls away
down to the banks of the small river Croc, which
has been considerably widened out and made into
a long ornamental sheet of water, that adds much
to the beauty of the site. The hall is built of
bricks with stone facings and of very substantial
construction, and having, facing the west, a noble
entrance gateway, flanked by two lofty octagonal
towers, also of brick, with large stone quoins at
the angles, that give a special strength and cha-
racter to this feature of the building that was once
the entrance to the courtyard. The hall. itself has
been transformed into a fine modern residence.
According to an old engraving, the towers were
finished with cupolas, but these have been removed,
the height slightly reduced, and battlements added ;
the entrance arch also has been altered to suit
modern requirements ; otherwise this fine gateway
is externally almost unaltered, but the interior has
104 Gatehouses and Gateways.
suffered considerable alterations. The gateway
has an outside width of about 33 feet 9 inches
above the plinth, and a height of nearly 50 feet to
the battlements, the two towers near the top and
above the main building being joined by an arch of
stone. The face of each angle of the towers is
5 feet wide, and the aperture of the gateway is
8 feet 10 inches wide and nearly 10 feet high ;
this now forms the hall doorway, the door frame
being modern Gothic, the panels being filled with
plate glass which admits a good light to the
entrance hall and grand stone staircase facing the
door. I have no doubt that the height of the
gateway was much greater, as the entrance landing
is a few feet above the level of the basement story.
The large bay windows of the chamber floor —
extending without interruption across the towers
and centre — have very stout mullions and transoms
to carry the weight of the towers above. The
tower on the right-hand side has a plain circular
staircase, no doubt quite a modern insertion. Over
the doorway and between the brackets supporting
the moulding above are three small coats-of-arms,
and on the ornamental band above the door and
. below the window cills of the chamber floor' are
three more coats-of-arms of larger size, — the royal
coat-of-arms in the centre, the one on the left
having a Tudor rose with crown above supported
by the letters e.r. ; the shield on the right bears a
portcullis with crown over, and supported by the
letters e.r. The face of each angle of the towers
has a panel bearing an ornament of floral design
between the brackets that support the moulded
window-cill. On the ornamental band above the
chamber floor over the gateway are three coats-
of-arms similar to those on the band below, but
not bearing the letters e.r., and having ornamental
panels between brackets on each face of the towers
Gatehouses and Gateways. 105
similar to those on the line below, while just below
the battlements on the front of each tower is a
panel bearing a vase-shaped ornament standing in
high relief, although now much weather-worn.
The centre face of the gateway on the roof line,
just underneath the arch that joins the towers,
is finished with an ornamental pediment. The
whole gateway from base to battlements — with an
abundance of ornamentation, and still in excellent
preservation — forms one of the finCvSt examples of
sixteenth century brickwork as well as one of the
most perfect gateways remaining in the two counties
at the present day, and should, with reasonable
care and attention, last for centuries to come. The
site being slightly elevated ground and within fifty
yards of the church of St. Oswald — an ancient
fane, where some of the Breretons sleep their last
sleep — there is no trace, so far as I could observe,
of the existence of any moat or special defensive
feature ; but, built originally quadrangular, with
battlements, it would be able to offer a vigorous
resistance in case of attack. The tenant, Mr. Lowe
and family, being away from home and the house
closed, I had not the privilege of getting any
measurements or particulars of the interior of the
gateway.
Ridley Hall.
Situated in the Eddisbury hundred, and at the
southern side of the Peckforton hills and quite in a
wooded valley, stands Ridley Hall, a large brick-
built building now occupied as a farmhouse, and
comparatively modern.
The original hall, from what we can gather, was
a large imposing structure of quadrangular form.
Leland says : ** Riddle Hawle was made of a poor
*' old place the fairest gentleman's house of all
** Chestreshire by Syr William Standeley/'
io6 Gatehouses and Gateways.
The manor was held in the reign of Edward I —
partly from the St, Pierre's and partly from the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem— by a family
which assumed the local name of Rydlegh or
Rodelegh, and afterwards passed to the Daniels
and Stanleys ; and on the attainder of Sir William
Stanley was granted to Sir Robert Egerton, and
afterwards passed to the Bridgemans.
This hall was unfortunately burnt down in 1700,
and all that remains of this ancient seat is the
shell of its massive stone gateway, which still
retains its original form, — over the centre of which
is a finely executed coat-of-arms of the Egertons,
who were most probably the builders of the gate-
house. This gateway now forms part of the farm
buildings. It is constructed of large well-dressed
freestone, the walls being 2 feet 4! inches thick in
the upper portion and 2 feet 10 inches thick below
the moulded plinth. The width of the gateway
aperture is 9 feet g inches, and length of passage
through about 25 feet 6 inches, and very lofty.
The interior side walls have been rebuilt of common
brick ; but still, sufficient remains to give us an
idea of its strength and importance in the days of
its pride.
Within the gateway was formerly an ancient
building styled the star chamber, from the number
of lozenges in the upper part of the building,
carved in form something resembling stars. This
was at one time the courthouse, and was removed
at the alterations of the hall. This gateway stood
the brunt of the assault by the Royalists on the
4th June, 1643, when they sallied from Beeston
Castle to attack Ridley. The Royalists were
defeated by the garrison, consisting of sixteen
soldiers, and left five of their men dead on the
ground, while two of the Parliamentarians are
traditionally said to have been shot at the window.
Pt^ATE IX.
H. S. OF L. AND C
HOLYNQWORTHE.
Gatehouses and Gateways. 107
The inner archway is of same dimensions and
character as the outer arch, but quite plain, bearing
no scutcheon, date or initials/
HOLYNGWORTHE.
In the eastern extremity of Cheshire, about 3J
miles from Staleybridge, and situated high among
the hills on the northern side of the valley that
separates Cheshire from Derbyshire, stands Holyng-
worthe Hall, the ancient seat of the Holyngworthes,
one of the very few Saxon families who held here-
ditarily the seat of their ancestors up to the middle
of the present century. The pedigree is said to
commence in 1022, and continued in regular
descent to Robert de Holyngworthe, who sold the
estate about twenty-five years ago.
The hall, which must have been rebuilt several
times, is a building of moderate size and still
occupies the original site, and has all the charac-
teristics of a seventeenth century building ; but
parts of the interior are certainly of much earlier
date. The building is said to have been originally
quadrangular, with great hall, chapel, and gate
tower ; but I think this would be before the present
structure was built.
When Mr. Taylor, the present owner, first went
to Holyngworthe, a kind of gatehouse or porter's
lodge was in existence, and stood opposite to the
drawing-room. Mr. Taylor had this taken down;
and all that remains of this ancient feature is the
archway ; the Holyngworthe coat-of-arms cut in
4 In Dr. Howard's Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica^ first series, vol. i,
p. 293, there is printed a pedigree of Pgerton of Ridley, made in'1690, by
Randie Holme, the original roil being at Oulton Park. There is upon the
pedigree a shield of 8 quarters : I and 8, Egerton ; 2, Randie, Earl of
Chester ; 3, Eynion ; 4, Malpas ; 5, Bassett ; 6, Holford ; 7, Brereton ; with
helm, mantling, and crest, and the motto, ** Fine Fait Tout" — Communicated
by Mr. J. Paul Rylands, F.S.A»
io8 Gatehouses and Gateways.
stone ; and, perhaps, some of the stone worked up
and used in the erection of the present porch.
With scarcely more than conjecture to guide us,
we can only surmise that the gate-tower was partly
taken down and made into a porter's lodge — pro-
bably at the re-building of the hall — and the lodge
taken down altogether by the present owner, who
re-erected the arch and built in the coat-of-arms,
&c., when the porch was built.
The gabled porch has a length of 13 feet 4 inches
and breadth of 8 feet 6J inches, with walls about
16 inches thick ; the arch has a width of 4 feet
8 inches on the floor and 4 feet 11 inches above
the moulded plinth, which is 24J inches high ; a
height of 6 feet 6 inches to the curve of the arch,
and 8 feet 2 inches to the crown of the arch. The
splayed and moulded face of the archway is 2 feet
wide and has two bold beads and a hollow moulding,
all having the character of Tudor work. Over the
archway on each side is a holly leaf, and on a
shield in sunk panel is the Holyngworthe coat-of-
arms — three holly leaves on a bend — but no date
or initials.
Having brought to your notice the nine representa-
tive examples of the known gatehouses and gateways
of the old halls and manor houses of Lancashire
and Cheshire that once rendered the homes of our
sturdy forefathers to a great degree secure against
attack, — and given views, all recently taken,— with
the rather brief details I have been able to
gather, I hope I have succeeded in demonstrating
that these gatehouses and gateways of Lancashire
and Cheshire are well worth the study of the anti-
quary and architect. Now that our county surveys
are making headway, a most valuable work might
be accomplished if our architectural friends could
be persuaded to take up this subject and have all the
Gatehouses and Gateways. log
examples at present existing in the two counties
carefully measured and drawn to scale, and all
information gathered and placed on record for
future reference before these landmarks of history
go down to decay. I regret that some of our able
men have not taken up this delightful subject long
ago, when examples were much more numerous than
at the present time ; for I think that these gate-
houses and gateways, unassuming as they appear,
almost surpass in historic interest many of the
more imposing mediaeval piles which have absorbed
the attention of the antiquary through all the years
of history and research.
It is hard to realise what a number of the old
houses were pulled down in the first half of this
century. Having gone carefully through White's
Gazetteer of Cheshire^ published i860, I find that
5>ince 1800 fifty-seven halls have been re-built,
eighteen restored and modernised, nine swept away,
and five partly pulled down— 'making a total of
eighty-nine for the county of Chester alone ; and I
am quite sure Lancashire has fared no better —
perhaps worse.
It is very unfortunate that of the many examples
of this defensive feature that was once attached to
most halls of importance, we have not at the
present day one perfect gatehouse with the moat
and drawbridge in all its mediaeval grandeur. No
doubt the fact of the moats being filled up and put
under cultivation, and the drawbridge superseded
by the cart-road, has taken away a good deal of
the romantic interest in these rich examples of
mediaeval architecture ; and also the fact that up to
quite a recent period many owners and occupiers
seldom showed such regard for the buildings them-
selves or the historical associations connected
with them that we might reasonably expect. Their
numbers have so dwindled down that at the
112 Flint Implements found in Cheshire.
fail to see the difference between the operations of
nature and those of art, and may be liable to trace
the effect of man's handiwork in the chipping,
bruising, and wearing which, in all ages, result
from natural forces ; but the united labours of the
two, checked by those of the palaeontologist,
cannot do otherwise than lead towards sound
conclusions.''
Hence this meeting, constituted of archaeologists,
geologists, and biologists, seems admirably fitted
to discuss and decide upon the question before us
to-night.
No doubt man, in the first instance, would use
naturally shaped stones as his weapons ; then,
finding some of these specially useful, he ultimately
learnt to shape rough stones to suit his needs.
Thus the earliest implements would be very rude,
and show few, if any, undoubted signs of human
workmanship. It would not be till later times,
when he had progressed in the arts, that forms
would be produced delicately and symmetrically
worked.
The curious fact has often been noted that
palaeolithic implements in Britain have a very
restricted distribution. A line drawn from the
mouth of the Severn to the Wash roughly divides
the palaeolith-bearing country to the south from
the country to the north, where only implements
of later age are found. This line also serves to
separate the part of Britain covered by ice in the
glacial period, from that which was unglaciated.
It has been suggested that these phenomena are
related to each other as cause and effect, and that
the evidence of palaeolithic man in the north was
destroyed when the ice from the mountains of
Cumberland and South Scotland spread towards
the Midlands. Some parts of Yorkshire, protected
by the Pennine Chain, escaped glaciation, and a
Flint Implements found in Cheshire. 113
careful search in such areas might be fruitful in
evidence, either for or against the theory.
Palaeoliths have been described from Bridlington
in Yorkshire, and from the old river gravels of the
River Rea at Saltley, Warwickshire.' It thus
becomes highly desirable that the northern part of
Britain should be more carefully investigated, with
a view to finding traces of early man.
If man really did exist in North Britain in
pre-glacial times, we should naturally expect to find
evidences of his work in glacial deposits themselves.
It seems almost a hopeless task to examine the
stones contained in mingled confusion in the
boulder clays and sands, and expect to find worked
implements. In the very nature of things they
would be of the rudest description, and we hardly
dare to hope that remains of contemporaneous
fauna and flora would be preserved. Form alone
is left as the only touchstone we can employ, and
the greatest caution is desirable in discriminating
between the conscious shaping by man and the
blind eff"ects of Nature.
Flints are decidedly rare in our local glacial
deposits. When found, they are mostly contained '
along with other erratics, in the sands and gravels
of glacial age, but they may occasionally be met
with in boulder clay.
Many such patches of sand and gravel occur in
Cheshire and North Wales. The flints exhibited
and described are from these deposits.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., F.R.S., Dr. Henry
Hicks, F.R.S., and Mr. W. J. Lewis-Abbott,
F.G.S., have kindly examined some of the flints
collected from Prenton, Spital, and Moel Tryfaen.
Regarding No. 7, Sir John Evans remarks :
'' No. 7 may be artificial. Of the others, Nos. 2
and 3 look the most possible ; but the signs are
I Evans* Aitcient Stone Impletnents, second edition, pp. 578 and 581.
K
114 Flint Implements found in Cheshire.
not such as can confidently be relied on. If man
existed in pre-glacial times in Britain, it is, I think,
probable that his tools would have been of larger
proportions/'
Mr. W. J. Lewis- Abbott has not only furnished
me with an exhaustive report on the specimens
submitted to him, but he has very kindly sent a
series of implements from his own collection, and
that of Mr. B. Harrison, of Igtham, for comparison
with the flints found in our glacial deposits. The
report I am tempted to give in full, as regards
specimens Nos. i, 3, 2, and 7.
Report by Mr. W. J. Lewis-Abbott, F.G.S.
** No. I. — This is a small frost-split pebble ; the
flat side is a natural frost fracture, but antedates
the removals from the other side. The latter was
originally the outside of the pebble, the natural
crust of which remains on all parts except where
it has been removed by chipping. The top left edge
has been flaked, probably by pressure such as would
result from using a flint for the purpose of scraping
a very hard substance. The shape of the scraping
edge in relation to the crusted outline, would
suggest that it (the straight incurved scraping edge)
was shaped by flaking before being used as a
scraper. It shows a different pattern of surface
from the contused edges caused b}^ heavy weights
passing over a fixed flint ; . at the same time it is
not free struck flaking such as we see on the other
side of the flint, such as usually characterises
man's bold work, and possibly the top left edge
may have been used as a scraper. I can produce
similar scraping edges from neolithic positions out
of the way of glacial or river agency, which no one
would doubt as being man's work.
'* No. 3 is also a frost-split pebble ; about two-
thirds of the edge has been chipped from the flat
side, in a way that man has done it throughout the
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Flint Implements found in Cheshire. 115
stone ages to modern times. I can duplicate this
hundreds of times over, from the plateaux and
neolithic stations. I should not, however, like to
say that nature, under a series of fortuitous coinci-
dences, could not produce this outline, as it is the
result of only some half-dozen blows, or pushes,
and should not accept it as evidence of pre-glacial
man without further, and very much stronger,
evidence, although I think it highly probable that
it represents the work of man, and, further, the
edge bears evidence of use.
*^ No. 2 is one of which we can speak with far
more assurance, and with far less risk of under-
estimating the imitative powers of natural forces.
I take the broadest side to be the result of flaking,
from the cleanness of the fracture, with its accom-
panying high patmalipn and conchoidal marking,
forming the base, or broadest side, of an originally
triangular section '^ flake," such as man always
made throughout the stone ages, but are more
particularly found in certain localities, such as
Pressigny. The part of the other two of the three
sides not re-worked shows a similar clean cut,
which always characterises man's work in a fairly
good flint. There was an original crack in the
flint, running obliquely along and across the dorsal
ridge of the ** flake," which greatly interfered with
successful working. A fairly symmetrical point,
however, was put on with an immense amount of
pains, necessitating the removal of nearly 100 chips
or flakes, resulting in a form I could duplicate
many times over. The chipping is continued from
the point down the side, not as a single row of
haphazard undirected chance knocks, but in several
well-marked, intelligently ordered rows, or zones,
which would immediately be recognised by anyone
who had spent a few years in the artificial working
of flint and other hard stones. The importance
of these three or more zones is, that they are
K 2
Ii6 Flint Implements found in Cheshire.
maintained from the point round the side, showing —
** Firstly, that the same kind of '* hammer ''
point was used all through, thereby differing from
the result of natural agencies, where we should get
now a broad point of contact now a narrow one,
now contact with a large stone now with a small
one, now a light tap and now a heavy blow, now
the outline would be effected by a frost nip and
now by starchy fissure.
** Secondly, the blows were all about equal in
power, and so regulated as to obtain and maintain
the required shape.
** Thirdly, during the process of manufacture or
the shaping of the flint, it was held in the same
plane, but turned from point to side, as shown by
the truncation of the respective flakes and the
normals of the blows.
** Fourthly, with the operations on each zone,
the angle of the flint to the vertical in the left hand
was altered, so that the flakes removed at each
succeeding row of blows truncated those imme-
diately preceding them ; altogether forming a series
of intelligently directed operations, which assuredly
everyone would admit to be beyond the ever-varying
chance knocks and nips of natural agencies. All
the flakes removed are clean and sharp, showing
well-defined pits of percussion, and characteristic
conchoidal ripplings — impossibilities to frost and
crushings — and were free struck while the flint was
firmly and correctly held, and turned in the left
hand, now in one plane and now in another, as
was necessary in the obtaining of the required
vshape. Other angles or undesirable corners of the
flint were also removed by free blows, which tended
to bring the implement into the desired shape. It
is just possible, however, that the crack at the
point, which naturally interfered with the working
of the flint, might have made the operator dis-
satisfied with his work. The frost has since nipped
Flint Implements found in Cheshire. 117
out several small pieces from the point terminating
with this crack, and thus somewhat spoiled the
original symmetry and useability of the implement,
and affected the shape of the point. Every one
of the chips removed, numbering certainly very
much more than a hundred, were of the same date,
which antedates the imbedment of the flint in the
boulder clay matrix. Had these chippings been
the result of the vicissitudes of boulder clay
formation, in the nature of things they would
have been of different dates. Heavy deposits of
iron oxide now exist in the crevices, and dendritic
manganese on the facets. It would have been
impossible for them all to have been effected at
one time, and then for the flints and operations to
have entered into an eternal rest.
'' Since its original shaping the flint has been
subject to much pressure, which has shown itself
upon the dorsal ridge of the implement, and the
upward projecting parts ; all the other far more
delicate and acute angles have escaped this crushing
action.
'* There is not a particle of un worked original
surface of the flint left ; all has been removed to
bring the implement into its desired shape. Not a
single frost flake or starchy facet contributes to the
outline, which might lead us to a wrong conclusion
with regard to its origin, the power which com-
menced the working and intelligently continued it,
maintained the work single-handed, without the
slightest assistance from any other till the implement
was completed ; and, so far as we can see, since
that time all that natural forces have done is to
disfigure man's handiwork. There is a total
absence of crushing, bruising, and contusions,
which we always find in flints which owe their
outline to natural forces, especially those connected
with the boulder clay. Nor is there a single frost
flake upon the implement which has in any way
ii8 Flint Implements found in Cheshire.
contributed to the symmetry of it, and- in so doing
caused the flint to simulate man's work. On the
other hand, the small frost nippings at the point
really disfigure the implement, and cause it to
appear less like the work of an intelligent being.
So that instead of natural agencies bringing this
flint into a shape which would lead us to mistake
a naturally formed stone for man's work, what
little they have done tends rather in the opposite
direction.
** With reference to the class of implement to
which this specimen belongs, they commenced in
plateau times, and lasted to the end of the stone
age. But this particular type, especially in detail
of work, belongs essentially to the group I have
called transitional forms, which mark the close of
the plateaulithic, and the incoming of the palaeo-
lithic ages. It is a double incurved point, approxi-
mately the most perfect reversely worked drills,
and may have been used either for splitting bones
for their marrow, or stripping them of their meat.
An experiment with this tool in this last operation
would give most surprising results.
** In the face of all these facts and features,
which point to the form and chipping of the
implement being the result of intelligently and
even somewhat skilfully directed operations, the
total absence of frost. action, and the impossibilities
of the forces of nature to produce results here
obtained, we must either accept this implement as
man's work, or reject all pre-historic stone imple-
ments altogether, as I have heard people do, as
being Satan's masterpiece counterfeits of modern
flint weapons.
** No. 7 is a diff"erent thing altogether. It is a
medium-ridged flake, a form well known to the
merest tyro. In its production a ridge is left upon
the core by the removal of two or three flakes, then
by a dexterous blow the ' flake ' is removed, thus
Flint Implements found in Cheshire. iig
making a low flat triangular section * flake,* which,
from the approximation of the flake-face and the
ridge-face, results in a form of a more or less
lanceolate shape, suitable for either arrow- or spear-
head. It is quite within the realms of possibility
for such spear-head shaped flints to be the result of
natural forces pure and simple, especially upon sea-
beaches, where rounded stones are pitched with
some degree of violence against each other. But
man is not always satisfied with these mere simple
flakes ; it is only very rarely that a sharp point or
bilateral symmetry is thus obtained, and the
resulting edge is far too acute to be lasting ; and
to eff"ect these, man has to resort to secondary
working, or trimming and shaping of the edge of
the ' flake,' until the implement acquires the desired
outHne and the strength of edge. Although it is
true that after a flake has been detached by natural
agencies, the sharp edges may be battered away by
now a crushing weight and now a flying pebble,
removing now a big chip and now small ones, now
by clear cut fracture and now by contusion, now
on one side and now on the other, yet it is this
secondary trimming or working which immediately
separates the skilfull)' imitative work of Wind
nature from the intelligent work of man.
** When we examine this implement, we imme-
diately notice the intelligence, and singleness, and
identity of force, and unity of action, by which it
was secondarily trimmed and brought into the
desired shape ; with edges not such as nature puts
on, but those that delighted early man, and expe-
rience had taught him would both cut best and last
longest. We can see him attack the promontories,
with several zones of working when needs require ;
watch him pass over the weak bays, of which
unkindly nature would have been sure to have
taken advantage ; and by the normals of the pits
of percussion we can see how he held the flake
I20 Fli7it Implements found in Cheshire.
and turned it round in his left hand, until it
acquired the shape which suited his need, and, let
us also hope, satisfies modern criticism/'
From the above report we see the spirit in which
Mr. Abbott has attacked the question. Some of
the specimens I sent to him he rejected altogether ;
others, although bearing most striking resem-
blances to well-known types, were also condemned,
as they did not to a certainty possess the hall-mark
which characterises man's work. No point has
been claimed for man which could possibly be
awarded to natural forces.
If any of the flints found in our glacial deposits
are accepted as undoubtedly the work of man, it
follows that man existed in pre-glacial times. It
must be remembered, however, that though Cave
Man might be autochthonous, his remains found
in glacial deposits have been transported from a
distance, and the finding of an implement in a
certain place is no certain proof that the man who
made and used it lived even within a reasonable
distance from the place.
The boulders associated with the flints, without
exception, come from the north. Among the
thousands and tens of thousands of erratics which
occur in our Lancashire and Cheshire boulder clays,
no exception has yet been established. The proba-
bility, then, is strong that the flints came from the
north. Unless some concealed outcrop of chalk
occurs somewhere in the Irish Sea, the only source
of the flints is Antrim. They, as a rule, possess
the physical characters peculiar to Antrim flints.
Now, it remains to describe the beds and
circumstances in which the flints were found.
NO. I. SPITAL SANDPIT.
Extensive excavations made in a field near the
high road to Thornton Hough show a great develop-
Flint Implements found in Cheshire. izi
ment of fine clean sand overlaid by 3 to 5 feet of
boulder clay. The sands are false bedded, and in
places divided by fine layers of clay, which render
the miniature faulting which the section displays
very evident.
A considerable amount of black carbonaceous
matter, resembling charcoal, occurs at various
horizons. Sometimes it is powdery, and occurs in
lenticular patches ; at other times branched stick-
like forms can be collected. It undoubtedly results
from the decay of vegetable matter, but whether it
has been burnt into a charcoal is not clear.
The sand contains patches of gravel and rolled
clayballs ; some of the latter are 8 inches or more
in diameter. Near the middle of the section the
gravels thicken, and a spur has been left by the
workmen, standing out like a wall. In this gravel
most of the flints are found. No. i was found in
the cliff, 5 feet from the surface. It was buried
2 feet in sand, and this was overlaid by 3 feet of
undisturbed boulder clay. The boulder clay at the
place was overhanging slightly, so that it would be
impossible for the flint to have slipped from the
surface and embedded itself in the sand. I am
indebted to Mr. E. W. Cox for bringing this inte-
resting section under my notice.
NO. 7. PRENTON, NEAR BIRKENHEAD.
Recent excavations made to obtain sand for
building purposes have exposed glacial sands and
gravels on the roadside near Mount House. Soft
Bunter sandstone is seen at the south end of the
section. Its surface is irregular and slopes rapidly,
disappearing towards the north. The sands and
gravels overlying the Bunter thicken correspondingly
towards the north, so that the top of the section is
almost level. The sand grains are coated with a
fine muddy substance, which in places almost
approaches a clay. A layer of pebbles, in which
122 Flint Implements found in Cheshire.
several flints have been found, separates the Bunter
from the sands above, and other pebbles occur
sporadically in the sand itself. The erratics consist
principally of Lake District and Scottish rocks,
angular pieces of local sandstone, rolled clay balls,
and a few fragmentary shells.
No. 7 was found in the sand at the north end of
the section, and 3 feet from the surface. Several
neolithic implements were found lying on the
surface of the field adjoining.
NOS. 2 AND 3. MOEL TRYFAEN, NORTH WALES.
In November last I accompanied several members
of a committee appointed by the British Association
to investigate the shell-bearing sands and gravel on
Moel Tryfaen. From these beds I obtained the
two flints described by Mr. Abbott.
The importance of these finds lies chiefly in the
fact that they were found in direct association with
normal glacial deposits. They are as truly boulders
as the granites and andesites lying side by side
with them, and the form they now possCvSS must
have been produced in pre-glacial times.
When so cautious a worker as Sir J. Evans
admits the high probability of the flints being
shaped by man, and so experienced an archaeologist
as Mr. Lewis-Abbott riot only expresses an opinion
favourable to such a view, but gives weighty and
conclusive reasons to support his deductions, we
cannot help feeling that the glacial deposits lying
at our very doors have acquired a new significance,
and unceasing eff'orts should be made by local
geologists and archaeologists to discover other
records of early man.
"^=^^^^-^
ON A NEWLY DISCOVERED NEOLITHIC
SETTLEMENT
AT THE RED NOSES, NEW BRIGHTON,
NEAR LIVERPOOL.
By C. Roeder.
Kead 15th December, 1898.
OUR evidence of the occupation by neolithic
people of Cilgurry,' or the Wirral Peninsula,
has steadily increased during recent years, thanks
to the indefatigable labours of Messrs. C. Potter
and E. W. Cox."" I have myself been interested
for many years in the geology and pre-history of
the more northern part of the Peninsula, and
discovered flint flakes at Hilbre Point, where Mr.
Potter has also recorded them, though in both
cases only in limited numbers. The same gentleman '
procured them likewise from the ancient land
surface at Meols ; and, more recently, Mr. Cox
has come across specimens at Spital, on the
boundaries of Bebington and Rock Ferry, on
Prenton Hill, Storeton, Grange Hill, and Liscard.
1 Probably from Welsh kil — corner, and cwr^ pi. cyrau = extremity,
border, nook, corner = the corner of the borderland of the Cornavii.
2 To the great loss of Cheshire antiquarian research, the above two
gentlemen have died since the paper has been read.
124 ^^^ Neolithic Settlement at the Red Noses.
These finds, however, were few and far between,
and their artificial make in some cases appears
rather doubtful.
Early in July this year I made another exploring
excursion to New Brighton, and, on searching the
rocky platform at the Red Noses, I had the good
fortune to obtain clear proof of the former existence
of a neolithic settlement at this point. I visited
the spot on various occasions for a more minute
survey, and once in company with Mr. Mark
Stirrup, of the Manchester Geological Society, and
Mr. Cox, when we again explored the area, with
the result that both gentlemen were perfectly
satisfied with the evidence.
Mr. Cox has informed me since that he and
friends of his searched the place before without
success. I arrived at an opportune moment, for
the stripping of this platform by the wind is
comparatively recent, and five years ago only the
head of the westernmost Red Nose was laid bare,
and one or two knolls of the clay beyond it.
I have prepared a section to show the appearance
of this platform. As you will see from the section,
the area on which the flint implements were found
extends from the Red Noses for a distance of
460 feet to the west, but continues, no doubt, also
on the east part (now built upon). Its heights are
at present occupied by a succession of sand dunes,
which sweep down to the foot of the neolithic floor.
The surface of this rocky eminence is covered and
strewn with small pebbles, stones, and middle-sized
erratic blocks ; and amongst this heterogeneous
accumulation we meet at every step quantities of
chipped flints. Here and there we find patches
and crusts of black soil, due to vegetable decay,
but this layer is very thin, and never more than
one inch thick. Below this deposit, on the east
side, we dig at once into the decomposed strata of
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The Neolithic Settlement at the Red Noses. 125
the outcrop of the new red sandstone ; while to the
west we are on the fringe of the boulder clay,
which creeps here graduall}^ to the surface. Its
thickness does not exceed a few feet. This boulder
clay merely lines the edge of the rocky uplands of
Wallasey, and drops off into an extensive trough,
or pre-glacial valley, which descends to an unknown
depth. At Leasowe Lighthouse the clay was
penetrated to a depth of 37 feet, and breaks out
again at the far end at Hilbre Point.
At the Red Noses, in consequence of sub-aerial
agencies, boulder stones and shell fragments have
been washed out from this cap of boulder clay, and
it appears the neolithic people who~ subsequently
occupied this platform availed themselves of the
larger stone blocks derived from it, as anvils for
splitting and dressing their flints, while the rounded
granite boulders served them for hammer-stones.
We have all the indications of a neolithic factory
before us. We see the still-unworked raw flint
material, spoiled and chipped cores, splinters,
flakes, knives, scrapers, spear- and arrow-heads,
and burnt flakes, of which about 600 or 700 have
been found.
The occurrence of nodules of flints in the
boulder clay of Lancashire and Cheshire is very
rare and sporadic, as all practical field-geologists
know. Their supply for neolithic purposes is too
insignificant to account for its derivation from that
source. The same must be said of the Isle of
Man, where flint implements have been found in
thousands by myself^ and others subsequently. I
venture to say that in the main the raw material
was procured by the neoHthic hunters from great
distances by barter and traffic, and I am inclined
3 I exhibited a map of the Isle of Man at the meeting of the British
Association, held in Manchester, 1887, on which I traced the various neolithic
settlements discovered by me over the island.
126 The Neolithic Settlement at the Red Noses.
to think that we have to trace them, both on the
Wirral shore-Hne and in the Isle of Man, to inter-
course with the neoHthic people of the Antrim
district, who not only were excellent implement
makers, but who also commanded inexhaustible
beds and stores of flint. Recently the source of
the material of an old flint working place in
Kintyre has also been traced home to the coast of
Antrim.^
If we compare patination, colour, and lithological
structure of the flints from Wirral and the Isle of
Man with those from Antrim, we find no appreciable
diff*erence. Unfortunately, and it is a circumstance
which detracts largely from the scientific value and
importance of many finds, it has been too much
the habit- of former and present investigators to be
satisfied with merely searching the immediate
surface ground for flint implements ; and, as a
natural consequence, but little light has been
thrown, on the whole, on neolithic life. The
study of comparative development and evolution,
at various centres and districts, has been also
more or less neglected. It is therefore with
pleasure we turn to the Isle of Man, where much
has been done in this respect within recent
years. There neolithic factories and settlements
are extremely rich along the north, east, and south
coasts. Accounts of the results of various systematic
excavations are published in the Llioar Vanninagh^
the organ of the Isle of Man Natural History and
Antiquarian Society, in the volumes for 1 890-1.
At Castletown an undoubted neolithic burial ground
has been laid open, another one at Ramsey, and
again at Glen Wyllan, &c. ; and at all these points
many cinerary urns and fire-places have been
4 See *' An old Flint Working Place in the 30-root Raised Beach of
Millknowe,'' by Alexander Gray, Proceedings of the Socidy of Antiquaries
of Scotland^ vol. xxviii, session 1893-4, pp. 263-270.
ntULITHIt; rUWI lYKti) FROM ntWDKIUniUIH, MR. LIVERPOOL.
PLATE XII.
All with White Patina.
Scrapers. Various.
H. 9. OP L. AND 0«
^£rS5M!Il25.
Sickle -SHAPED ^
The Neolithic Settlement at the Red Noses. 127
brought to light. The pottery was hard burnt, of
grey, black, or red colour, unglazed, and either
plain or ornamental ; the matrix of dark clay,
mixed largely with crushed granite. There were
immense quantities of drills, scrapers, arrow-
scrapers, minute flakes, flake knives, arrow heads,
notched stones, cores in all stages of progress,
charcoal, kidney ore, limpet shells, &c. The flint
earth lay from i foot to 18 inches beneath the level
of the ground, followed by a thin stratum of mould
about 6 inches thick, which probably formed the
original surface. In the fire-holes quantities of
charred twigs and flints were found, several
hammer-stones, or common round stones, evidently
for breaking off the flake from the nuclei. And in
comparing these artifacts from the diff'erently
scattered settlements of the neolithic tribes in
the island, we find that there the art of flint
manufacture exhibits not only great variety of
form and make, but gives also proof of a gradual
specialization, a matter which is often overlooked.
Of these most interesting discoveries in the Isle
of Man, Evans' Ancie^it Stone Implements^ second
edition, 1897, ^^ silent, although this standard work
refers to some other minor finds in the island.
At the Red Noses, as mentioned before, we also
have these granite hammer-stones and anvil-blocks,
of which I also discovered, some eighteen years
ago, great numbers near Jurby Point, Isle of Man.
I hope that the spade will add further to our
knowledge in the Wirral district, and induce inves-
tigators to emulate the example of the Manx, so
that we may increase at home our knowledge of
neolithic life and habits.
The chipping of flints was with the neolithic
people a fine art, and those initiated into the craft
and mystery formed a superior caste. It is well to
remember what Catlin says, in his Last Rambles
128 The Neolithic Settlement at the Red Noses.
amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the
Andes, 1868 : —
Every tribe has its factory, in which the arrow-heads are made,
and in these only certain adepts are able or allowed to make
them for the use of the tribe. The nuclei are broken with a
sort of sledge-hammer, made of a rounded pebble of hornstone,
set in a twisted withe holding the stone and forming the handle.
For the flaking a mallet of very hard wood is used, and a chisel
or punch made of bone, or the incisor of a sperm-whale or
sea-lion, which are often stranded on the coast of the Pacific.
The punch is six or seven inches long, and one inch in diameter,
with one rounded side and Iwo plain sides, and presenting one
acute and two obtuse angles, to suit the points to be broken.
This operation is very curious, both the holder and the striker
are singing, and the stroke of the mallet is given exactly in time
with the music, and with a sharp and rebounding blow, in which,
the Indians tell us, is the great medicine (or mystery) of the
operation.
When the platform at the Red Noses was
occupied by these neoHthic dwellers, the configura-
tion of the land and the coast must have presented
a very different picture compared with its present
appearance. Wallasey, no doubt, formed a distinct
detached rocky island ; its foreland not standing
out, as now, as an abrupt cliff, but gradually
sloping away probably 60 to 100 yards further out
to sea at the Red Noses, and the fresh-water
springs which are now lost, or are welling up at the
tide-line, issued then from terra firma. What we
really see now of the platform is merely a crumbling
fragment of this ancient promontory. The western
and eastern uplands were more sharply divided by
marshes and lagoons of the lowland plain, whose
level oscillated at various times, and extended from
beyond Hilbre Point, along the northern shore-line,
round Wallasey Pool, to Birkenhead ; the oak,
pine, beech, and undergrowth creeping up the
slopes of the valleys.
Mr. Potter correlates this period with the land
surface he has studied so attentively for many
The Neolithic Settlement at the Red Noses. 129
years at Meols. In that deposit we hav« the
remains of man, the urus, horse, wild boar, red
deer, dog, &c., along with neolithic implements,
and, in succession, remains of the Cornavii,
Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans.
Mr. Cox has ascertained the erosion of the rocks
at New Brighton at the rate of i to i J feet for the
harder strata (the pebbles beds, or F 2 of the
Geological Survey), and 3 feet for the softer ones
(the water stones, or F 5), within the last 65 years.
The great fault which runs through Wallasey and
crosses the lighthouse at New Brighton, divides
the softer rocks of the Red Noses, which have
been cut back considerably, from the outlying
rocks at the lighthouse. We cannot ascertain
now with precision how much further the Red
Noses exactly stood out in neolithic times, but
even if we allow a far greater rate of erosion, or a
much more contracted extension of the promontory,
than assumed, we see what a great gulf of time
still divides us from the neolithic people that
dwelled near the shores of Wirral.
Before closing my remarks, it may not be out
of place to allude to the important discoveries
made a few years ago in the prehistoric rock-shelter
at Schweizerbild, near Schaffhausen, by Doctor
Nuesch,^ which throw new light on the neolithic
period on the Continent. In his grey relic bed
(40 cm. thick), which corresponds with the neolithic
epoch, twenty -two interments were discovered. The
examination of the skeletons proved that this shelter
was frequented by two distinctly different races, one
of fair stature (1600 mm. and more) and the other
much smaller — a true pigmy race. Their pottery
was red and unglazed. The fauna included the
5 See the ScoUUh Geographical Magazine^ vol. xiii, No. 9, September, 1897,
translated by Professor Geikie.
130 The Neolithic Settlemetii at th(t H§d Noses.
brown bear, badger, marten, wolf, fox, mole, hare,
beaver, squirrel, hamster, water rat, urus, ox, goat,
sheep, red-deer, roe-deer, wild boar> horse, and
ptarmigan, all types of a true forest fauna which
ushered in the neolithic man. From an estimate
made by Doctor Neusch, the accumulation of his
neolithic bed required 4000 years, and the over-
lying humus bed another 4000 years, or a lapse of
8000 years.
^*J^i?lft^»;^5^«^^R^>5|<^^
FREEMASONRY IN LANCASHIRE AND
CHESHIRE. (XVII CENTURY.)
By W. H. Rylands, F.S.A.
Read 20th January, 1898.
THE Counties Palatine of Lancaster and
Chester are fortunate in being able to claim
two of the earliest records relating to Freemasonry.
That these were the only ones is impossible, and
that they are even the only two remaining is
incredible. Anderson states, in the 1738 edition
of the Book of Constitutions j"^ p. iii : — ** This year
**[i72o], at some private Lodges, several valuable
*' Manuscripts (for they had nothing yet in Print)
'' concerning the Fraternity, their Lodges, Regula-
** tions. Charges, Secrets, and Usages (particularly
** one writ by Mr. Nicholas Stone, the Warden of
** Inigo Jones) were too hastily burnt by some
** scrupulous Brothers; that those Papers might
** not fall into strange Hands/' This statement
has been discredited, but now we know, thanks to
Mr. Conder's discoveries, that Nicholas Stone was
a Freemason, it is not unlikely that he possessed
manuscripts of Masonry.
Little by little, information is being collected,
and many points are being discussed, which in
time may enable us to obtain a better conception
I This rare and curious book has been reprinted in exact facsimile by the
Lodge Qoatuor Coronati, as the seventh volume of the extra publications.
L 2
132 Freemasonry in Lancashire,
of early Freemasonry. Already a great amount of
material has been printed in the Transactions of the
Quatuor Coronati Lodge^ and there is little doubt, if
sufficient interest could be excited, and on every
probable or possible occasion a careful search was
made, that many scattered fragments of the history
of Freemasonry would be unearthed.
Masonry was naturally at first of an operative
character ; the very existence, like the commence-
ment of the guilds of masons, depended on the
necessity for having buildings suited to various
purposes. From this trade guild, at the same time
associated with it, arose a speculative body of men ;
that is to say, one section was composed of the
working masons who prepared the stones, and the
other of men interested — at first more, and after-
wards less — in the science of building. These
theoretical or speculative masons joined, or were
attached to the guilds or lodges, from one cause
or another. In the places where no masons*
company or regular incorporation existed, like those
found in various cities and towns, the lodges
supplied the place of the guild to workmen, as well
as the masons required in the district. Many of
these lodges existed, scattered over the country,
composed largely of operative masons, of which
one or two records still exist.
I believe there was a connection between these
lodges, situated in country districts with those
guilds or companies fixed in the large towns, or
those lodges which remained at large ecclesiastical
buildings. To this subject I have already referred
in my remarks on Masons* Marks. The ** assembly*'
of masons mentioned in the '' Old Charges** enters
into this subject ; about it an interesting discussion
will be found in the Transactions of the Lodge Quatuor
Coronatij vols, v, p. 203, and vi, pp. i6g, 173. This
assembly, whether it took place once each ye^r or
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 133
oftener, it seems to me, was clearly a meeting of
masons ; and, as the text itself states, was held to
regulate the affairs of the guild. To it workmen
were summoned, with penalties for their absence,
should they be working within a certain limit. This
assembly had a Master, who possibly was the
Master Mason of the district in which the meeting
was held.
The office of King's Master Mason was one of
considerable importance, as he had the control
of the repairs and additions required in all buildings
belonging to and in the keeping of the Cro>vn.
There were also Master Masons and Master
Carpenters of certain cities and districts. Of those
of Chester, Ormerod, in his History of Cheshire
(new edition, vol. i, pp. 87-88), has collected a list
from 1327 to 1664, one only being elected at a
later period, in 1765.
MASTER MASONS, MASTER CARPENTERS, AND
SURVEYORS OF WORKS.
(Ormerod, Cheshire^ new edition, vol. i, pp. 87-88.)
I327-I329, I and 2 Edward III. — ^John de Essheby, parson of
the Church of Pleymundestowe, surveyor of the King's
works in the county. See Chamberlains, 3 Edward III
[1329- 1330], p. 59, where the following occurs: John
Stonehall, parson of Plerastow. A note says that he is
** called John de Essheby Parson of the Church of Pley-
" mondestowe in Recognizances acknowledged before him "
3 May, 3 Edward III [1329] .
1377, 51 Edward III, 20 April. — William de Newehall, master*
carpenter in both counties duiing pleasure.
. . . Richard II . . . William Hulpestan, master mason.
^396* 19 Richard II, 18 June. — Master Robert Fagan, mason
of the county and North Wales for life, vice William
Hulpestan.
1398, 21 Richard II, 11 April. — Robert Fagan, the same in
both counties and North Wales.
1398, 21 Richard II, 8 April. — Robert Scot, carpenter of both
counties for life.
1399, 1 Henry IV, 20 October. — Master William de Newehall
the same. [Cf. 1377.]
134 Frmnasonry in Lancashire.
1400, I Henry IV, 13 February. — Robert Scot the same, in
reversion on the death of Newehall.
141 2, 13 Henry IV, i February. — Roger Drewry, master car-
penter of the castle of Chester and in both counties for life.
14 14, 2 Henry V, 6 October. — Thomas de Holden, mason in
both counties during pleasure.
14 16, 4 Henry V, 22 August. — John Asser, the same.
1432, 10 Henry VI, 26 May.— Henry Balfront, carpenter for
life.
1433, II Henry VI, i March. — ^John Asser, junior, mason in
both counties and North Wales, for life, on the resignation
of John Asser, his father.
1438, 16 Henry VI, 8 May. — Henry Balfront, carpenter in
both counties for Ufe. (He was afterwards one of the
sheriffs of the city.) [1494, Henry Balfront, John Walley,
sheriffs, p. 212.]
1439, 17 Henry VI, 10 June. — ^John Asser, master mason,
surveyor of the walls of the city of Chester.
1446, 24 Henry VI, 2 July. — John Campton, mason in the
county of Chester and North Wales for life, vice John Asser
deceased.
1 46 1, I Edward IV, 24 July. — John Savage, armiger, surveyor
of castles, manors, &c., in both counties and Denbigh for
life.
1 46 1, I Edward IV, 20 December. — William Rediche, master
mason of the city for life.
1461, I Edward IV, 30 December. — William Frankeleyne,
alias Temple, carpenter of the castle of Chester for life.
1463, 3 Edward IV, 12 April. — William Frankelyn, alias
Temple, carpenter in both counties for life.
1467, 7 Edward IV, 8 March. — The same.
1484, I Richard HI, 10 April. — Hugh Hurleton, surveyor of
works in both counties for life.
1484, 2 Richard HI, i September. — William Frankelyn, alias
'J'emple, carpenter, confirmation of last appointment for life.
1485, I Henry VII, i November. — William [Frankelyn, alias]
Temple the same.
1494, 9 Henry VII, 12 March. — Oliver Bolton, the same office
during pleasure.
1495, II Henry VII, 24 September. — Seth Derwall, mason in
both counties during pleasure.
1503, 18 Henry VII, 11 April. — The same.
1509, 1 Henry VIII, 18 September.— Richard Hurleston,
surveyor in both counties during pleasure, vice Hugh
Hurleton, his father.
15 16, 8 Henry VIII, 10 September.— Seth Derwall, mason in
both counties.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 135
15 16, 8 Henry VIII, 30 Decemtier. — Nicholas Hurle, surveyor
of works in both counties for life, vice Richard Hurleton.
1525, 17 Henry VIII, i August.— Seth Derwall and GEOROfe
Derwall, his son, masons for life in survivorship on the
surrender of the grant, 10 September, 8 Henry VIII [1516].
1527, 18 Henry VIII, 5 March. — Oliver Bolton, master car-
penter of the works of Chester Castle.
i537> 29 Henry VIII, 14 May.— John Brereton, master in both
counties.
i537> 29 Henry VIII, 21 December. — Hugh Bolton, carpenter
in the same.
1552, 6 Edward VI, 8 August. — William Bolton, the same for
life.
1558, 4 and s Philip and Mary, 26 March. — Henry Bolton the
same during pleasure, vice William Bolton, his father.
iS92> 34 Elizabeth, 13 January. — Milo Mather, carpenter, on
resignation of Henry Bolton.
1601, 43 Elizabeth, 14 November. — Henry Fletcher, mason in
both counties during pleasure.
[Frodsham Church Books. — 14 November, 43 Elizabeth,
1601, the Queen granted to Henry Fletcher the office of
Master Carpenter of all her works in the county of Chester,
with the usual wages and fees. All work at the castle would
be done under the oversight of the bailiff. Sir John Savage,
the son and successor of the late Sir John of the same
name. — Frodsham, by William Beamont, Esq., p. 118.]
1602, 44 Elizabeth, 9 November. — John Nicolson the same.
[9 November, 44 Elizabeth, 1602, the Queen granted to
John Nicholson the office of Master Mason of all her
buildings and works in Cheshire and Flintshire, with the
fees and wages to the same belonging. — Frodsham Church
Books. Frodsham i by W. Beamont, p. 119.]
1660, 12 Charles II, 29 August. — John Shaw, mason in the
county.
1663-1664, 15 Charles II.— The same, suiveyor of works.
1 765* 5 George III, 23 August. — Joseph Winkles, surveyor of
all castles, &c., in the county during pleasure.
The Reformation had a disastrous effect on the
system upon which the guilds of masons were based.
The whole was changed. It is not surprising,
therefore, to find that many of the operative lodges
died out, and the members for the most part were
probably scattered over the whole country. Some,
however, as independent bodies, survived the
136 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
storm, and lasted for a considerable period. Of
course their use for ruling the trade generally of a
district or town had largely, if not entirely, passed
away. The speculative element lasted, and, in
some instances at least, if they did not take entire
possession of the lodge, they appear to have
assisted in keeping it alive.
An instance of late date, in which the town
guild had lost its power, occurred at Canterbury.
About 1680, the joiners, carpenters, carvers,
masons, bricklayers, &c., were incorporated into
one fraternity. The various guilds and fraternities
continued in force until the middle-of the eighteenth
century. Their termination was undignified. Tho-
mas Roch, a cabinetmaker, born in Dublin but a
native of Wales, having settled in Canterbury and
purchased his freedom, was immediately afterwards
called upon by the builders, to which fraternity he
was considered as bound to attach himself, to pay
the Master and Wardens £4 for dues and fees. He
refused to pay^ and they refused to produce their
charter. The case went to Rochester assizes, and
then before Lord Mansfield, at Maidstone. ** Here,
** in 1758, the plaintiff's, who declined to produce
** their sham charter, were summarily nonsuited.
** The decision caused the general break-up of the
*' Guilds and Fraternities, although some of them
** lingered on a few years longer.*' ^
Many sources have been claimed for the origin
of Freemasonry, but I think there can be no
reasonable doubt that it was really the outcome
of the guilds, and naturally, to some extent at
least, in its earliest times followed the rules and
orders in use among the operative masons. It is,
however, singular that no other guild possessed a
speculative or symbolical society attached in its
a Canterbury in the Olden Timet by John Brent, F.S.A., 1879, pp. 151,
'57. . ,
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 137
origin, if not always in its person, using a system
of moral teaching, the visible symbols of which
were the well-known objects used for trade pur-
poses. It must not be forgotten, however, that the
trade of masonry stood apart from other trades.
A mason was not always stationary in the pursuit
of his calling ; he must wander from place to place.
A vsystem was therefore formulated by which he
could know and be known. The labours of a
master mason were rarely mechanical, like so many
of the fixed trades. It required a considerable
knowledge of geometry and art ; for it needs far
more brains and far more thought to plan and
construct a cathedral, or, indeed, any building,
than it does to plan and construct abucket.
At a later period I shall call attention to my
friend, Mr. E. Conder's, important discovery of the
London Lodge, attached to the London Company
of Masons. At this time it may be well to refer
shortly to some of those interesting documents of
Masonry itself that have survived in the sister
counties. There can be no doubt, from the short
record left by Ashmole of the lodge at Warrington,
in 1646, that the lodge had a previous existence,
and was not a mushroom creation for the express
purpose of admitting two gentlemen.
Many of the operative lodges had, no doubt, a
speculative division. The natural supposition is,
when a lodge of Freemasons is found in early
times, that at some previous period either it or some
of the members who founded it must have been
connected with a lodge of working masons. I have
several times advanced the theory that lodges in
early times owed some kind of allegiance to
another body, though perhaps only as taking their
origin from central authorities.
Bordering on Yorkshire, the county of splendid
monastic buildings, included in the old kingdom
'138 Freefnasonry in Lancashire.
of Northumbria, as I pointed out years ago, it is
not surprising if Lancashire and Cheshire should
have their abbeys and fine churches. It may be
worth mentioning that among the apprentices
entered in the Masons* Company of London, as
far as can be traced, but few came from the
northern counties. Among these occur the names
of Stanley, Shuttleworth, Hide, Bancks, Fleet-
wood, and Jasper son of Jasper Lathom, who was
made free on the nth of May, 1630. In 1695 there
was also a Robert Latham, who became free by
redemption on the 4th of May, 1693 ; but of these
the origin is not stated.
It is worth remarking that the majority of ap-
prentices were drawn from ** counties south of the
** Trent;'' and only a few occur from Yorkshire,
Cumberland, and Westmoreland. The following
are all I have been able to collect from Lancashire
and Cheshire, but it must always be remembered
that there are no records of the Company earlier
than 1620 : —
1663, 30 June. — John Tapley, son of William Tapley, of Chester,
yeoman, apprentice to John Martin, Citizen and Mason of
London, for 7 years.
1668, 7 May. — William Fell, son of James Fell, of Furness, co.
Lancaster, husbandman, apprentice to William Bussey,
C. & AL of London, for 7 years. He was made free, sth of
October, 1675.
1670, 28 June. — Edmund Holines, son of Ralph Holines, of
Widford, co. Chester, Taylor, apprentice to John Martin,
C. & M. of London, for 7 years.
1670, I Sep. — Edward Baron, son of William Baron, of Rufford,
CO. Lancaster, carpenter, apprentice to Thomas Kirkhtfaa,
C. & M. of London, for 7 years.
1675, 22 June. — George Whittacre, son of George Whittacre, late
of Burnley, co. Lancashire, yeoman, deceased, apprentice to
Humphrey Adamson, C. & M. of London, for 7 years.
1706, 10 Apiil. — Thomas Thorpe, son of Robert Thorpe, of
Whaley, in the County Palatine of Lancaster, apprentice to
Francis Dowing, C. & M. of London, for 7 years. He was
made free on the isth of June, 17 13.
Freemasonry in Lancashire.
139
Many invaluable guild-records are preserved at
Chester, and it is much to be regretted that the
Corporation, or some body of antiquaries, has not
emulated the example of the Surtees Society, who
have now in course of publication the lists of all
the freemen of York.
Many monuments have perished,
and many may yet be discovered.
My brother called my attention to
an interesting stone slab in Halsall
Churchyard, bearing on each side
of an ornamental cross what ap-
pears to be a T-square and a set-
square of large dimensions. The
stone is 68 J inches in length,
23 inches in width at the head,
and 18 J inches at the foot, the
ornaments being incised. Follow-
ing the custom of placing the
emblems of the occupation of the
deceased upon his tomb, we may
fairly conclude that the emblems
here refer to a builder of some
importance in his time.
An indenture of agreement dated
16 Edward II (1323), between the mayor and
citizens of Chester and John Clypeston, for the
building of the New Tower, now called the Water
Tower, still exists in a perfect state.^
There occurs in a MS. book preserved at Hale,
written by William Ireland, Lord of the Manor of
Hale, in the first half of the fifteenth century, a
reference to the building, 2 Henry VI, 1424, of the
tomb of John Leyot, rector of Malpas, in the
chancel of Hale Church. It mentions John le
Mason le Yrishman, who built the tower of Sir
3 << Charters of the City of Chester/' Arch, Journal, vol. xliii, p. 358, &c.
140 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
John Stanley, Knight, at Liverpool, and John le
Mason, Northernman, who built the vault of
Sir Henry Norris, Knight. It runs as follows :—
(Folio 73) Idem Joh'es Layett in vila sua obtinuit unu
ho[mi]nem vocat Jofeem le Mason le Yrishman quondam unus
illoC^ qui composuerunt turrem Jofeis Stanley Cfer [Chevalier]
apud Lyu'*pull & un aliu viz Johem le Mason Northerefiman qui
composuit Cafl in) Henr Norreis Ch^ & illi duo viz Johes &
Jofees Masons composuerunt Tumbam di<^ Johis legot Rectoris
Ecctie de Malepas jacent in medio Cancello Capelle de Hale
viz ; die Mercurij Septimo die Marcij A° RR. H. sexti.
John Leyot was Rector of Denforth, afterwards
Dean of Chester, and still later Rector of Malpas
and Bangor, and died in 1428. He built a chantry
to the church of Hale, about the year 1400/
For the following I was indebted to my friend
the late Mr. J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A.
St. Mary's, Chester.
The Chantry chapel at the end of the north aisle was built
by William Troutbeck, Esq., and Joan his wife in the year 1433,
and some little information is on record concerning it The
original contract for its erection by Thomas Betes, mason, is a
document of much interest, and one of a class of which very
few are now extant. It is as follows: — 5
Agreement between WILLIAM TROUTBECK Esq.,^ and
THOMAS BETES, Mason, for building a Chapel
at St. Mary's, Chester, 1433,
" This endenture made bytwene William Troutebek, esqiuer,
" on that on[e] p'tie, and Thomas Betes, mason, on that other
" p'tie beres wittenesse that the forsaid Thomas has made
" covenant and granted to the said William that he shall make a
" Chapel in the chirche yord of Seynte Marie on the Hill, on the
4 See also GregsoiCs Fragments s new ed., 1869, pp. 203-204; Hale and
Oxford, by Wiliiatn Beamont, 1886.
5 Printed in Ormercd's History of Cheshire, new .edition, vol. ii, p. 41.
I have added the words in square brackets and the notes, in order to make
it more intelligible. Since this was written, the contract has been published
in Mr. Earwaker's History of the Church of St. Mary-on-the-HUC, Chester,
P- 31.
6 William Troutbeck, Esq., Lord of Durham, which estate he purchased,
was Chamberlain of Chester, 14 Hen. IV, and died between 21 and 23
Hen. VI; he was succeeded by his son, Sir John Troutbeck, Knt.—
Ormerod's History of Cheshire, p. 42.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 141
" south side of the chauncell of the chirche there, that is to
" wete [to wit] the est ende, the south side and the west ende,
" contenynge the length of the chauncell there and xviij fote
** wide withinne the walles, and as high as hit nedes resonably
" to be ; with v faire and clenely wroght wyndowes full of light,
"that is to say on[eT gable wyndow in the est ende with iiij
" lightes, and iij wyndowes on the south side, ichone [each one]
** of iij lightes, and on[e] in the weste ende, in the best wise to
** be deviset ;7 and iiij botras [buttresses] on the south side, with
**a grete arche in the weste ende ; and the chapelle to be
" battellet above, like to the little closet withinne the castell of
" Chester, with a corbyl table longynge [/>., belonging] thereto :
" and at ayther end iij honest fyngals.
** And the forsaid William shall pay to the forsaid Thomas
" xx^* [£26] like as the worke goes forwarde, and also give him
" a gowne, and alsoe the forsayd William shall fynde fre[e] stone,
" lyme, sonde, wat' [water], wyndelasse and stuff for to scaffolde
" with, and such manere necessaries as the forsaid Thomas
" nedes, and all manere of cariages that longen [/.^., belong]
" therto ; and the forsaid Thomas shall, by the ov'sight [oversight]
" of Maester John Asser,® make the chappell and all thynges
" that longen thereto (miasoncraft)9 honestly. In wytnesse of the
"whech thynge to these p'sentes endentures the p'ties forsaid,
" aither anendes other haven set to their sealx.
** Gyven at Chester the Monday next before the feste of the
" natyvyte of Seint John the Baptist [June 24] in the yere of
** Kyng Henry the Sixt after the conquest xj [1433]."
It is worthy of notice that the contracting
mason, Master John Asser, was at the time Master
Mason of the city of Chester.
For a copy of the very interesting agreement for
taking down and rebuilding Oldham Church, in
1476, of which I annex a fac-simile, I was indebted
(in 1884) to the late Mr. William Beamont. It is
still preserved in the safe of the parish church of
7 This was probably a smaU window to be placed above "the grete arche
**in the west ende," subsequently mentioned, which was to separate this new
chapel from the south aisfe. The roof of this chapel was probably higher
than that of the south aisle, very likely as high as the chancel roof.
8 This John Asser may have been the architect employed by the Abbey
of St. Werburgh, to whom St. Mary's belonged, and who would have the
supervision of any building there. A Roger Asser was Rector of St. Mary's
from 1464 to 147 1.
9 This word is interlined in the original.
142 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
Prestwich, co. Lane, copies having been printed
in Booker's Memorials of the Church in Prestwich,
1852, pp. 88-9, and in the Prestwich Parish Magazine
for May, 1885.
This endentur' made the iiij* day of NovemBr the yere of our
lord A[nno] M* cccc Ixxvj betwene Rauff longley pson of Prest-
wich opon that one ptie and William Hamond Rauff Hamond &
Miles Alenson masons opon that oy' ptie the plies Aforsaid ben
aggreed in mafi & fo^me that folowes that is to say the said
William Rauff & Miles masons haue taken opon yaim to make
at Oldom A body of A Churche in mafi & fo^me that folowes
that is to say, yai shall bynde & make sufficiantly iiij Arches
opon Aither side the Kyrke w^ Hewen stone of mason werke
eu'y Arche of xij fote betwene the Fillers And of heght vndir
the Arche xviij fote And of widdenesse betwene the Fillers
oflthwerte xx fote And at Aither end A Cros Arche afithwerte
that one According to the Fillers that oy' according for A Stepull
w' ij boterasses at the west end Also on Aitherside one yling
of X fote wyde from the Fillers And the wall of xii fote heght
In the yling on the Southside v wyndowes that is to say opoii
Aither end one And opon the side iij And iij boterasses opon
Aither Cornell one And one betwene the wyndowes w' A dur' &
A porche y'to And in the ylyng opon the Noriheside iiij wyndowes
in Aither end one And ii on the side with iiij boterasses at Aither
Cornell one & betwene the wyndowes ij And A dur' y^'to And as
for the wyndowes iiij of yaim efiy wyndow of iij lightes And the
residew of ij lightes sufficiant & According to the werke All
durres wyndowes boterasses pillers & gabull tables grounde tables
And the Arche in the porche of hewen stone And to make all
the residew sufficiantly w* wallyng stone And afV the grounde
werke baret the said masons to laye the stone And to take the
grounde werke And if it happen that y' fall any travel or
disagrement betwene the said pties So that the werke be not
sufficiantly made then the said pties to be redressed by oy* [other]
masons according to faithe & conscience ffor the which werke
in this fo»'me to be made the said Rauff pson g''untes to pay or
make to be paied to the saides William Rauff & Miles in or to
yay*" Assignee xxviij ti vi s viii*^ of leall money in mafi & fo'^me
that folowes, that is to say At the ffest of Saynt Nicholas [6 Dec]
next suyng the date of this endentur a C s And at the natiuite of
Saynt John the Baptist then next Suying [24 June] C s And so
at the ffest of Saynt Nicholas [6 Dec] yen next Suing C s And
At the natiuite of Saynt John the Baptist then next Suyng C s
And at the ffest of Saynt Nicholas then next Suyng C s And the
remanent of xxviij ti vis viij d to be paied when yai haue fynnysshed
i
PLATE XIII
WJLIfyhads,diii
^O
Freemasonry in Lancashise. 143
yau' werke And this werke be fynnysshed &.endet by Estur day
that shall be in the yer of o^ lord A m cccc Ixxix Also the said
Rauff psoii shall fynde to the saides William Rauff and Miles
masons Aforsaid Stone lyme Sonde water Sayntrees Scaffoldes &
berne & bringe yaim to the grounde opou his coste And All oy"^
Stuffe longyng to the masons And to yau' Crafte the said Masons
to fynde opon yau** owne coste And to all thes couen'nles well
& truly to be pfo'^med opon Aither ptie the pties Aforsaid byndes
yaim' by thes endentures In wittenesse of the which thing to
Aither ptie of thes endentures the pties Aforsaid entchaungeably
haue Sette yair Sealles Yeven the day & the yere Aforsaid.
The following agreement for the bells of the
same church, from a copy lent to me by Mr.
Beamont, is also interesting : —
This endentur made the xxiiij day of September in y« yer of
our Lord mcccclxxxvj wittenes y^ Raufe Langley pson of Prest-
wich base resayvit by y* bondes of John Miln John Hope . . .
Ric Smyth James Neld James Mellor Robert Tayleor Philip
Wild Rob' ... of Glodihe Edmund Leghes Nich Whitehed
Rog Okedene ... in part of yayment of xxt to the entent
to bye iii bellis for Oldeme chapell to be . . in maner & forme
y' followes y' is to say the sayd Raufe to bye the sayd iii bellis
& cape thaym nobbe yaym clapur thaym & hing thaym and make
thaym redy to the rynging and if so be y* cost come to more
then xxiiijt y« said pson pay >« overplus and if hit happen ye
iij bellis in all costes be made xxiiijt yen the said Raufe y*
remaynder of the said xxiiijt to pay agayne to the . . . and
oth"" xt to be payet to the said Raufe wythin half a yer after the
bellis be able, to be rungen And to all thes covntes to be well
and dule pformed as well the said Raufe as pe said John Milne
John Hope James Buckley Ric Smythe James Neld James
Mellor Robt Tayleor Philip Wild Robt Okedene Edmond
Leghes Nichas Whitehed and Roger Okedene y*junr bynden
thayme & Ilhone of thayme de yam selfe in y« hole.
For a knowledge and the use of the original
I was indebted to the late Mr. J. P. Earwaker.
It is written upon parchment, and the straps for
the seals still remain, though the seals themselves
have perished. In many instances, when a church
was to be built, a contract like the present one
was entered into ; few of them, however, now
remain.
144
Freemasonry in Lancashire.
there is another contract, dated 1532-3, in
which Thomas Sellers and Nicholas Craven con-
tract for sixty pounds to rebuild the north and
soutR *'hylings'' of Burnley Church, and eighteen
butresses, of which I have not succeeded in obtain-
ing a copy. The original document does not
specify the trade of the workmen. The north
and middle aisles were rebuilt, but the south aisle
remained in its original state till the year 1789.
{Papworth Sup. of Eng. Build. Trans., R.I.B.A.,
p. 112.)
In The Civil War Tracts in Lancashire, Chetham
Society, vol. ii, p. 157, 1843, edited by Dr. Ormerod,
occurs the following, with reference to Latham
Hall :—
This later building — the fortress existing in 1644— is said to
have furnished Henry VII, who visited his father-in-law, Earl
Thomas [Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby], shortly after its
erection, with the first ideas of hi^ new palace at Richmond.
It is generally supposed that its principal gateway is represented
in carvings attached to the stall of James Stanley, Bishop of Ely
[1506 to 1515], in the Collegiate Church of Manchester, of
which he was Warden ; and there can be little doubt of the
carving referring to Lathom Hall (and most probably to the later
hall V from the circumstance of the Stanley legend being repre-
sented in a tree, and a re^us of masons or stone-cutters (termed
Lathomi or Laiomi in mediaeval Latin) approaching the gateway
below, which has two towers and machicolated battlements.
Mr. Alfred Darbyshire has very kindly made a
full-sized drawing of this very interesting bench-
end, from which the annexed plate has been copied.
The panel measures about 12 inches by SJ inches,
and the carving is rough and much worn. In the
compartment below is a quartered arms : Stanley,
Man, Lathom, and Warren.
James Stanley, Bishop of Ely and Warden of
Manchester, was the sixth son of the first Earl
of Derby. He died, as recorded on his brass in
Manchester Cathedral, on the 22nd of March, 15 15 ;
PLATE XIV.
H. S. OF L. AND C
Stall End, Manchester Cathedral.
From a drawing hy Alfred Darbyshire^ Esq,^ F,R,I.B,A.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 145
and this wood-carving was executed by his order.
Forming a portion of the design is prominently
placed the Lathom badge, inherited by the
Stanleys, referring to the legend of the eagle and
child, an incident in the life of an heir of the
Lathom family, which is said to have taken place
in Terlestowe Wood or in Lathom Park. It will
be noticed that the trees, the centre one bearing
the eagle's nest, form a portion of the scene, and
are possibly intended to represent the wood in which
the castellated mansion is situated, thus denoting
the particular house intended. It will also be
noticed that the eagle's nest is simply placed in
the tree, without the lettering, **Oskell Lathom,''^
as in the glass at Northenden Church (Earwaker's
East Cheshire, vol. i, p. 278), as if intended to re-
present the legend more than the badge of the
Lathoms or the crest of the Stanleys.
This carving, which is of great interest, has,
so far as I am aware, never been adequately
published until now. I am not only indebted to
Mr. Darbyshire for the trouble he has taken to
enable me to give a proper representation of it, but
also for notes which resulted from his careful
examination when drawing it. After describing the
arms in the compartment below the carving, in
letters addressed to Mr. Radcliffe, he says : ** You
''will also observe that the first and third little
'* men are carrying something like caskets, while
'* the second and fourth have something like bundles
'' attached to sticks, which they carry over their
" shoulders.'' And again : '* Much of the detail
'' is worn away, and the faces quite obliterated.
** You will note that the castle is on rough rock
"' (Lsle of Man probably) : the first and third men
''are military in attire, the second and fourth are
'* civilians, but all carrying bags of money. It is
** a case of tribute money to the lords and kings of
146 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
'* Man, with the Derby crest over all. I do not
** think it is at all masonic."
There is no doubt, as observed by Mr. Darbyshire,
that the figures are in pairs : the first and third,
hopded and booted, appear to bear in the right hand
a dagger, and in the left a bag, probably of money ;
the second and fourth figures, apparently unarmed,
seem to wear closer-fitting hoods, with a wallet at
the girdle, and over the right shoulder a stick
ending with two bag-like divisions. I do not think
that they are bags ; they seem to me more like
rude representations of slings, or more likely flails,
to distinguish the peasant from the soldier. I
cannot, however, explain why they occur here.
Mr. Darbyshire's suggestion that the picture repre-
sents tribute may be the correct explanation, but
I should have expected to find that some more
important event was commemorated.
Mr. Planche, in his excellent paper upon the
Stanley crest in the Journal of the Archaeological
Association, vol. vi, 185 1, writing about this stall
says, ** we find a procession of stonemasons
** with their tools introduced, merely to signify the
**name of the family, by its conformity in sound
** to * Lathomi ' '' '° (p. 207). It must be remembered
when Mr. Planche expressed this opinion, he had
before him the sketch of the panel from which the
annexed cut has been taken. It appeared as an
illustration to his paper in the Journal of the
Archaeological Association, and I give it here
slightly reduced, as it will be seen that two of the
figures carry squares, and the other pair carry over
their shoulders what have been taken for axes,
with bags slung upon them. Had theSe never
existed, it is difficult to understand the origin of
the wood-cut and the remarks of Ormerod and
10 Vide Lower's Curiosities of Heraldry ^ p. 190.
PLATE XV.
H. d. OF L. AND C
CARVING ON WAPOEH'S STALL. MANCHESTtR CATHLDRAw
From the Journal of the ARCHiEOLOGiCAL
Association, Vol. vl, 1851.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 147
Planch^. It will, however, be seen from Mr.
Darbyshire's drawing that the emblems of mason-
craft no longer remain.
I have sometimes thought that the building was
not intended for a castle, but for a church, for
example, that at Manchester, for additions to which
the bishop paid. Again, the idea has suggested
itself that Liverpool Tower is intended, and that
the carving represents the mythical foundation of the
Stanley family, and their descent from the Lathoms,
which, according to the first known copy of the
legend," written by Thomas Stanley, Bishop of
Man (15 10-1570), came by the marriage of Sir
John Stanley, Knight, to Isabella, the only daugh-
ter and heiress of Oskell Lathom of Lathom, the
child taken up by the eagle. It has also been
stated that Liverpool Tower and other lands were
given by Sir Thomas Lathom (father of Isabella)
to Sir John Stanley: hence the picture of the
Lathom legend. I cannot, however, quite give up
the idea that Lathom House is intended, but the
figures can hardly be connected with the visit of
Henry VII ; although I think, if this is the house
represented, some important event in its history is
commemorated.
In Sir Peter Leycester's Antiquities Touching
Cheshire, 1672, p. 321, is the following: —
There is Engraven in Stone, under the Ledge or Border, on
the West-end of Mobberly Steeple, and on tlie South-west-corner
as followeth : —
ORATE PRO BONO STATU DOMINI JOHANNIS TALBOT
MILITIS, ET DOMING MARGARET.^ UXORIS SU^.
And then beginning again just over the said Border in the very
Corner of the Steeple aforesaid, — '
PATRON jE ECCLESIJB.
II Copies of this legend will be found in the Journal of the Arch. Assocn.,
vol. vi, 1851, and vol. vii, 1852.
M 2
148 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
And so passing along to the South-side of the Steeple :—'
ANNO DOMINI MILE SI MO QUINGENTESIMO TRICE I MO
TERTIO, RICHARD PLAT, MASTER MASON.
Over which, on the said South-side, above, near to the Little
Window under the Bells, is Ratcliffs Coat of Arms, Quartered
with another Coat, engraven in Stone. So that Mobberly Steeple
seems to have been built with Free-stone and the Church repaired,
Anno 1533, 24 Hen. 8.
In the Harleian Mss., fol. 306, preserved in the
British Museum, No. 2084, is the examination of
Richard Hasslewall'^ of Chester, free-mason, aged
82 years or thereabouts, as to the reparation of
the causey of the Dee. The date is about 1609-16.
Myles Hatton, *' a Mason in London," is entered
in the 1580 Visitation in Cheshire (Harl. Soc, vol.
xviii). He was the eldest son of John Hatton of
Sutton in Surrey, the grandson of Adam Hatton
of Northwood in Cheshire.
Again, Harl. Ms. No. 2093, fol. 205, contains
the Articles concluded the 6th of May, 1584, be-
tween Mr. Robert Brerewood, Maior of Chester,
and Allen Waymale, Mason, concerning the Con-
duit at the High Cross, Chester, to be made by
him. He was to build also a house of stone,
** wherein to place and sette a sestorne to be
** appointed by the said maior for receipt of the
'' freshe water thither to be brought.'' A pen and
ink sketch on page 208 shows ** a plattform for
** y« waterworks.'' In 16 Elizabeth [1573-4] a
contract (page 310) was entered into between the
Z2 The name of Richard Hasellwall, Hesillwall, or Hassylwall, occurs in
the parish books of the church of St. Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester, during the
years 1542 to 1589. From the shme books are recovered the names of other
masons: Thomas Wissewall, Wuswall, Wyswall, or Woswoall, the City
Mason, during the years 1538 to 1554 ; John Savage, 1544 ; Henry Biomeley
or Bromley, 1545 to 1550; Thomas Lewes, 1547-8 ; Roger Rede, 1548 ; Hery
Shepert, 1564; and Charles Whitehead, the City Mason in 1724 (Earwaker's
History 0/ the Parish and Chwch, 1898).
Freemasonry in Lancashire.
149
Mayor of Chester and Peter Morice for a conduit,
** to serve the said citie w^^ water continually for
'' ever/' He was to make a springhead at the late
well, called St. Gyles Well, and bring the water
with leaden pipes to the cross at the parish church
of St. Bride's.
The Manchester Registers contain the following
entry : —
Feb. 12, 1603-4. — Humfrey son of Edward Holland ffree-
mason Baptpsed.]
The late Mr. Earwaker, to whom I was indebted
for this note, informed me that Edward Holland
had been previously styled '' Gentleman/'
Some years ago my
brother called my atten-
tion to a monument men-
tioned in a Harl. Ms.,
No. 2 15 1, as existing in
Mr. Wilbraham's chapel
on the south side of Ashton als Acton Church, 21
Apl., 1596, to Peter Ashton and Elizabeth his wife,
bearing these curious arms.
Acton or Aghton is in Nantwich hundred, county
Chester. Two shields of arms are represented :
one contains a black mullet or five-pointed star on
a white field, the arms of Ashton ; the other shield
bears a set square, marked with measuring spaces,
and a pair of compasses placed in a very unusual
form of combination. The heraldic colours which
are given in the Ms. are worth notice : a gold
square and black compasses on a white field.
It must riot be forgotten that the square and
also the compasses were not the peculiar emblems
of the masons, but were used also by the carpenters
as builders.
In the Raines Mss. (xxiv., fol. 387) is the fol-
lowing simple entry, no more being given : —
150 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
Articles of Agreement made 20 April 1638 Between John
Culcheth of Culcheth Esq. of the first part & Daniell Sefton of
Ornieschurch Freemason of the 2^ part. To build 20 yards of
walling over the River of Glasebrook &c.
In the year 1885 the Society printed in its
journal some notes of deeds referring to Arthur
Bentley,'Hhere called Freemason, in the years 1621
and 1622. Evidently he was a man of some little
importance, as he then became possessed of the
fairs held at Knutsford.
In the Parish Register of Walton occurs the
baptism, August loth, 1637, of Margaret, daughter
of Edward Turner, Freemason, for a knowledge of
which I was indebted to Mr. W. Fergusson Irvine.
Among the monuments remaining of ancient
craftsmen, a few may be mentioned. For a know-
ledge of the handsome brass in Lancaster Parish
Church to Thomas Gardner, I have been indebted
to Mr. John Atkinson, who very kindly obtained for
me a very carefully made rubbing. From this my
drawing was made. The engraving on the original
measures 15! inches in height and 10 J inches in
width. Above is the arms of the Worshipful Com-
pany of Masons of the City of London, granted in
1472. No other company or guild of masons in this
country, so far as I am aware, ever obtained a
grant of arms ; one and all adopted the arms of
the London company, making a difference by
varying the tinctures of the field or of the bearings.
Little or no information was to be obtiined
about Thomas Gardner, so on applying to Mr.
W. 0. Roper, he very kindly searched the corpora-
tion books of Lancaster, in which the name appears
as ** Thos. Gardner, mason," and that he was one
of those who perambulated the boundaries of the
borough in 1682. Mr. Roper also tells me that in
13 The name of Bentley occurs during the 17th century, in the books of the
Masons' Company of London.^
V •
PLATE XVI.
H. d. OP L AND C
TkOMAS Gardner
AUMH/lNQFlAND^SrEB
DiedJuiythej^
AnnoD(SiiJ7I2
IN THE ^ Year
OF HIS Age
Brass in the Parish Church, Lancaster.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 151
Lancaster Church there is another brass, to
** Ellen, Relict of Thomas Gardner of Lancaster.
** Died May y« 26^^^ i/^S) in y^ 73*^^ Year of her
Age '' — probably the widow of Thomas Gardner,
who survived her husband three years.
There was also a John Gardner, whose claims
in connection with the building of the town-hall in
1670 were referred to arbitration. No doubt they
were members of the same family, perhaps father
and son.
Various ** Company es of Tradesmen" were
established in Lancaster by royal warrant in 1688.
The masons, however, are not included.
From the above information, so kindly furnished
by Mr. Roper, it is clear that Thomas Gardner
was an operative mason of some considerable
importance, being elected mayor in 17 10. It is
singular that the masons are not found among the
other incorporated trades ; perhaps they had al-
ready been established in Lancaster some time
previously.'^ They often occupied a prominent
place among the trades, as at Gateshead, where,
in the deed of incorporation given by John Cosin,
Bishop of Durham, dated 24 April, 1671, the
'* ffree masons" occupy the first place in the list
of trades incorporated, followed immediately by the
carvers, stonecutters, and sculptures, under the
name of a ** Communitie, ffellowshipp and Com-
** pany." Their annual assembly was to be held on
the **four & twentieth day of June, commonly
'' called the feast of St. John Baptist."
The parish register of Lymm, county Chester,
records that on the 29th April, 171 1, Jemima the
daughter of John Gatley, freemason, was baptised.
Other monuments occur : that in the churchyard
14 The njvme Gardner is found among the members of the Masons* Com-
pany of London in the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth
centuries.
152 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
at Rochdale: — **Here lyeth Benj. Brearly'^ Free
** Mason, who died Feby. 1737.'' It is interesting
to note that a very handsome jewel in the posses-
sion of Mr. M. C. Peck, of Hull, which bears on
the reverse **J. Brearley, fecit/' Mr. Clarke, to
whom the jewel originally belonged, stated that the
two Brearleys were brothers.'^
Of town guilds, that of Preston is one of the
most interesting in the country. Little appears to
be known of the company of masons in particular
(or perhaps no one has thought it worth while
to make the necessary search for them), except
that at various times they walked in the
procession at the Guild Merchant. Curious
engravings of the procession [** B. Mayor,
**del. et sculp. Pub^ accords to Act, 1762, by
** T. Anderton ''] will be found in the History of
Preston in Lancashire, together with the Guild
Merchant, London, 1822. These are taken from an
earlier work-. The Guild Merchant of Preston, or
Preston Guild Corporation, Manchester, Thomas
Anderton, 1762, which is a very rare book. Of
that of the masons I give a reduced facsimile. In
the same work there is also a plate of the arms.
The history of the Masons' Company of Preston
would be an interesting subject for enquiry.
I may call attention to the long aprons and
the squares worn round the neck by the members of
the company. Preceded by ** music,'' consisting
of a fiddle and a pipe, followed by a banner bearing
the arms, walk two figures carrying short batons, and
wearing short aprons ; then six men, two and two,
15 An account, with a woodcut, of the grave stone of Thomas Brierly, in
the church-yard at Mellor, appeared in the Siret/ord DivUian Advertiser of
August the 26th, 1898. The stone records ** he made his ingress July i6th,
** 1785." As this is the only date mentioned in the paper, it is not clear that
It refers to his birth. The slone is covered with masonic emblems.
16 Note by Mr. W. J. Hugham, in the ^^ HisU of the Royal Union Lodge,
Cheitenham, iSiS'iSSS.*'
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 153
and wearing long aprons, reaching below the knee.
It must, however, be remembered in considering
the aprons that in 1762 Freemasonry was firmly
established as a society, and some of the figures
in the procession of masons may be intended for
both operatives and speculatives.
The arms are given on plate iii. Another plate
is given of the Company of Carpenters,'^ who wear
rounded aprons much smaller in size than those of
the masons.
The carpenters of Preston appear to have been
incorporated in 1477, but I have been unable to
trace the date of the incorporation of the masons,
which seems at some time to have included the
bricklayers and builders.
At a later period the Free Masons joined in the
procession, and in 1822 they appeared in the
thirteenth place, immediately before the Corpora-
tion, **in full suits of black, united to the number
*^ of 4 or 500 in one Craft Lodge, and supported by
^'the presence of Thos. Parr, Esq. of Poole,
^^D.P.G.M. for the county of Dorset.'' (I.
Wilcockson, The Guild Merchant of Preston, in the
year 1822, p. 59.)
The Chester guild of masons was joined to the
goldsmiths. I must not omit to mention here the
miracle plays performed by the trades of Chester
during three days at Whitsuntide. To the gold-
smiths and masons was given ^* The Slaughter of
'* the Innocents.'''^ It has several times been
17 The Arms of the ** Masons " is, Sable, a chevron Argent between three
single towers; Crest, a single tower; Motto, In God is all our Trust.
Behind is a trophy of masons working tools, compasses, mallet, square, etc.
The Arms of the •' Carpenters, etc.," are given, Quarterly, I, The Carpenters'
Company: 2, Coopers' (wrongly engraved) ; 3, Joiners'; 4, one quartering
of the Painter Stainers ; Crest, a stag's head erased ; supporters, two stags.
18 It is, perhaps, worth noting that in York the ** Masonns" were responsible
for "The coming of the three Kings to Herod," and the **Golde Smythis,"
" The coming of the three Kings to Herod : the adoration." At Coventry
the Painters were associated with the Masons. In 1581, the Masons of
Newcastle had "the plaie antiently named *The Buriall of our Lady Saint
** * Mary the Virgin.' "
^54 Freemasonry in Lancashire,
repeated that in assigning the various plays to the
different trades some care seems to have been
taken to make the arrangement appropriate. The
whole series of plays or pageants included incidents
in the Bible, commencing with the fall of Lucifer,
and ending with the coming of our Lord to give
eternal judgment.
At the commencement of the orders for the
performance of the plays at Chester, on the 4th of
June, 1600, we read, under No. 10 in the list :
You, gouldsmythes and masons, make comely shewe,
Howe Herode did rage at the retorne of those kinges.
And how he slewe the small tender male babes,
Being under two yeares of age.
This appears to have been a revival of the plays,
which may account for the number of transcripts
made of the Chester plays in the closing years of
the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seven-
teenth centuries.
Of the masons' marks found in the two counties,
thanks to the kindness of friends, I was able to
submit to the Society the best series of marks ever
published for any county or counties. I have
copies of many others, but would ask those suffi-
ciently interested in the study of marks to collect,
as occasion permits, any that may be found. Par-
ticularly I would ask for those in St. John's
Church, Chester, the ruins of the abbey of St.
Werburg, and those on the walls of the city. The
position on the stone, the size of the marks, and
any other peculiarities would be of considerable
interest.
Masons' marks, I think, however, belonged
essentially to operative masons ; speculative or
gentleman masons joining operative lodges in
Scotland received them, but there is no evidence
that they were in any way connected with the old
speculative lodges.
Z
Ul
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 155
Finding that no one had attempted an examina-
tion of the masonic records referring to Ashmole
and Randle Holme, in the year 1880 I made the
attempt to do so, and I very carefully analysed
these two early entries relating to Lancashire and
Cheshire Freemasonry. The result was published
in my first notes on Freemasonry in Warrington
fMas, Mag., Dec), and in the following year the
second series of notes followed, on Freemasonry in
Chester (Mas. Mag., Jan. and Feb., 1882). Since
that time very little has been added to our informa-
tion on the subject, though I must not forget to
mention the important discovery made by Mr.
Conder, to which I shall refer at a later period.
I was fortunate enough to obtain copies of a
number of wills, which appear to suit very well
those names given in the entries of Ashmole and
Randle Holme. The conclusion then arrived at
was— and I have seen no good reason for changing
it since — that almost all of the masons present at
the lodge held at Warrington on the i6th of Octo-
ber, 1646, were gentlemen, or at least persons
occupying a position or occupation which precluded
them from being operative masons.
These papers have been for some years out of
print, and they will naturally form the basis of my
present remarks.
One of the surviving lodges of which I have
spoken above existed at Warrington. Of its
rules and regulations, as also of the ceremonies
carried on, we are told absolutely nothing. There
was a report among masons, some years ago, that
in the hands of a private person at Warrington
there existed some papers or minutes referring to
this or some other early lodge. Personally I have
never been able to discover any foundation for the
report, nor could my good and kind friend, the late
Mtv William Sharp, who knew perhaps more about
156 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
the masons and masonry of his native town than
anyone else, give any information on the subject.
I mention the report nevertheless, as it is only by
continued searching and v^atching that we may
I ever hope to find and rescue papers which may
I throw a flood of light on the history of the craft.
I The entries referring to Freemasonry in the diary
of Elias Ashmole were not printed until 1717, in a
small edition which has now become comparatively
scarce. They were not noticed by Anderson in the
first edition of the Book of Constitutions issued in
1723, the fact being, perhaps, as other matters are
also omitted, that it was not until he prepared the
second edition, in 1738, that he had made any
search for definite records bearing on Freemasonry.
Indeed the 1723 Constitutions is what it was
probably intended to be — a somewhat superficial
and general history of the building art. In the
second edition Anderson has extended the in-
formation and produced a larger book, utterly use-
less for the purpose, for which the ** Old Charges "
of masonry were originally intended.'^
After the time of the publication of the entry in
Ashmole's diary relating to the lodge of freemasons
at Warrington, it has often been more or less
correctly repeated, but the subject as to the real
character of the lodge has rarely been seriously
discussed. Much has been based on the statement
in an edition of William Preston's Illustrations of
Masonry that Ashmole was elected a fellow as a
singular favour ; chapter and verse for such a con-
clusion it would have been as difficult then as now
to produce.
It has also often been stated, following incorrect
copies, that ** fellow crafts" are mentioned, but no
X9 See the question of these publications in the Transactions of the Quatuor
Coronati Lod^e^ voi. viii, 1895, P* i^^» ^Zlt ^49» ^53' The Constitutions of
1738, perhaps one of the most valuable works for the early history of the
Grand Lodge, has been printed in fac-simile by this lodge.
4
L-
€
■4-1
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 157
such words, as will be seen from the fac-simile,
occur in the original. It may be well to give at
once the two well-known entries from the diary
referring to Freemasonry : —
H r
1646, Oct: 16. 4-30 PM. I was made a Free Mason at War-
rington in Lancashire, with Coll: Henry Mainwaring of Karni-
cham in Cheshire. The names of those that were then of the
Lodge [were] M"^: Rich Penket Warden, M"*: James Collier,
M^: Rich. Sankey, Henry Littler, John EUam Rich: Ellam
& Hugh Brewer.
H
March, 1682, 10: About 5: p.m. I rec^: a Sumons to appe[ar] at
a Lodge to be held the next day, at Masons Hall London.
II. Accordingly I went, & about Noone were admitted
into the Fellowship of Free Masons,
S^: William Wilson Knight, Cap^ Rich: Borthwick, M"^: Will:
Woodman, M^: W"^ Grey, M'': Samuell Taylour & M"^
William Wise.
I was the Senior Fellow among them (it being 35 yeares since I
was admitted). There were p'*sent beside my selfe the Fellowes
after named.
M"^: Tho: Wise M"^: of the Masons Company this p^'sent
yeare, M"^; Thomas Shorthose, M"^: Thomas, Shadbolt, Wainds-
ford Esq' M*^: Nic^: Young. M"": John Shorthose, M*": William
Hamon, M"^: John Thompson, & M': Will: Stanton.
Wee all dyned at the halfe Moone Taverne in Cheapeside, at a
Noble dinner prepaired at the charge of the New=accepted
Masons.
It has for some time been known that Ashmole
was not a member of the Masons' Company of
London, though, as he himself tells us, almost all
the persons he names were. It is, then, clear that
the *^ Fellowship of Freemasons" was a lodge of
separate freemasons more or less speculative. Had
Ashmole been a member of the Masons' Company,
he, so particular in notifying his other associations,
would surely have mentioned this one, though it is
worthy of note that he was ^'made a mason" in
1646 and calls himself the '* senior fellow" in
1682, the word being, I think, used in reference
to the '' fellowship." The use of this word,
and imperfect copies of the entry in the diary,
158 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
gave rise to the incorrect statement that
** fellow -crafts '^ are mentioned. The latter
portion of the sentence referring to the other
** fellows/' I take to bear the same meaning.
Whether this is what is intended or not, I would
submit that it does not enter directly into the
question. Ashmole himself was not a member of
the Masons' Company, and yet he was summoned
to appear at a lodge, and was the senior fellow
present ; formerly I supposed that he therefore took
the chair, according to the old custom, and became
the acting *^ Master.'' This may have been the
case ; but if it were, I think Ashmole would have
entered such an event in his diarv. Moreover, I
am inclined to believe that, following the custom
of the Company, this lodge possessed its proper
presiding officer. The meeting, therefore, although
held in Masons' Hall, could not be a meeting of
the Masons' Company; otherwise why was Ash-
mole, the ** senior fellow" present, *^ summoned"
to, and present at, what must have been a private
meeting, where a number of gentlemen were ad-
mitted fellows ? I have left this argument as I
wrote it eighteen years ago, and shall refer to the
subject again.
Ashmole leaves no record in his diary as to his
attendance at any lodge between 1646 and 1682 ;
but it is worth remarking, that although he was
first admitted to the ** Fellowship " at Warrington,
he was summoned thirty-five years afterwards to a
lodge held in London ; is particular to specify that
Mr. Thomas Wise was the master of the Masons'
Company ; and is equally particular to call the
** Fellowship" that of the ^* Free Masons," except
where he writes of the ** New-accepted Masons."
To. these points it will be necessary to refer again.
I was indebted to my friend, the late Mr. William
Beamont, of Warrington, for the use of his printed
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 159
copy of the Memoirs of Elias Ashmole, published
by Charles Burman, Esq., London, 1717. This
was the first edition printed gf the diary ; and the
copy from the original Ms. used for this edition, it
is stated in the preface, is in the handwriting of
Robert Plot, L.D., collated by David Parry, M.A.,
both in their time keepers of the Ashmolean
Library.
Dr. Robert Plot was a friend of Ashmole ; some
entries relating to him occur in the diary.
December 10, 1677. — Dr. Plot came to me, to request me to
nominate him to be Reader at Oxford, of the Philosophical
Lecture upon Natural Things. I told him if the University
liked him, he should have my Suffrage.*^
August 18, 1684. — Dr. Plot sent from Oxford to visit me,
came to me.
Nov. 19, 1684. — Dr. Plot presented me with his Book, {fe
Origine Fontium^ which he had dedicated to me.
May 23, 1686. — Dr. Plot presented me with his Natural
History of Staffordshire,
7 October, 1687. — I^^* Plo' came to me at my Office, and
told me, that the Earl Marshal had chosen him Register of the
Court."
It must not be forgotten that Dr. Plot, in his
History of Staffordshire^ several times mentions and
gives some interesting particulars about the Free-
masons. This is, however, so well known, and
has been so often reprinted, that.it is not necessary
to do more than mention it here. The History of
Staffordshire was printed in the year 1686." '
The preface of the first edition of Ashmole's
diary is dated from Newington, Feb., 1716-17, and
signed Charles Burman. In Mr. Beamont's copy,
with what authority I know not, some one has
20 Dr. Plot brought a letter of introduction from J. Evelyn, dated White-
hall, 7th December, 1677. It is printed in full at the endof Ashmole*s diary.
21 He was made Mowbray Herald Extraordinary, and Register of the
Court of Honour.
22 Of. Mr. R. F. Gould's History of Frtemasimrv^ ii, 163, on this subject*
i6o Freemasonry in Lancashire.
written underneath the printed signature, ** alias
''Richard Rawlinson, LL.D/'^^
The writing is perhaps one hundred years old.
Allibone** speaks of John Burman as being the
stepson of Dr. Plot.
As already pointed out,^^ it is a somewhat sug-
gestive fact that the Sloane Ms., No. 3848, is thus
signed : ^' Finis p me Edwardu Sankey, decimo
** sexto die Octobris, Anno Domini 1646," the very
day Ashmole was initiated at Warrington.
It will be noticed that in the list of entries from
the Warrington Registers, subsequently given,
relating to the Sankey family, ** Edward, son to
*• Richard Sankey, Gent., Bapt. 3rd February,
** 1621-2," is mentioned. At the time mv notes on
these entries were published, I wrote to my friend,
the late Mr. William Beamont, about this signa-
ture, as he had examined a number of documents
referring to the family of Sankey. He replied that
he feared none of the writings he had examined
23 I repeat this note, as although the preface is signed Cliarles Burman,
I am not at all certain that we do not owe to Dr. Rawlinson this first
publication of the diary. A very valuable paper by Dr. Chetwode Crawley,
on Ashmole and the Rawlinson Mss., appeared in the Transactions, of the
Quatuor Corouati Lodge ^ vol. xi, 1898, pp. 4-44.
24 Vol. ii, p. 1609.
25 Early History and Antiquity 0/ Freemasonry ^ London, 1878, p. 137,
hy George F. Fort.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. f6i
contained an autograph of Edward Sankey. I give
here, therefore, a copy of the colophon for future
identification ; it is taken from the beautiful fac-
simile of the whole Ms. published by the Lodge
Quatuor Coronati, No. 2076.^^
On the 22nd November, 1639, Edward Sankey,
of Little Sankey. gentleman, son and heir of
Thomas Sankey, filed a bill in Chancery about the
rights of his property. For the present purpose it
matters little which of the two was the freemason.
If I were asked to express an opinion on the
Warrington Lodge of 1646, I should feel obliged
to say that, so far as I am able to judge, there is
not a scrap of evidence that there was more than
one operative mason present on the afternoon of the
i6th October, 1646 ; in fact, the whole of the evi-
dence seems to point quite in the opposite direction.
How far the following notes will bear out such an
opinion, I must leave to the judgment of others.
For astrological reasons Ashmole was particular
to note in his diary the exact hour and minute,
when possible, of all the events he enters of his
life, and from this diary the following notes have
been for the most part gathered.
He was the only child of Simon Ashmole, of
Lichfield, saddler, the eldest son of Mr. Thomas
Ashmole, of the same city, saddler, who was twice
chief bailiff of that corporation, by his wife Anne,
one of the daughters of Anthony Bowyer, of Co-
ventry, draper, by Bridget, his wife, only daughter
of Mr. Fitch, of Ausley, in Warwick, gent. He
mentions his uncles, Thomas and Ralph Ashmole,
the latter of whom died 29th October, 1675, and a
cousin, William Ashmole, saddler, of London. His
father, Simon Ashmole, died 1634, and his mother,
Anne Ashmole, died of the plague in July, 1646.
26 Masonic Reprints y vol, iii, part 2. Margate, 1 891,
N
I&2 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
Elias was born, as he himself informs us, giving
the precise time of the day, with his and Lilly^s
rectification of his nativity, on the 23rd of May,
1617, and was baptized on the 2nd of June, at St.
Mary's Church, Lichfield. His father served under
Robert, Earl of Essex, in Ireland and elsewhere
(a.d. 159—), and loved war better than making
saddles and bridles. By his improvidence the
family appears to have suffered severely ; but, for-
tunately for Ashmole, his musical voice caused him
to be noticed by James Paget, Esq. ,^7 the Puisne
Baron of the Exchequer, who had *' married to his
** second Wife Bridget, one of my Mother's Sisters,
** and Widow to . . . Moyre, a Confectioner in
'' London."
After having been made a chorister in Lichfield
Cathedral, and taught to play upon the virginals
and organ, he was sent to London in 1633, by
the influence of Thomas, the judge's second son.
Here he continued his musical education and
studied law, residing in the Temple, under the
patronage of his friend. In 1639 he tells us, that
** Peter Venables, Baron of Kinderton wrote to me,
** to take upon me the Management of his Law
** Business." On Feb. 6th, 1641, he was formally
admitted of Clement's Inn, and on the nth was
27 It is worthy of note that the MS. Constitutions in the possession of the
Lodge of Antiquity was ** Written by Robert Padgett Cleark to the Worshipp-
."full Society of the Free Masons of the City of London," &c., in the year
1686. Robert Padgett's name is not to be found in the books of the Masons'
Company of London. Ashmole was very intimate and connected by marriage
with the family of the Puisne Baron, and in 1651 Dr. Paget lent him
several " Chymical Manuscripts." On **June 14, 1652, 11 //or. ante Merid.^
"Dr. Wilkins [John Wilkins, D.D., afterwards Bishop of Chester, a writer
*'on Philosophy and Mathematics, &c.] and Mr. Wren came to visit me at
" Black-Fryers ; this was the first time I saw the Doctor." Ashmole is said
to have possessed a roll of perjtnmmtum ; but the possibilities these and
other points suggest are too numerous to enter into at the present lime.
It is nevertheless worth notice that it was stated by Dr. Knipe that Ashmole
had made collections for a history of masonry, all of which were burnt at
the fire which occurred at his rooms in the Temple. His diary records :
**i679, Jan. 26, 10 Hor, post Merid. — The fire in* the Temple began next
** Room to my chamber, and burned my Library, &c." '
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 163
sworn an Attorney in the Court of Common Pleas.
Many were the honours showered upon Ashmole;
as is shown by the following extracts from his
diary : —
1645, May 9. — I was entered a Gentleman of the Ordnance
[in the Garrison of Oxford] 9 ante Merid.
Dec. 8. — I was recommended to be Commissioner for the
Excise of Worcester, unknown to me, which when I knew, I
accepted, and prepared for my Journey thither.
Dec. t6. — The King caused Mr. to be out of the
Commission of Excise, and mine to be inserted in his place.
Dec. 19, 2 post Merid. — Mr. Swingfield and my self received
the Commission of Excise from the Clerk of the Crown.
Dec. 22. — I took my Journey from Oxford to Worcester,
10 Ant. merid., with Sir Charles Lucas.
Dec. 23, 8 Ant Merid. — I arrived at Worcester.
Dec. 27, II hor. 15 Min. ant. merid. — Mr. Jordan Mayor
of Worcester, Mr. Swingfield, and my self, took the Oath as
Commissioners of Excise in the Town-Hall, and thence went
unto the Office, and entered upon the Execution of the Com-
mission. The Commission bears Test the isth of December
preceding.
In 1646 he was made Receiver and Register.
A new commission was granted for the excise at
Worcester. He took the oath with others, and on
the 27th April was chosen Register.
On March 12, 1646, he records: —
I Ifor. post merid, — I received my Commission for a Captain-
ship in Lord Ashley's Regiment,^ and on May 22, Ten ante
merid.. Sir Ralph Clare moved me to take a Command about the
Ordnance in the Fort of Worcester.
June 12. — I entered upon my Command as Comptroler of
the Ordnance.
June 18, One IJor, Ten Minutes post merid. — I received my
Commission from Col. Washington.
July 24. — Worcester was surrendered, and thence 1 rid out of
Town according to the Articles, and went to my Father Main-
waring in Cheshire.
1657, Nov. II, 2 Ifor. 15 Minutes post Merid, — I was admitted
of the Middle Temple.
s8 Captain Ashmall, who was killed in single combat by Captain Key, one
of the garrison of Lathom House, during the siege, was, of course, not 9
Royalist.
N 2
\
164 Freentasonty in Lahcaskire.
In 1660, at the time of the Restoration, more
honours were added, for we find —
Sep. 3. — My Warrant signed for the Comptroler's Office in
the Excise ; and Oct. 24, 5 Hor, post merid. I came to the
Excise-Office and took possession of the Comptroler's Office.
Dec. 28. — I took my Oath as Comptroler of the Excise before
Baron Turner.
Nov. 2. — I was this Night called to the Bar in the Middle
Temple Hall.
Nov. 7. — I had my Admittance to the Bar in the said Hall.
1 661, Jan. 15. — I was admitted a Member of the Royal Society
at Gresham-College.
Feb. 9. — A Warrant was signed by the King for my being
Secretary of Surinam in the West-Indies.
In 1662 he was made one of the Commissioners
for recovering the King's goods. In 1668, ** Ac-
'' comptant-General in the Excise and Country
** Accomptanf in the Excise. In 1669 he was
made ** Doctor of Physick at Oxford," his diploma
being still preserved among his Mss. in the Bodleian
Library.
1674, May 29. — He records that ** About Five
^^ post merid. the Order was made in the Chapter
** House at Windsor, for Recommending me to the
'' Knights of the Garter."
In 1685 he first sat on the Commission of Sewers
and that of Charitable Uses. Of his Parliamentary
experiences Ashmole gives the following account ;
there is another reference on November 4th, 1677 :
1677, Dec. 19. — Having received several Letters from Lichfield,
to request me to stand for a Parliament-Man there ; I at length
consented, provided it was not too late ; and upon attempting it
by others for me, found it was so ; for I found the Magistrates
and Friends not so cordial to me as I expected, and therefore
drew off and would not stand.
Another attempt was made at a later date, an
account of which we also obtain from the diary.
1685, Mar. 2. — 5 Bor. 15 Minutes post merid. I received an
obliging Letter from the Bailiffs, Justices, &c., of Litchfield ; so
also from the Dean, inviting me to stand to be one of their
Freemasonry in Lancashire, 165
Burgesses for Parliament. I sent them Word that I would
stand.
1685, Mar. 3. — Whereupon they set about getting Votes for
me, and I found the Citizens very affectionate and hearty. About
a Fortnight after my Lord Dartmouth told me, the King would
take it kindly from me, if I would give way to Mr. Lewson.
Upon this I applied myself to my Lord Treasurer, and desired
to know of him the King's Pleasure, by whom I found it was
the King's Desire, and then I immediately wrote down, to
acquaint my Friends that I would resign ; but they would not
believe my Letter, which occasioned me to go to the King, and
let him know so much, who told me he did not know I stood
when he gave Mr. Lewson Encouragement to go down, for if he
had he would not have done it ; I told him I was all Obedience,
which he took very kindly. I then wrote down again to assure
them I would sit down, and so Mr. Lewson with the Assistance
of my Votes carried it at the Day of Election.
At the Restoration he was appointed Windsor
Herald, and records in his diary : —
1660, June 18. — 10 Ifor, ante merid. was the second Time
I had the Honour to discourse with the King, and thien he gave
me the Place of Windsor Herald.
June 22nd. — This Day the Warrant bears date.
The grant of arms he received from Sir Edward
Bysshe, Clarenceux, bears date May i6th, 1661.
From some discontent, probably owing to some
such cause as the one he records, ** that the Officers
'* of Arms seem unwilling to let him have the
** funeral-turn/' which would have given him a
considerable sum of money, he wished to resign his
office, and with some difficulty he obtained the
consent of Earl Marshal, on January 29th, 1675.
On the sudden death of Sir Edward Walker, Garter
King of Arms, February 20th, 1677, ^^^ Ashmole
wished, he could have succeeded him. Ashniole,
however, ** absolutely refused'' the honour, and his
father-in-law. Sir William Dugdale, was appointed.
Ashmole was married three times — it has been
said ** for affection, fortune, and esteem." He thus
informs us of his marriages : — ^
i66 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
1637, August 21. — I came to Smallwood, to Mr. Peter Main-
warings, to ask his Consent to Marry his daughter.
Sept. 4; — The second time I went to Smallwood.
'^ Sept. 16. — I returned to London.
1638, March 27. — I was Married to Mrs. Elianor Mainwaring,
eldest Daughter to Mr. Peter Mainwaring, and Jane his Wife,
of Smallwood, in Com. Cest , Gent. She proved a vertuous
good Wife. The Marriage was in St. Benedict's Church near
Pauls Wharf, by. Mr. Adams, Parson there.
She died on the 5th December, 1641, during
Ashmole's absence, and was buried near the west
end of the south aisle of Astbury Church, Cheshire.
His second wife, Mary, sole daughter of Sir
William Forster, of Aldermaston, co. Berks, Bart.,
Knight of the Bath, had been before married several
times : to Sir Edward Stafford, of Bradfield, co.
Berks, Knight ; Mr. Thomas Hamlyne (Blanch
Lion Herald) ; and Sir Thomas Mainwaring,
Knight, of the Inner Temple, sometime Recorder
of Reading. Her marriage, although Ashmole
appears to have been in no way to blame, proved
an unhappy one ; she lodged a suit against him,
which failed (in 1657), and died April ist, 1668.
It is thus recorded in the diary : —
1648, November 6. — Having several times before, made Appli-
cation lo the Lady Mainwaring, in Way of Marriage, this Day,
Eleven Hor, Seven Minutes, ante Merid.^ She promised me not
to Marry any Man, unless myself.
November 10. — Two Hor, Fifteen Minutes, post Merid. She
Sealed a Contract of Marriage to me.
November 15.— I was Sequestred of my Lands in Berkshire.
[Sequestration taken off Nov. 21st.]
. 1649, December 5. — The Lady Mainwaring was Sequestred
by the Committee of Reading, upon her Son Humfrey Stafford's
Information.
1649, November 16. — Eight Hor, ante Merid. — I Married the
Lady Mainwaring. We were Married in Silver-Street, London.
1657, Oct. 8. — The Cause between me and my Wife was
heard, where M' Serjeant Maynard observed to the Court that
there were 800 Sheets of Depositions on my Wife's Part, and not
one Word proved against me of ushig her ill, nor ever giving her
a bad or provoking Word* ,:-_.:.. ._ . ., ^.. .
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 167
Oct. 9.— The Lords Commissioners having found no Cause for
allowing my Wife Alimoney, did 4 Hor. post merid, deliver my
Wife to me ; whereupon I carried her to Mr. Lilly's, and there
took Lodgings for us both.
1668, April I. 2 Hor. ante mert'd.— The Lady Mainwaring,
my Wife, died.
He thus records his third marriage :
1668, November 3. — I Married Mrs. Elizabeth Dugdale,
Daughter to William Dugdale, Esq., Norroy King of Arms, at
Lincoln's Inn Chappel.29 Dr. William Floyd married us, and
her Father gave her. The Wedding was finished at 10 Hor, post
merid.
She survived him, and died at Lambeth, in April,
1701. Antony a Wood says that after Ashmole's
death she married a ** lusty man called John Rey-
**nolds, a stone-cutter, but had no issue by him/'
His gift to the University of Oxford is thus
recorded in the diary : —
1682, Aug. 16. — I went towards Oxford, to see the Building
prepared to receive my Rarities, where I arrived about 7 of the
Clock in the Evening.
1683, Feb. 15. — I began to put up my Rarities in Cases to send
to Oxford. Mar. 14. — The last Load of my Rarities were sent
to the Barge, and this Afternoon I relapsed into the Gout..
Ashmole died i8th May, 1692, and was buried
in the church at Lambeth, where a black marble
29 1668, October 24.— Elias Ashmole of t4ie Middle Temple Esq. Widrt
about 50, and Elizabeth Dugdale of St. Dunstan's West, Spr. aboiit 34: at
Gray*s Inn Chapel : alleged by WiUlam Hobbs, ofSt. Maity, Savoy, Gent.
Mar. Lie. Vicar Gen. Abp. o^ QixA^-^HapleiafiSociity. -- ^ - —
i68 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
slab at the east end of the south aisle is placed to
his memory. It bears the following inscription :
HIC JACET INCLYTUS ILLE & ERUDITISSIMUS
ELI AS ASHMOLE leichfeldensis, armiger,
INTER ALIA IN REPUBLICA MUNERA,
TRIBUti IN CERVISIAS CONTRA ROTULATOR,
FiECIALIS AUTEM WINDSORIENSIS TITULO
PER ANNOS PLURIMOS DIGNATUS.
QUI POST DUO CONNUBIA IN UXOREM DUXIT TERTIAM
ELIZABETHAM, GULIELMI DUGDALE,
MI LITIS, GARTERI, PRINCIPALIS REGIS ARMORUM, FILIAM ;
MORTEM OBIIT l8 MAII, 1692. ANNO ^TATIS 76.
SED DURANTE MUS^O ASH MOLE ANO, OXON,
NUNQUAM MORITURUS.
Near it is an achievement set up for him,
bearing quarterly, Sable and Or, in the first quarter
a fleur-de-lis of the second, for Ashmole ; impaling
Dugdale Argent a cross moline Gules, and a torteau,
with this motto, ** Ex una omnia."
Ashmole bought many libraries, and obtained by
deed of gift from John Tredescant all the collections
of rarities made by members of his family. Many
entries occur in this diary with reference to these
curiosities. One says, in 1664, May i8th, ** My
** Cause came to hearing in Chancery against Mrs.
** Tredescant.'' This he tells us. May 30th, 1662,
was ** for the Rarities her Husband had settled on
** me." On November 26th, 1674, he obtained
some of the ** Rarities " ; and on December ist he
records, ** I began to remove the rest of the Rarities
** to my house at South-Lambeth." It must be
remembered that Lambeth seems to have been the
home of the astrologers. A fire in Ashmole's house
destroyed some of his books and Mss. and his fine
collection of engraved portraits, but many of his
curiosities are preserved in the Ashmolean Museum,
which he founded and endowed^
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 169
Ashmole was the author of a number of works,3°
The History, &c.. of the Garter, 1672, being the
most famous of them. It earned him a great repu-
tation, and the King made him a special grant out
of the ** Custom of Paper.'' It is said that he made
collections for, and intended to write a history of
Freemasonry, but this never appeared. However,
we have in the *' Diary and Correspondence of
Dr. John Worthington,"^^ the following at p. 157 :
** I hear that Mr. Ashmole hath published the
** orders of the Rosy Crucians and Adepti ; can
** you tell me what esteem it bears ? "
The book here intended may be his Fasciculus
Chemicus, 1654, or Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum,
1652. The latter, Lowndes says, ** gained him
** great reputation and was the means of extending
** his acquaintance in the literary world."
As the subject is an interesting one, perhaps I
may be forgiven for adding the following note by
the late Mr. James Crossley, F.S.A., the editor
of the Chetham Volume, Worthington's Diary, &c. :
The work perhaps intended, though it scarcely
answers the description, is **The Way to Bliss, in
** three books, made pubHc by Elias Ashmole, Esq.
'' Qui est Mercuriophilus Anglicus." (Lond., 1658,
4to.) The object of this treatise, the author of
which, Ashmole informs us, was without doubt an
EngHshman, **but has hitherto passed with us
'* among the anonymi," and which ** seems to be
*' written about the beginning of the late, or end of
'* the former century," was to prove the possibility
30 A list may be found in Watt, Lowndes, Anthony k Wood, Ac.
31 *' Chetham Society," vol. xiii. Entries relating to Ashmole also occur
in the reprint of Newcome's Diary^ published by the Chetham' Society,
vol. xviii, and Autobiography of Hntry Newcome^ vols, xxvi, xxvii, principally
relating to his repeated visits to Cheshire and Siaffordshire. It must be
remembered that Newcome married July 6th, 1648, Elizabeth, daughter of
Mr. Peter Main waring, of Smallwooii, and sister to Ashmole's first wife. It
was to Col. Mainwaring that Newcome was indebted for the living of Gaws-
worth^ in the county of Chester (AutoHography^ PP* 16, 18, 61, &9.) -
X70 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
of such a thing as the philosopher's stone. The
*' laborious searcher" who found the manuscript of
this treatise was most fortunately directed to three
grains of powder, closed up between two leaves
thereof, with which he made projection ! The
judgment of the writer of Ashmole's life, in the
*' Biographia Britannica'' (who was Dr. Campbell,
the author of ** Hermippus Redivivus ") on the book
itself, is almost as astonishing as this circumstance.
He says *' it deserved the pains that both Dr.
** Everard and Mr. Ashmole bestowed upon it, for
** beyond all doubt, in the genuine edition of our
** author, it is the best and most sensible book in our
'^ language y I rather agree with Dr. Dibdin, who
pronounced it '* a work invincibly dull,'' and **a
** farrago of sublime nonsense." — ** Biblomania,"
p. 387. Probably neither of us have the true
Hermetic vein, which only, ** Pauci quos aequus
'* amavit Jupiter " are blessed with. Dr. Campbell
might be one of those more favoured readers of
whom Ashmole speaks (** Fasciculus Chemicus,"
London, 1650, i2mo, prolegomena).
** It is a cause of much wonder, when he that
** reads, though smatteringly acquainted with na-
** ture, should not meet with clear satisfaction ;
** but here is the reason : Many are called but few
^^ are chosen. 'Tis a haven towards which many.
** skilful pilots have bent their course, yet few have
'* reached it. For, as amongst the people of the
** Jews, there was but one who might enter into the
** holy of holies, (and that once a year,) so there is
'* seldom more in a nation whom God lets into the
** sanctum sanctorum of philosophy, yet some there
f * are. But though the number of the elect are not
**many, and generally the fathom of most men's
** fancies that attempt the search of this most subtle
** mystery is too narrow to comprehend it, their
'*' strongest r^as.on loo weak to pierce the depth, it
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 171
*'lies obscured in, being indeed so unsearchable
*' and ambiguous, it rather exacts the sacred and
'• courteous illuminations of a cherub than the weak
'' assistance of a pen to reveal it, yet let no man
** despair/'
The address to the **Way to Bliss,'' which is
dated April, 1658, was a kind of farewell to Her-
metic Philosophy on the part of Ashmole. He had
fortunately by this time discovered that readier way
of acquiring the elixir, which old Anthony Wood,
with his usual dry humour (and, though Aslimole
was a man after his own heart, Anthony could not
forbear the joke), has indicated. ** But," observes
he, (Athen. Oxon. ii, 891) after enumerating his
Hermetic collections, ** the best elixir that he en-
** joyed, which was the foundation of his riches,
** wherewith he purchased books, rarities, and other
** things, were the lands and jointures which he
*' had with his second wife Mary, and widow of Sir
'* Thomas Mainwaring, of the Inner Temple, Knt.,
*.' sometime steward of Reading." From the refer-
ences in his diary to his disputes and litigations
with his second wife, it may be surmised that
Ashmole occasionally found to his sorrow that the
possession of the elixir is not always the ** way to
** bliss." Of Ashmole, who was connected by his
two first marriages with the Cheshire family of
Manwaring or Mainwaring, and who is too inter-
esting a subject to be compressed within the few
lines at present allowed, a fitter opportunity will
occur to 5peak in the preface to Dr. Dee's
** Autobiographical Correspondence." [This refers
to a future volume of the Chetham Society.]
The above is a short sketch of some of the
principal events in the life of this extraordinary
man, who has been called **the greatest virtuoso
** and curioso that was ever known or read of in
England-" . . - ^ - •
172 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
William Lilly, when writing hivS own life, ad-
dressed to Ashmole, says : — ** I may seem to some
** to write incredibilia ; be it so, but knowing unto
** whom, and for whose only sake, I do write them ;
** I am much comforted therewith, well knowing
** you are the most knowing Man in these curiosities
** of any now living in England/'
The time of Ashmole's introduction to Lilly
marks the period of his life most interesting
to freemasons — the year 1646, as it was during
the same visit to Cheshire that he was made a
freemason at Warrington. After Worcester was
surrendered by the king's troops, Ashmole, as
mentioned above, rode out of the town and went
to stay with his father-in-law, Mr. Peter Main-
waring, in Cheshire. The following entry occurs
immediately after that recording his initiation at
Warrington. The next entry, Dec. 3rd, records
his first acquaintance with Mr. John Booker.
1646, Oct. 25. — I left Cheshire and came to London about
the End of this month, viz. the 30 Day, 4 Hor,, post merid.
About a Fortnight or three Weeks before I came to London, Mr.
Jonas Moore brought and acquainted me with Mr. William
Lilly ; it was on a Friday Night, and I think on the 20th Nov.
This was the beginning of a friendship which so
much influenced the thoughts and actions of Ash-
mole, and some notices of which occur in his
diary.
1652, Jan. 29. — Ten Ilor. ante Merid, Mr. Lilly gave me his
Picture in 0)1 Colours, of which there never had been copy
taken.
1670, Octob. 8. — I moved my Lord Archbishop of Canter-
bury for a License for Mr. Lilly, to practise Physick, which he
granted.
1672, July 20. — I and my Wife went to Mr. Lilly's where we
stayed till September the 2nd.3*
' 32 Thefe are several other entries relating to visits paid to Lilly, &c. ** 1651,
''Oct. 20th.— Mr. Lilly gave me several old Astrological Manuscripts.'*
Freemasonry in Lancashise. 173
Besides the libraries, &c., of Milbourn, Hawkins,
John Booker, and Dr. Dee, Ashmole bought that
of William Lilly, who died 1681, as he records in
his diary :
i6lir, June 12. — I bought Mr. Lilly's Library of Books of his
Widow for 50/.
A recent writer on the subject of Freemasonry
credits Ashmole with having written *' an elaborate
'' history of the Knight Templars.'' This is an
error. The full title of his book, published in. 1672,
is. The Institution^ Laws^ and Ceremonies of the most
noble Order of the Garter, The same writer adds :
** It is not impossible that Elias Ashmole may have
** sought a knowledge of the mysteries of Free-
** masonry, presuming, perhaps, upon the service
'* it might afford him in preparing his history of
**chivalry.'M
Pepys appears from his diary to have attended a
meeting of the Astrologers' Club at Lilly's house
on Oct. the 24th, 1660. He went with Mr. Spong,
and met Ashmole and others there, going home
with Mr. Rooker [Booker], *'who did tell me a
** great many fooleries, which may be done by
** natiuities." He ** found Ashmole a very in-
** genious gentleman."
It would appear that after the taking of Wor-
cester, in 1646, Ashmole devoted himself to his
profession and various other branches of science,
until the Restoration, when he again took office
under King Charles II. Mixed up with the literati
of the time, and having, it is evident, a great love
for mysticism of all kinds, such a fellowship as
that of the Freemasons would have a peculiar
fascination for him ; and to this, more probably,
his initiation was due.
The following entries from his diary show how,
on his return to London, he connected himself
with the ** Hermetic art."
174 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
1647, Feb. 14.— The Mathematical Feast was at tlie White-
Hart in the Old-Baily, where I dined.
1649, Aug. I.— The Astrologers Feast at Painters-Hall, where
I Dined.
1649, Octob. 31. — The Astrologers Feast.
1650, Aug. 8. — 1 being at the Astrologers Feast, two Hon
post Merid,, I was Chosen Steward for the following Year.
165 1, Aug. 14. — The Astrologers Feast at Painters-Hall,
London.
1653, March 18. — The Astrologers Feast was held.
1654, Aug. 22. — Astrologers Feast.
1656, Aug. 29. — This Day the Astrologer*s Feast was held.
1659, July 2. — Was the Antiquaries Feast.
1659, Nov. 2 — Was the Astrologer's Feast.
1682, July 13. — The Astrologer's Feast was restored by Mr.
Moxon.
1683, Jan 29.— The Astrologer's Feast was held at the Three
Cranes in Chancery-Lane. Sir Edward Deering and the Town
Clerk of London were Stewards.
This meeting is no doubt the one referred to in
Gadbury's Ephemeris for 1684, where there is an
advertisement of a sermon by Mr. Swan, preached
by command of Sir Edward Bering and Henry
Crisp, Esq., the last of the Stewards of the
*' Learned Society of Artists and Astrologers." ^3
Ashmole records in his Diary on March 15, 1681 :—
** Mr. Butler, the Minister and Astrologician,
** brought me acquainted with Sir Edward Deering,
** Brother to Sir Edward Deering, now one of the
** Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.
On June 6th, 1648, Ashmole ** entered upon the
** Study of Plants," and '* for the first time I went
**a Simpling." In January, 1651, he ** began to
'* learn Seal-graving, Casting in Sand, and Gold-
** smiths Work." He records in February, 1652 —
'* About this time I began to learn Hebrew of
'' Rabbi Solomon Frank."
Ashmole was admitted a member of the Royal
Society at Gresham College on the 15th of January,
33 Cf, Trans, Ledge Quatuor Coronafiy 1898, vol. 1 1, page 141.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 175
1661, but, unlike maiiy of the great men of his
time, does not seem to have indulged in the fancy
of becoming an architect. Perhaps his character
is well expressed in his own statement under the
date June the i6th, 1647, eight months after he
was made a mason : —
One Hor. post merid.y it pleased God to put me in Mind, that
I was now placed in the Condition I always desired, which was,
That I might he enabled to live to myself and Studies; without
being forced to take Pains for a Livelihood in the World: And
seeing I am thus retired, according to my Heart's Desire, I
beseech God to bless me in my Retirement, and to prosper my
Studies, that I may faithfully and diligently serve him, and in all
Things submit to his Will ; and for the Peace and Happiness I
enjoy (in the Midst of bad Times) to render him all humble
Thanks, and for what I attain to in the course of my Studies, to
give him the Glory.
His building operations were of the simplest
character, though it is interesting to notice the
formal procedure of some part of the work.
1675, April 17. — .... The same Morning I agreed with
my Carpenter for building the additional Rooms I made to my
House at South-Lambeth.
May 5. — Ten Bor. 20 Minutes anU pierid. I laid the first
Stone of my New Building there.
July 15. — This Morning a Jury of Sewers set out my Brick
Wall made towards the High-way at my House at South-Lambeth.
1677, Feb 28. — 7 hor, ante merid, I laid the Foundation of
my back Buildings to my House at South Lambeth.
1684, May 5.-2 Hor, post merid, I laid the Foundation of
my new Stable.
There may still be those who would wish us to
believe that Ashmole had so much influence in
freemasonry that he was able to change it to its
foundations. I do not believe it for a moment.
Had he played such an important part in its
development, it is almost certain there would have
been other references in his diary. His vSympathy
appears to have been more inclined to those who
preferred the vague imaginings of mystics, astrolo-
gers and charm-seekers, the 17th century originators
176 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
of ^'Zadkiel" and **01d Moore," as may be seen
from the pages of his diary. It is quite impos-
sible that the freemasonry of to-day resembles
in every particular that of very early times. The
main precepts and laws — the landmarks, in fact —
are probably identical ; but circumstances, fashion,
tinkering, and ignorance have caused alterations to
be made. The symbolism has changed ; no doubt
new symbols have been added, largely from igno-
rance of the real meaning and secrets of the
freemasonry of our forefathers.
Ashmole was an avStrologer, and numbered
among his friends almost all those whose names
have come down to us as identifying themselves with
that line of thought ; in fact, it would perhaps have
been difficult in his time to find anyone with an
ordinary amount of education who had not at least
some sympathy with the ** Science." As mentioned
above, the friendship which existed between Ash-
mole and Lilly was very great ; but that between
Ashmole and Backhouse was evidently of quite a
different character.
It seems absurd to state that Ashmole '* called
* father ' one Backhouse, an adept, in Fleet-street,
over against St. Dunstan's Church," when the
Diary makes it quite clear who Ashmole's friend.
Backhouse, really was. The following are the
entries relating to the name ; they are worth
notice, because Mr. William Backhouse was
evidently supposed to be in possession of the
** great Secret," or the **true Matter of the
Philosopher's stone," which he communicated to
Ashmole. If the Way to Bliss of 1658 was a farewell
to ** Hermetic Philosophy," it only, at most, took
five years to prove the value of the legacy : —
1651, Feb. I, Three Bor. Thirty Minutes pcs^ Merid.—l
agreed with Mrs. Backhouse of London, for her deceased Hus-
bands Books.
V
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 177
This was probably Christian, dau. of William
Williams of London, merchant, and wife of Nicholas
Backhouse of London, who died in 1650. His
son was Sir William Backhouse of Swallowfield,
Bart., high sheriff in 1654, of whom Ashmole
records : —
1669, Aug. 22. — Sir William Backhouse of Swallowfield dyed.
Sep. 21. — I went towards Swallowfield to serve at the Funeral
of Sir William Backhouse.
Sep. 28. — He was buried at Swallowfield.
William Backhouse was the brother of Sir John
Backhouse, Knight of the Bath to Charles L Ash-
mole records : —
165 1, April 3, Post Merid. — Mr. William Backhouse of Swal-
lowfield in Com. Berks, caused me to Call him Father thence
forward.
April 26, Five I/or, Thirty Minutes /<?j/ Metid. — My Father
Backhouse brought me acquainted with Lord Ruthin, who was a
most Ingenious Person.
June 10.— Mr. Backhouse told me I must now needs be his
Son, because he had communicated so many Secrets to me.
Octob. 9. — My Father Backhouse and I, went to see Mr.
Goodier, the great Botanist, at Petersfield.
Nov. 12. — Sir John Backhouse of Swallowfield, his widow dyed.
1652, Mar. 10. — This Morning my Father Backhouse opened
himself very freely, touching the great Secret.
April i2.^-This Morning I received more Satisfaction from my
Father Backhouse, to the Questions I proposed.
1653, May 13. — My Father Backhouse lying Sick in Fleet-
street, over against St. Dunstan's Church; and not knowing
whether he should live or dye, about Eleven of the Clock, told
me in Syllables, the True Matter of the Philosophers Stone,
which he bequeathed to me as a Legacy.
1662, May 30. — My Father Backhouse dyed this Evening at
Swallowfield.
June 17. —This Afternoon my Father Backhouse was buried in
Swallowfield Church.34
Ashmole informs us that he was made a Freema-
son **with Coll. Henry Mainwaring of Karnicham."
34 For a pedigree of the family of Backhouse of Swallowfield, see Ash-
mole's Visitation of Berkshire, 1664-66, edited by Mr. Walter C. Metcalfe,
F.S.A., 1882.
178 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
This is usually taken as meaning that they were
both ** made" Freemasons at the same time.
The family of the Mainwarings of Kermincham
was a younger branch of the old Cheshire family
of the Mainwarings of Peover. Randle Main-
waring, the first of Kermincham, established
himself there about the year 1445, his father (of
the same name) having purchased the manor in
that year. His great-grandson, Randle Main-
waring, of Kermincham, Esq., added to his estates
by the purchase of lands in Swanley and Barnshaw,
and his son, Henry Mainwaring, Esq., was High
Sheriff of Cheshire in 1575. The latter was buried
at Swettenham on the i6th March, 1617-18,
leaving his estates to his grandson, Henry Main-
waring, of Kermincham, Esq., who died in the
year 1638. By his first wife, Mary, daughter of
Anthony Kinnersley, of Loxley, co. Stafford, Esq.,
whom he married about 1607, the latter was the
father of Henry Maiiiwaring, his eldest son and
heir, afterwards known as Colonel, Mainwaring.
Born about the year 1608, in 1626 he was married
at Gawsworth to Frances, fourth daughter of Sir
Edward Fitton, of Gawsworth, county of Chester,
Bart., and one of the co-heiresses of her brother.
Sir Edward Fitton, Bart. The license for this
marriage, as filed at the Bishop's Court, Chester,
is dated 12th June, 1626, and the settlement after
marriage is dated 20th March, 1626-7. For some
years he appears to have resided at Barnshaw, as
he is called of that place in 1633, but on the death
of his father in 1638 he succeeded to Kermincham.
At the outbreak of the Civil War he attached
himself to the Parliamentary party, and is not
unfrequently mentioned in the records of the
fighting which took place in Cheshire and the
neighbouring counties ; his father-in-law, on the
Other hand, being one of the most devoted adherents
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 179
to the royal cause. He was the father of three
sons (Roger, Edward, and Peter) and four
daughters. His eldest son and heir-apparent died
before his father in 1660 ; but by his wife Sarah,
daughter of Randle Ashenhurst, of Ashenhurst,
county Stafford, and Beard, county Derby, Esq.,
left issue a son, Roger, who ultimately, as will be
mentioned, succeeded his grandfather. Of the
other two sons, the one, Edward, became a clergy-
man in Cheshire, married and left issue, and the
other, Peter, died in 1664, unmarried.^^
It is recorded in Newcomers Autobiography ^^^ ** On
** September loth, 1649, I went with Colonel Main-
*' wareing's two sons, Peter and Edward, to Cam-
** bridge, and admitted them under Mr. Pickering,
*' Fellow of St. John's College, fellow commoners.*'
On turning to the Histoiy of East Cheshire^^^ I
find the following: — ** In February, 1643-4^ he
** [Lieut.-Colonel Robert Duckenfield] attacked and
*' took Wythenshawe Hall, and on May 25th, 1644,
** he, together with Colonel Henry Mainwaring,
** commanded the forces sent to guard Stockport,
** and to prevent Prince Rupert's march into Lan-
** cashire."
And again, ** Macclesfield does not seem to have
** played any important part during the Civil War.
'* It is said to have been attacked in 1643 by Sir
** William Brereton on behalf of the Parliament,
** and taken from Sir Thomas Aston, the Royalist,
'* who defended it on behalf of the King, and that
** subsequently the Royalist Colonel Legh, of Ad-
** lington, endeavoured to retake it from Colonel
** Henry Mainwaring, but unsuccessfully."
35 The above account of the Mainwaring family was kindly supplied
to me by my friend, the late Mr. J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A , from his MS.
Cheshire Collections.
36 *< Chetham Soc./' vols, xxvi and xxvii.
37 By J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A. ; rol. ii., p. 13. /^iV/., p. 471,
2
i8o Freemasonry in Lancashire.
Another account adds a little more to our know-
ledge 3^:—
[1644, May 24.] — Upon Friday they [Prince Rupert and his
army] advanct towards Lancashire and lodged at Knutsford.
Upon Saturday [25th] they advanct towards Stockport, where
Col. Mainwaring and Col. Duckenfield were with their companies,
but they left the town and fled into Lancashire.
[May] 26th [1643-4]. 39 — Captain Ogle and Captain Rawstorne
were allotted .for the ac'con, but they like good p'vident fellows,
ihrifty of their owne lives, pVented the Capt. this hono'r [Cap-
tain Mosley to make a sally out next morning with two hundred
men], who heaieing of the Prince's [Rupert] victorious entrance
into the Countrey (by the defeate of Col. Duckenfield, Main-
waring, Buckley, and others who kept the passe at Stockport, the
second key of the county) stole away betwixt 12 and i o'clock in
the night.
Prince Rupert's march was for the relief of
Lathom House. Warrington was surrendered
May 27, 1643/° for
when, after a fortnight's attendance, there happened that unfortu-
nate surprise of the Lord Goreing in Wakefield, which utterly
disenabled her majesty to spare him any relief; which the
Governor of Warrington (Colonel Norris) understanding, after
^wt days siege, gave up the town, the greatest key of the county,
to the enemy, and all his lordship's forces, then with the Lord
Molineux and Colonel Tildsley, marched down to York.
1644, Jan. 25. — In the north-west, the regiments recalled from
Ireland, had been beaten and almost entirely cut to pieces by
Fairfax, under the walls of Nantwich in Cheshire.^^
The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on
July 2nd, 1644, and on the 15th May, 1645, Chester
was relieved by the King ; on the 14th June
following the King was defeated by Fairfax, at the
38 Civil War Tracts of Lancashire, Chetham Society, vol. ii., p. 187 ; The
First Siege of Lathom House, Harl. MS., 2074.
39 Ibid., p. 182; and Siege of Lathom House, App. to Memoirs of Colonel
Hutchinson, Bohn, p. 489. In the same account a Lieut. Pencket is men-
tioned as having been one of the garrison of Lathom. Captain Rawstorne
was also there.
40 Siege of Lathom, Bohn, p. 492-3.
41 Guizot, History of th< Enj^Hsh Revolution, translated by W. Hazlitt,
p. 229.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. iSi
Battle of Naseby. Chester surrendered to the
Parliament on the 3rd February, 1646.
Of Colonel Mainwaring there is little more to
relate. In 1662 he came to Manchester ; for
Newcome records in his diary, 1662 : ** Munday,
*' August 4th, Col. Manw : came in & was w*^ me
** a little while." His family, as owners of Barn-
shaw, had certain small yearly payments reserved
to them, which passed in the middle of the last
century to the Mainwarings of Peover, when they
purchased that lordship.
Fee farm-rents were paid in 1656, 1660, 1662,
1676,^^ &c., to Colonel Henry Mainwaring, of
Kermincham, and in 1685 to Roger Mainwaring,
Esq., who, we see from the will, was his grandson.
It is clear from the will of Colonel Mainwaring,
here printed, that for some reason, in the year 1672,
perhaps finding himself becoming advanced in
years, he had given up Kermincham, and made it
over to his grandson and heir-apparent, Roger
Mainwaring. He then retired to live on one of his
smaller estates at Blackden, near Goostrey, co.
Chester.
In Newcomers Autobiography j^^ under the year I684,
it is recorded :— ** I heard of the death of old Col.
** Mainwaring: and of gratitude to him for kind-
** nesses in the former part of my life. I resolved to
*' go to his funeral, and so did on December 2nd."
Thus he died, at a ripe old age, having lived
through troublous times, and had he survived but
a few months would have lived to see King Charles
II pass away. Whatever the opinions of the side
he took in the politics of his time, it is some satis-
faction to us to know that one who played so
important a part in the history of his native county,
and of England, was also one of the ** Fellowship
42 ^fltf/ C>5«^iVv, vol. ii, p. 361. Chelford Deeds.
. _ : ^3 cijetham Society, vols, xxvi, and xxvii, p. 257.
1 82 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
'* of Freemasons.*' The following is an abstract
of his Will :—
In the Name of God, Amen,
15 Dec, 1680. I, Henry Mainwaring, of Blackden, co.
Chester, Esquire, being aged and weake in body. My body to
be buried at the discretion of my Executors.
Whereas by a deed of settlement dated 30 April, 24 Charles II
[1672], made between me the said Henry Mainwaring, by the
name of Henry Mainwaring of Kermincham, co. Chester,
Esquire, and my grandson Roger Mainwaring, my Executor
hereafter named, by the name of Roger Mainwaring, grandson
and heir apparent of the said Henry Mainwaring, upon the one
part, and Sir ffulk Lucy, late of Henbury, co. Chester, Knt.,
deceased, Thomas Kinnersley, of Loxley, co. Stafford, Esquire,
Richard Bradshaw, of Pinnington. co. Lane, Esquire, and Sir
James Bradshaw, now knight, by the name of James Bradshaw,
of the City of Chester, Esq., upon the other part, this particular
clause, amongst divers others, is specified, that from and after the
decease of the said Henry Mainwaring and Frances his wife, the
sum of ;^iooo, part of ;^i5oo, should be paid for the use and
benefit of the sisters of the said Roger Mainwaring, and that the
;^5oo residue should remain in the hands of trustees for securing
the jointure of Mary [wife of the said Roger Mainwaring] from
all manner of incumbrances made by the said Henry Mainwaring,
but if the said jointure be clear at the death of the said Henry
Mainwaring then the said ;^5Po to be disposed of as the said
Henry Mainwaring shall by his will appoint. Now I do bequeath
the said ;£5oo to my said grancli^n, Roger Mainwaring, towards
the clearing and securing the premFses linfltfed in the jointure of
his said wife, from the incumbrances in the said deed of settle-
ment mentioned, and for the payment of any debts which I owe
to my said grandson, Roger Mainwaring, and I make my said
grandson, Roger Mainwaring of Kermincham, co. Chester,
' Esquire, my sole Executor.
(Signed) Henry Mainwaring (very shaky).
Armorial seal nearly illegible.
Sealed, signed, &c., in the presence of Edm. Jodrell,
SamueU Leadbeater, John Dudley (?),
Thomas Whittingham.
Proved 28 Jan. 1684-5]. Endorsed, Col. Mainwaring's Will.
We are not informed by Ashmole who occupied
the place of Master on the i6th of October, 1646,
of the lodge at Warrington-; but the name of Mr.
Richard Penket, warden, occurs first on the list ;
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 183
it does not therefore seem unlikely that he filled
the chair.
My friend the late Mr. Beamont, of Warrington,
was kind enough to place at my disposal his papers
on the Penkeths of Penketh, of which family
there is no doubt the Warden of the Lodge at War-
rington was a member. I was not a little pleased
to find that Mr. Beamont, who was not a mason,
had made the same identification with regard to
Richard Penketh the Freemason as myself.
The Penkeths of Penketh were an ancient
family ; Thomas de Penketh was one of the jurors
to the inquisition post-mortem of Thomas Boteler of
Bewsey, the lord of Warrington, 24th July, 1441.^
From the Heralds' Visitation of Lancashire, made
by St. George in 1613, it appears that Richard
Penketh^s of Penketh, who died circa 1570, married
Margaret, daughter of Thomas Sonkey, of Sonkey
[gent.], and had a son, Thomas Penketh, of Pen-
keth, county Lancaster, who married Cecilye,
daughter of Roger Charnock, of Wellenborough,
county Northampton, Esq., whose son Richard
(dead in 1652) married Jane, daughter of Thomas
Patrick, of Bispham, in the county of Lancaster.
This no doubt was the Richard Penketh who was
a Freemason at Warrington in 1646.
Mr. Beamont was of opinion that he was twice
married. This is probably the case, for in the
parish register at Warrington there is the following
entry : —
159^1 June nth — Richard Penkethe, Gent, and Mary
Etoughe.
By his (second) wife Jane, ^^ he left an eldest son
and heir, Thomas Penketh then living, aged three
years, and three daughters. In an interesting
44 Lancashire Itiquisitions^ vol. ii, Chetham Society.
45 Chetham Society, p. 132; also Visitation^ 1567.
4^ Visitation^ 161 3.
u
184 Freemasonry in Lancashire^
account of the early history of the Roman Catholic
Mission in Leigh, Lancashire,^^ it is stated that
the earliest missionary priest of Leigh was Father
John Penketh, alias John Rivers, who was serving
there in 1678 and again in 1693, and was for six
years confined in Lancaster Castle for high treason,
under the act of 27 Elizabeth. He appears also
to have been at one time a soldier in the French
army.
On entering the English College, Rome, 165 1
(Oct. 20), he gave the following account of him-
self ^«:—
My name is John Penketh, alias Rivers. I am son of Richard
Penketh of Penketh, in the County of Lancaster, Esquire, who
married the daughter of Thomas Patrick of Bisham, in the same
county, gentleman. I was born and bred up in my father's
house, and am now twenty-one years of age. My father, before
his death, had spent nearly all his fortune, and left very little to
my mother. My relatives are of good families, but reduced to
poverty in these evil times. I am the youngest of thirteen
children, and have only two brothers and one sister out of the
thirteen living. Most of my relatives are Protestant, but my
father, with all his family, on^ brother excepted, were always
Catholic, &c.
Father Penketh died on the ist August, 1707,
aged 71.
In 1 64 1, the House of Commons, on the motion of Mr. Pym,49
having resolved on a protestation to defend the privileges of both
Houses, and the performance of those duties to God and the
King to which they were obliged as good Christians and good
subjects, Herleso (Clarendon's History of the Rehellion, vol iii,
p. 181) and his curates, Nicholson, Gee, and Norman, his three
men servants, and a number^ of his parishioners signed the
required protestation.
47 Lei^h Chronicle Scrap Book^ vol. ii, Nos. 162, 163. From Foley's
Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus,
48 See also Foley's Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus^
vol. V, pp. 328-9, 330-1, 335, 346, 401 ; vol. vi, pp. 382, 450, 455, 695 ; vol.
vii, pp. 1401, 1445.
49 History of JVinwich, by William Beamont, p. 42.
50 Rev. Charles Herle, then Rector of Winwick.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 185
Among a long list of names is entered that of a
Richard Penketh.^^ Mr. Beamont writes^^ : —
When the list of seats in Warrington Church was made, in
1628, Richard Penketh's name does not appear among the
parishioners ; but in January, 1642, when the protestation was
signed to maintain the Protestant Religion, &c., Richard Penketh
was one of those who subscribed to it, and we hear of him again
in the entry in Ashmole's diary, &c.
It is difficult to reconcile this with the statement
of Father Penketh, made in 1652, that his father
'^was always a Catholic." I am, therefore, in-
clined to believe that this was not the Richard
Penketh of Penketh, Freemason.
Lieut. Penketh was one of those in Lathom
House at the time of the siege in the year 1643.
Father Penketh states that his father spent nearly
all his fortune before his death, and Mr. Beamont
writes,^^ '^ Penketh Hall, the ancient seat of the
*' Penkeths, seems to have changed owners much
'' about the same time that Bewsey, the time-
'* honoured residence of the Butlers [Bewsey Hall,
** near Warrington] passed into the hands of
''strangers; for, in the year 1624, ^^ ^^^ Sir
" Thomas Ireland exchanging with Thomas Ashton
"the hall and demesnes of Penketh, late the in-
" heritance of Richard Penketh,'* &c.
From this it would appear that Mr. Richard
Penketh, Freemason, was the last of his race who
held the family property, and that with him also
commenced the downfall of the ifamily.
One more member of his lineage, although not
bearing on the subject, deserves a note. Thiswasthe
celebrated Thomas Penketh,^^ who was a monk of
51 History of Winwick^ by William Beamont, p. 43.
52 Papers on the family of Penketh, in the Warrington Guardian^
1881 (?).
53 Warrington in 164s t P- x. note, Chethan> Society.
54 The work of Johannes Duns Scotus, Scriptum in quatuor libros senten-
tiarum was **Per excellenttissinium sacre theologie doctore magistriim Thoma
1 88 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
Collier, Freemason, mentioned by Ashmole ; but
there seems to be every probability that such is the
case. Mr. James Collier, or Captain James Collier,
as he is called in the endorsement of his will, must
be the same as the one entered in the pedigree.
He holds lands in Newton-le-Willows ; his wife is
named Ellen, and ** her brother, Bretherton," is
mentioned. Although the will is endorsed as being
made i8th April, 1668, it was not proved until 21st
March, 1673-4, which agrees with the entry of his
death from the parish registers of Winwick.
*' Captyn Collyer'' was taken prisoner with others
in the year 1643, when Stafford was surprised by
Colonel Brereton and his troops.^^ Among the
Royalist Composition Papers^® is the petition of
James Collier of Newton, which sheweth that
** before the beginning of these distractions" he
held part of his estate from the Earl of Derby, by
which subservience he was occasioned to bear arms
against the Parliament, but about three years then
previously he had laid down his arms, and as his
house had been plundered, his goods taken, and
estate sequestered, he had been forced to live where
he could procure his necessary maintenance.
Having taken the National Covenant and Negative
Oath he submitted himself, praying that some rea-
sonable fine might be imposed upon him (9 May,
1646). The National Covenant and Negative Oath
were taken by him in March and April, 1645. Par-
ticular of his estate, worth £2/\. a year.
The family of Sonkey, or Sankey of Sankey as
they were called, were landowners in Warrington
at a very early period, as appears from a charter
circa 1275.^^ They held Little Sankey and Great
. 57 Civil War in Lancashire, Lane, and Chesh, Record Soc, vol, xix, p. 55.
58 Lane, and Cheshire Record Society ^ vol. xxvi., p. 72.
59 Warrington in i^dj^ by William Beamont, p. 46 n. Chetham Society.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. i8g
Sankey, the former in the parish of Warrington,
and the latter in that of Prescot. The property
in Little Sankey was held under the Botelers, the
Lords of Warrington, and evidence is extant that
from time to time homage was done by them for
these lands.
In the Warrington parish registers are the fol-
lowing entries among the baptisms^ : —
1591, Feb. 22nd. — ^Joane, dau. to Edward Sonkey, Gent.
1595, Aug. i2lh. — AUis, dau. to Edw^ Sankey.
162 1-2, Feb. 3rd. — Edward, son to Richatd Sankey, Gent.^^
1628, Aug. loth. — Margaret, dau. to Richard Sankey, Gent.
1 631, Sep. 4th. — Eleanor, dau. to Richard Sankey, Gent.
1636, April 19th. — Alice, dan. to Richard Sonkey, Gent.
1639. May 27th. — Sen John [St. John], son to Richard Sankey,
Gent.
And also among the burials : —
1635, June nth. — Ellen, dau. to Richard Sankey, Gent.,
Buried.
At a later period in the same registers are
the following entries : —
1634, Mar. 25th. — Cha^ son to Richard Sankey, baptised.
1635, Ap. 30th. — Chas, 5Qn to Richard Sankey, buried.
And finally : —
1667, Sep. 28th. — Buried, Mr. Richard Sankie.
As the Warrington parish registers only com-
mence in 1 59 1, there is no record of the marriage
of Richard Sankey.
The hamlet of Sankey, like that of Penketh, lies
close to Warrington, and coupled with the fact
that at no very distant date a Penketh married a
Sankey of Sankey, as mentioned above, it is not
extraordinary to find two such near neighbours
and blood relations associated together as Free-
60 Local Guanines* Magazine^ 1879-80, p. 136, &c.
61 This Edward Sankey is the one I suppose copied and signed the Sloane
MS., possibly for Ashmole.
igo Freemasonry in Lancashire.
masons. Like the Penkeths, many of them be-
longed to the Roman Catholic religion.^*
The names to which the distinguishing title
'* Mr." is apparently not intended to be prefixed
are Henry Littler, John Ellam, Richard Ellam,
and Hugh Brewer.
There was certainly a gentle family of Littler or
Lytlor settled in Cheshire at this time.
In the inquisition post mortem of Sir Richard
Bulkeley, Knt., of Cheadle, in Cheshire, taken at
Northwich, 8 April, 6 Edward VI (1552), the name
of Robert Lytlor, of Wallerscott, appears as a
juror.^3
In the Inquisition post mortem^^ of John Davenport,
Esq., who married Anne, daughter of Randle Main-
waring, of Karincham, taken at Northwich, Sept.
nth, 1582. Richard Lytler, gent., is one of the
jurors. The same appears again as a juror in the
inquisition post mortem^^ of Sir John Savage, Knt.,
taken at Chester, ist October, 41 Eliz. (1599).
In the inquisition post mortem^ of Thomas Leigh,
Esq., of Adlington, taken at Chester, 7 Oct., 44
Eliz. (1602), is the name of Ralph Litlor, of
Wallerscote, gent.
And again, in the inquisition post mortem^'^ of
Thomas Wyche, gent., taken at Middlewich, 16
Sept., 17 James (1619), the marriage of his son,
Richard Wyche, gent., with Anne, daughter of
Robert Littler, of Tarven, is mentioned.
John Littler was Alderman and Justice of the
Peace for Chester in 1603, and Mayor in 1605 ;
6a Foley's English Province of S,% vol. ii, p. ii6^ 135, 411, 569; v,
p. 5«3 5 vi. P- 5^» 529 ; vii, p. 685, 1400.
63 Earwaker's East Cheshire, vol. i, p. 175.
64 liiii., vol. ii, p. 382, n,
65 /did., vol. i., p. 190.
66 /du/., vol. ii., p. 241, n,
67 /^,, pp. 621, 623.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 19 1
he died on the 2nd of April, 1619, and was buried
at Chester.^^
Richard Littler, junr., gentleman, is mentioned
in the list of town-clerks in 1627. Cuitt's History
of Chester, 181 5, p. 265 ; Ormerod*s History of C he-
shire , new edition, vol. ii, p. 222.
The administration and inventory of Thomas
Littler, of Burtonwood,^ a hamlet within a mile or
two from Warrington, dated 1674, are preserved
among the wills at Chester.
A good yeoman family bearing the name of
Ellam has long been resident in the parish of
Winwick and the neighbourhood.^^
In the list of persons above eighteen years of
age within Winwick and Houlme (an adjoining
hamlet, on the high road between Warrington and
Winwick), who took the Protesta4:ion Oath before the
Rector of Winwick, we find : William Ellam, sen.,
John Ellam, and William Ellam, jun. The will of
Alice Ellam, of Croft, in the parish of Winwick,
widow, dated 1636, is in the Probate Court of
Chester ; and there is also the will of Thomas
Ellam, of Croft, in the parish of Winwick, dated
1612.^° The John and Richard Ellam mentioned
by Ashmole were doubtless members of this family,
a probable branch of which had apparently settled
at Lymm, a village in Cheshire, about five miles
from Warrington. I here give the will of Richard
Ellam, Freemason, and that of John Ellam, hus-
bandman, but cannot assert that either refers to the
person mentioned by Ashmole. The description in
the will of Richard Ellam of ** Freemason,'' refers,
68 Cheshire Funeral Certificates^ Record Society of Lancasliire and Che-
shire, vol. vi, p. 134. The inventory of his goods is preserved at Chester.
69 In Foley's Records of the English Pfovincc of the Society of Jesus ^ vol.
vi, p. 409, a William Ellam, born at Genoa, of English parents, is mentioned.
70 Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire ; Index to the Wills at
Chester,
192 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
of course, to the ** trade of Freemasonry/* but it is
more than likely that he is the Richard mentioned
by Ashmole. At the same time, this John Ellam
may have been a Freemason, and the brother of
Richard mentioned in the will. He appears to
have been more wealthy than Richard, leaving, as
he did, goods to the value of over ;^i65, and a
tenement.
The 7th day of September, Ano. Dom., 1667.
In the Name of God, Amen. I, Richard Ellom of Lyme
[Lymm], co. Chester, freemason, being sick and weak in body-
My body to the earth to be buried in Christian burial, at my
Parish Church of Lyme, or otherwhere it shall please God to
appoint the same. Whereas I have an estate of the messuage
and tenement wherein I now dwell by force of one Indenture of
Lease, heretofore made by Richard and Maria Domvill, late of
Lyme aforesaid, Esq., deceased, bearing date 16 Feb. 16 Charles
II [1664], for the term of 99 years, if the said Richard Ellom
and William Ellom his son, or either of them, so long live. I
assign all my said messuage, &c., immediately after my decease,
unto ray brothers, John Ellom and Peter Ellom, for the use,
education, &c., of all my children, until the youngest is 18 years
of age. My will is that my eldest son William shall have all my
said messuage, &c., for his life, paying unto my said brothers,
John Ellom and Peter Ellom, or their Executors, ;^io within
2 years after he shall enter the said messuage, &c., and the said
;^io to be employed to the use of the youngest child or children
of the said Richard Ellom then living. All my goods, cattle, &c.,
I give unto my said brothers, John Ellom and Peter Ellom, for
the bringing up of my said children. And I ordain my well-
beloved brothers, John Ellom and Peter Ellom, Executors, and
desire my wellbeloved friend, William Leigh of Rushgreen, and
my loving brother in law, Richard Ratlife, to assist my said
Executors. Dated 7 Sep., 19 Charles II, 1667.
(Signed) Richard Ellom (in a shaky hand).
Before the sealing of the within written deed the said Richard
Ellom did give to his son, William, the dishboard in the house
to stand as an heirloom, and then signed and sealed in the
. presence of
Margaret Mosse her /^ mark. William Leigh.
Proved 17 Jan. i669[-7o].
The Inventory was taken on 10 Oct., 1667, by John Leigh
and Peter Martin. Total 77 li. i6s. cod.
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 193
Will of John Ellam.
In the name of God. Amen. 7th June, I. William [1689].
I John Ellams, of Burton, co. Chester, husbandman, being of
perfect memory.
First. My body to be buried in Christian burial, at the dis-
cretion of my Executors hereafter mentioned. Item. I leave
one half of my tenement in Burton, now in the possession of my
son in law Samuell Lighfoot, with half the housing thereunto
belonging, to my wife Alse [or Alice] Ellams after my decease,
so long as she liveth, if the lease so long last."
Item, All the rest of my household goods, husbandry ware,
cattle &c. I leave to my daughter Elizabeth Ince, and my
daughter Ann Ellams and my daughter Alse Ellams after my
decease, to be equally divided amongst them, paying my funeral
expenses, debts, &c., only I leave to my daughter Ann Ellams,
one colt that is 2 years old, and also one other colt that is 2
years old I leave to my daughter Alse Ellams. Leavmg.my wife
Alse Ellams, and my daughter Ann Ellams, my sole Executors,
revoking all other wills by me made.
(Signed) John Ellams, his mark (in a very shaky hand).
Witnesses — John Cawley, Robert Moulsdale.
Proved 27 July, 1689.
A true and perfect Inventory of John Ellams of Burton late
deed. Both of goods and cattle made the 6th day of July, 1689,
by Thomas Bruen, Richard Ince, and Robert Moulsdale.
Total i65li. 02s. o8d.
The last name is that of Hugh Brewer. Up to
the present time I have been unable to identify
him. The name Brewer belongs to the north
country, and one branch, a yeoman family, was
settled at Broughton, in Lancashire, in the middle
of the seventeenth century.^'
The family of Brewer was one of considerable
antiquity, having intermarried with the Eyres of
Fishwick Hall. Their estate in the adjoining
township of Ribbleton, called The Lodge, remained
in the family until the beginning of the present
century. The family became extinct on the death
of the Rev. Henry Brewer, O.S.B., of Brownedge,
in 1840. Another estate at Newton-with-Scoles
passed to the Gillows, by the marriage of Richard
7^ Royalist Composition Papers^ Record Society, vol. xxiv, p. 239, etc,
P
ig4 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
Gillow, of Singleton, Esq., with the sister and
heiress of Henry Brewer, the representative of the
elder branch of the family in the middle of the last
century/^
The administration bond and inventory of John
Brewer, of Lymm, gentleman, dated 1730, is pre-
served at Chester ; and the inquisition post mortem
of John Bruer, Esquire, of Cheshire, is dated the
nth of December, 1626.^^
One of the name was also mixed up in the great
rebellion. In the account of the burning of Lan-
caster, from Mercimus AtUicus, March 26 to April 2,
1642-3 (p. 159), is the following: —
March 22 (1642). — Serjeant Major Brewyer, who commanded
his Lordship's [Lord Derby] regiment of horse, did with a troope
of his defeat two troopes of dragooners, being 140 in the totall,
under the command of Captaine >Ioriis, taking the Captaine
himself prisoner, together with 40 of his soldiers, and having
killed no lesse than 50 in the very place. 7+
Thus end my notes on the persons present at the
lodge of Warrington in 1646 ; but* it will be neces-
sary to consider for a moment the second entry in
Ashmole's diary. From it we learn that the lodge
in London included, in the year 1682, the names of
Mr. Thomas Wise, Master of the Masons' Company this present
year ; Mr. Thomas Shorthose ; Mr. Thomas Shadbolt ; . . .
Waindsford, Esquire^s ; Mr. Nicholas Young ; Mr. John Short-
hose ; Mr. William Hamon ; Mr. John Thompson ; and Mr.
William Stanton ;
72 Foley's English Province of the Society of /esus, vol. vii, p. 82. See also
vol. i, p. 682 ; vol. V, pp. 325, 870, 882, 909.
73 Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. Lancashire and Cheihire
Records, vol. vii, p. 184.
74 Civil War Tracts in Lancashire. Chetham Society, vol. ii, p. 86. The
name of Brewer occurs in the Lancashire Royalist Composition Papers*
Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, vol. 24, p. 239-242.
75 Mr. Gould suggests {History of Freemasonry, vol. iii, p. I43«.) that
this is Rowland Rainsford, a member of the Masons' Company. This may
he so, but the use of *' Esquhe " might suggest a connection of Sir Richard
Rainsford, Lord Chief Justice. The following entry appears in the Books
of the Company — "1677 [1678], January 15. Rowland Raynsford, late
** apprentice to Robert Beadles, Citizen and Mason, made free,"
\
ig6 Freemasonry in Lancashire.-
Company Lodge, but contains the general receipts
and expenditure of the Company itself, the entries
often being very vshort. Among these general
accounts, here and there were found certain refer-
ences to money received and payments made on
account of the speculative lodge, some very full,
and others disappointingly concise.
Mr. Conder, from the books of the Company, was
enabled to identify the whole of the names of those
present at the Lodge held in 1682 as being
members of the Company, except Sir William,
Wilson, Knt., and Capt. Richard Borthwick.
^^ Sir William Wilson, Knt.,'' is no doubt the
Sir William Wilson, stated in Le Neve's List of
Knights, '^^ ** of ye Towne and County of Leic[ester]
*^ Knighted at Whitehall 8 March 1681." In
Harwood's History of Lichfield (1806, p. 72) appears
the following : — ** On the top of the roof, betwixt
^* the two spire[s], is the image ol K. Charles II,
*^ erected at the expense of Bishop Hackett [d. 21
** Oct., 1670, aet. 79], anLd] which* was the work of
** Sir William Wilson, originally a stone-mason
** from Sutton Coldfield, who, after marrying a rich
** widow, arrived at the honour of knighthood." ^^
He was an architect, but little seems to be known
of his buildings : he is also said to have rebuilt the
spire of Warwick Church, after it had been burned.
He died about the year 1702.
Captain Richard Borthwick was, most probably,
connected with one of the branches of the family
of which some of the members made claim to the
Barony of Borthwick, at the end of the eighteenth
century. Captain Henry Borthwick was killed at
the battle of Ramilies, in 1702.
78 Pitbiications of the Harhian Society, vol. viii, p. 362.
79 See also Murray's Cathedrals, Lichfield, p. 272. In Jones' Index to
Records, I, occurs: '*Ch. II, Wilson (Wilhelmi) Creatm. ad Dignitatem
Baronetti. 7 pars, original, anno 13 [1661-2]. Rotulo 63."
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 197
The first entry discovered takes back the record
of English non-operative or speculative Free-
masonry to the year 1620 ; this is contained in
the earliest book yet found of those belonging to the
Company; but from the form of the entry and other
matters, I think, with Mr. Conder, that there must
certainly have been earlier meetings of this lodge.
The members were *^ accepted" masons, and so
generally dalled throughout the entries, as Ashmole
himself writes of them as **the New Accepted
^* Masons." A list of names ^'in a faire enclosed
*' frame with lock and key" is entered in the
inventory of the goods in and about the hall of the
Masons' Company, dated June 14th, 1663, ^^d
again in that of July 4th, 1676, when it is
described as **a faire large table of the Accepted
'' Masons," showing that the number of this body
must have been considerable.
The '^Accepted Masons" were a body of men
not necessarily belonging to the Company, who
paid certain fees for their *^acception," though this
ceremony and payment did not carry with it the
freedom of the Company. It was a separate body
of what we should call speculative masons attached
to the operative Company. It was evidently entirely
under the control, so far as payments were con-
cerned, of the Company, for it is clear by the old
cash book that ihe payments made by the accepted
masons were in some cases entered to the credit of
the Company, and the expenses of a meeting of
the acception were charged on the other side of
the book, It would seem, however, that in some
cases, when the amounts paid by the accepted
masons equalled the sum required to defray the
costs of their *' acception," no entry appears. If it
exceeded this amount, a regular entry was made ;
if, on the other hand, more was expended than- was
received, the. difference was made up from the
igS Freemasonry in Lancashire.
ordinary funds of the Company. Whether the
accepted masons paid any quarterage to the
general funds is not clear, as each item is not
specified in the old cash book ; I think they did
not. No minute book or cash book of the accepted
masons has up to the present time been discovered.
It is only from this invaluable old general book of
accounts that Mr. Conder has been able to collect
the scattered and in some instances imperfect
entries, all of which — many being in fac-simile — he
has given in full in his works already referred to.
In 1666-67 the Masons' Company received its
new charter from Charles II, and, as Mr. Conder
suggests, some difficulty must have arisen as to
including the accepted masons in the incorporation.
Thus, in April, 1677, the court of the Company
decided to expend the ** six pounds remaining in
** the hands of the Renter Warden, which was left
** of the last Accepted Masons' money, be laid out
** for a New Banner." This amount, £^, os. 5^., is
credited in the accounts at the beginning of the
same year. Such a sum, as a balance, would indi-
cate the ** acception " of several masons, whose
names, it is to be regretted, have not come down to
us. Could the ** Renter Warden's booke," mentioned
in an earlier minute, be recovered, our knowledge
would doubtless be much increased. He evidently
kept an account of the sums received by him from
the Accepted Masons. It seems probable that about
this time the lodge became more distinct and sepa-
rate from the Company.
I have entered into this somewhat at length, as
it distinctly points out that the names of many
accepted masons, and probably also members of
the Masons' Company Lodge have been lost.
It must become a question, what arrangement
was made when a mason made at one place wished
to join a lodge situated at another ; what proofs
Freemasonry in Lancashire. 199
were produced, and what was the form of the in-
troduction or examination. One portion of the
difficulty might be explained by the New A rticles,
{see Had. Ms., No. 1942, and Grand Lodge Ms.,
No. 2 ; ReprintSj Lodge Quat. Coronal. , vols, ii and
and iv) : —
That noe p'son hereafter which shall be [an] accepted ffree
Mason, shall be admitted into any Lodge or assembly, vntill he
have brought a Certificate of y® tyme of his acception from y«
Lodge y' accepted him vnto y^ Master of y' Limitt or Division,
where such Lodge was kept, which said master shall Inroll y®
same in p'chment, in a Roll to be kept for y' purpose, and give
an accompt of all such acceptions att every general assembly.^
No such roll, so far as I am aware, is known,
but we have it in evidence that the Lodge attached
to the Masons' Company, as mentioned above,
possessed **a fair large table [or list] of the
Accepted Masons,'' which no doubt recorded all
those who belonged to the Lodge. What a flood
of light this list would have shed upon Free-
masonry had it survived !
Possibly after. admission each simply paid his
share of the festivities of the evening.
Mr. Gould, in his History of Freemasonry (vol.iii,
162-3), supposes that Ashmole was an invited guest.
I would rather suppose that the words used by him,
^^ I received a summons to appear at a Lodge," etc.,
indicate the idea that, although he was not a mem-
ber of the Company, he was a member of the
Masons' Company Lodge, and that, in his case,
the ordinary custom of summoning a member was
followed ; otherwise he was the only guest present.
As I have before stated, the old cash-book
records little more than receipts and disburse-
ments, when meetings of the ** acception," as it
was called, occur ; information is not always given
of the purpose of these meetings, nor are the
80 Grand Lodge Ms., No. 2, date about 1650,
200 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
names always entered. For example, out of the
nine names mentioned by Ashmole as being present
in 1682, although all of them were members of the
Masons' Company, only one, Mr. Thos. Shorthose,
is recorded (1649-50) as having joined the '' accep-
tion." The whole of the remaining eight must
have belonged to the Lodge. It has loeen possible
to collect a number of the names of those who
joined the ^* Acceptio;i '' in the Masons' Company
Lodge :— in 1620-1621 there are 7 names ; in
1638-1639 there are 6 names ; in 1649-1650 there
are 7 names ; in 1682 there are 15 names ; making
35 names in all. The above list extends over
sixty- two years, there being blanks of 18, 11, and
32 years, during which it is impossible to believe
that the Lodge was idle. We therefore have but
a very small portion of the list of names of
those who joined the Masons' Company Lodge in
London.
If Ashmole was not a member of the lodge,
then the question arises whether any system
existed by which it was possible to know who were
accepted masons and who were not. The Free-
masonry of the Warrington Lodge was the same
as that of London, otherwise would Ashmole
have been *' summoned" to attend, and then
declare himself the senior fellow or member among
them ? Also how was it that he who is said to
have known so much about masonry was satisfied
with what he learnt when he was made a mason
in 1646 ; for in January, 1679, his collections are
said to have been burnt. It is perfectly true that he
has left, as I have already said, and has often been
noted, no record of his having attended any lodge
between 1646 and 1682, a period, as he himself
points out, of thirty-five years. It^ seems to me
far more probable that he did not record every
lodge he attended, any more than he did every
Freemasonry in Lancashire, 201
meeting of the astrologers, the entries referring to
the latter only recording certain somewhat irregu-
lar annual feasts. Other matters, for example,
those referring to his portraits, lead me to believe
that in this short diary, in which the entries for
some years are very few and far between, very
many incidents have been omitted ; events, accord-
ing to Ashmole's opinion, of grave importance
were entered ; minor events were not noted.
It is therefore more than likely that Ashmole
attended meetings of both the Freemasons, Astro-
logers and others of which we have now no record.
There is one fatal error into which many writers
have, in my opinion, fallen— through it may be the
superabundance, or it may be the want of infor-
mation — that the mystical teachings of Freemasonry
are to be attributed to Ashmole and perhaps some
other worthies who amused themselves with what
is called Hermeticism. I endeavoured to prove,
as I beheve, that the earliest secrets of masonry
were those which enabled a Master to plan out and
construct each minute portion of those magnificent
buildings which, though in some instances now
only ruins, testify to their skill ; to construct them,
as the old building contracts define it, according to
*' mason craft.'' That many moral precepts were
connected with operative usages from very early
times is clear ; some of these survived, but that
the secrets of operative masonry lapsed when they
were little required, as also much of the real sym-
bolism, during that period called the ^* Reforma-
tion,'' seems certain, and that much of what is
now called the symbolism of masonry I feel certain
formed no portion of the earlier teaching in the
lodges. It is the development of a system, wrongly
understood, and combined with much of. the
pseudo-oriental learning so much in v^ogue in the
eighteenth century.
202 Freemasonry in Lancashire.
To this subject I shall return again, when the
records of the connection of the third Randle Holme
with Freemasonry have been considered. It may
then be possible to form an idea of some portion
at least of this seventeenth-century Freemasonry.
One last and great point must not be over-
looked. It must not for a moment be supposed
that the lodge at Warrington was specially created
for the benefit of Elias Ashmole and Col. Main-
waring ; such could not be the case. It is true
that unlike the lodge connected with the Masons'
Company of London, which was regularly worked
twenty-six years earlier— in 1620 and before — it
stood alone. There was no Incorporation, so far
as I am aware, to which it can reasonably be con-
sidered to have been attached. It was, perhaps,
originally operative, and had survived, like many
others, the havoc of the ** Reformation," and by
the time Ashmole and Col. Mainwaring entered it,
it had become speculative. Nor must we suppose
all the members were present in 1646 ; but con-
sidering the very small village-town Warrington was
at that period, it is very interesting to notice that
they were able to muster so satisfactory a number
of members as seven to carry on the ceremony.
London, in 1782, could produce seven or more,
for at the Masons' Company Lodge which Ashmole
attended in that year, those of the Lodge who were
present numbered nine.
(Tonimunications.
NOTES TAKEN IN THE CHURCHES OF
PRESTON, MANCHESTER, ECCLES,
WINWICK, FARNWORTH, SEPHTON,
AND HALE, IN THE COUNTY OF
LANCASTER ; SOME BY THOMAS CHA-
LONER, IN OR ABOUT THE YEAR
1591, AND OTHERS BY RANDLE
HOLME, IN THE YEARS 1636 AND
1652 ; AND NOTES TAKEN AT LEA
HALL, IN THE SAME COUNTY.
Edited by J. Paul Ry lands, F.S.A.
IN preparing -these church notes for the press,
a careful copy, recently made from the ori-
ginal manuscript in the British Museum, by my
brother, W. H. Rylands, F.S.A., has been used.
The trickings of arms have been rendered in
modern blazon, and abbreviated words extended
where necessary, all additions being placed within
brackets. Notes, identifying and explaining some
of the shields depicted in the old church windows,
have been added, with the object of imparting
interest to the coynparatively unattractive blazon
of the manuscript.
•)
204 Communications.
[Ipreston, co: OLanc:]
• [Ilarl. MS. 2129, Jo, 72.]
In eccle[si2e] fenesti-[ae] de p[ar]ochi[a] de Preston
in Amoundernes. Com. LanC^ [circa 1591].'
[i] G[ules] a + [cross] eng[railed] Aifgent]
bet[ween] 4 s^ [fleurs-de-lys] Ar[gent] Ashurst
Sr Adam de Ashehiirst,
[2] B [Azure] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t gard[an]t
Aifgent] le champe semy de s^ [fleurs-de-lys]
Ar[gent] difl[erence] a[n] @ [annulet] sa[ble] Hol-
land
[in] alia [fenestra]
[3] Ar[gent] a \ [bend] engr[ailed] sa[ble].
Ratcliff.
[4] Ar[gent] on a fesse sa[ble] a lion pass[an]t
Ar[gent] bet[ween] 2 escall[ops] Ar[gent] [not] a
[but in] ch[i]efe 3 [drawing of] wheate eares g[ules]
bands or [not] Holand Sr Wnt [hut Ley land of Mor-
Icys] Impaled w[i]th g[ules] 3 A [chevrons]. Ar[gent]
Singleton of Wightgillj co. York
[in] alia fenestra
[5] Honghton [and] Asheton [of Ashton] Vnd[e'\v
Lyne q[ua]rtered w[i]th lea Q[u]ar[terl]y et lea
p[er] se.
[in] alia [fenestra]
. [6] in another wyndow Lea of Leahall sa[ble]
3 barr(^ [Argent] .
[7] Ar[gent] betw[een] . a A [chevron] sa[ble]
3 |HedS:eh]oges^ ]pass[an]t pi-[o] Byram [Brock-
holes ?]
I Some of the church notes in Ilarl. MS. 2129, in the same handwriting,
are dated 7th August, 1591.
' 2 **IIedgoges" has been added below "bosons"; the latter is a North-
country name for the badger {Hallhvell). In the Visitation of 16 13, printed
by the Chetham Society, the ar«is of Brockholes are given as ^* Argent, a
* • chevron sable between 3 badgers ^boars] of the last. '*
Communications, 205
[ill] alia [fenestra]
[8] B [Azure] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t gard[an]t
Ar[gent] le champs semy de *|fr,[cross-crosIets] Or.
Holland,
[9] B [Azure] .a lion Ra[m]p[an]t gard[an]t
Ar[gent] le champs semy de escallops Ar[gent]
Holland,
[10] G[ules] a ^ [fret] Or q[ua]rtered w[i]th
Ar[gent] q[ua]r[ter]le[y] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t cu[m ?]
q[ua]rters g[ules].-
[11] -Ar[gent] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t gard[an]t V[er]t
[She'rbonie of Stony hurst],
[12] Quarterlie Ar[gent] & [Gules] the G[ulevS]
charged [with] 3 A [chevrons] Ar[gent] — G[ules]
3 A [chevronvs] Ar[gent] [Langton ?].
[13] Bolde a second brother mar[r]ied the
do[u]ghter of Langtons, viz: Ar[gent] 3 A [chev-
rons] g[ules] q[ua]rtered w[i]th Aifgent] a + [cross]
patonce sa[ble] [Banastre] q[ua]r[ter]lie.
[flDancbeeter, co. Xanc:]
[Harl, MS, 2 J 29, fo. 66.]
Manchester Church [1652]
on the north side of the E[arl] of Darbies chappell
formerly dedicated to St. Jo[hn the] Bapt[ist] in
Brasse over the entrance is this inscription.
IDanttas vanttatu et oia \>anttas®bsecrame vt at>^
tu\>et[i9l uos 3ac6B Stanley iBl^cn lEpu 5o. Stanle^^
•
3 Sir John Stanley was a natural son of James Stanley, Bishop of Ely,
and married Margaret, daughter and heiress of William Hondford, of
Ilandforih, co. Chester. He fought at the Battle of Flodden ; but in 1528
procured a divorce from his wife, on the ground that they both wished to
devote themselves to a religious life^ and became a monk at Westminster.
Lady Stanley, however, seems to have changed her mind, for about 1530 she
became the wife of Sir Urian Brereton, by whom she had a family, who
ultimately succeeded to the Handforth estates. The greater part of a shield
of the arms of Sir John and his wife, with helm crest, mantling, and the
motto, Vanitas Vanitaium et (nnuia VaniiaSy may still be seen, in sixteenth
century stained glass, in Cheadle Church. (See Earwaker's East Cheshire,
vol. i, pp. 208, 245, ^/jr^.) . . .
2o8
Communications,
[15] [2] [Brcj'cton] as before ; impaling Azure,
a fesse Gules between three fleurs-de-lys Or [LeV'
cester of Nether Tab ley, co. Chester].
[16] [3] [Brereton] as before ; an escocheon of
pretence quarterly, ist. Argent, on a bend Azure
three stags' heads cabossed Or, in sinister chief a
crescent [Stanley of Tatton, co. Chester]; and, Or,
on a chief indented Azure three plates [Lathom] ;
3rd, Quarterly [Gules] and [Argent] a label of 5
points Azure [Massey of Timperley, co. Chester] ;
4th, Gules, a chief Or [Goushill of Heveringham,
Notts ?] .
[17] [4] Argent, a fesse Gules between three
pheons Sable [Egerton of Egerton, co. Chester] ; im-
paling Argent, two bars Gules, in chief a crescent
[Maimvaring of Ightfield, co. Salop] .
[18] [5] [Egerton] as the last; impaling [Azure]
two bars [Argent], over all on a bend [Gules] three
arrows points downwards [of the second] [Done of
Oulton, CO. Chester].
[ig] [6] [Egerton] as the last ; impaling [Or"
three piles in point [Gules], on a canton [Argent
a gryphon segreant [Sable] [Basset of Blore, co.
Stafford],
[20] [7] [Egerton] as the last ; impaling Azure,
a garb Or [Grosvenor of Eaton^ co. Chester].
in orient ale.
[drawings of 4 shields.]
[21] [i] Argent, two bendlets engrailed Sable, a
label of three points Gules ; in base an [escallop ?]
of the last [Radcliffe of OrdsalP] .
.[22] [2] Azure, two bars Argent [over all a
bend Gules. Legh of Booths],
[23] [3] Gules, three cross-croslets fitch6e and
a chief Or [Arderne of Mobberley, co. Chester.]
[24] [4] Azure, a fesse Argent between three
garbs Or [Sandbach of Sandbach, co. Chester] .
ij'
Commtmications. 209
Xau&ate &ni p' bono statu spleuMMssimi Jobis
IRatcUffe &e_or&esale ar^ buie sacelli possessor qui
fsta fenestra fecit in ano &ni 1574*
ex p'te boreale are these 4 abou[e]s[ai]d coates
with these that follow,
[drawings of 5 shields.]
[25] [i] Argent, on a chevron between three
martlets Vert, an eagle displayed with two heads
^ Sable ^jic] between two plates [Asshawe of The
Hall on the Hill, co. Lane, mixed up with Hulton
■ of Farnworth, co. Lane]
1 [26] [2] Sable, fretty Argent, a label of three
points [dr. Harrington of West Leigh, co. Lane]
[27] [3] Sable, a fion rampant Argent [charged
on the shoulder with a chess-rook Gules. VercUni.]
[28J [4] fSable] three lions passant 2 and i
Argent [English],
[29] [5] Argent, on a bend Sable three lozenges
of the first, each charged with a saltire Gules
[Ursii^ick],
in scda fenestra boriaP
[drawing of a shield.]
[30] [Argent, three boars' heads erased, 2 and i,
fessewise [Sable, for Booth of Barton.]
in 3'^ window on the north p[ar]t
[drawing of a shield.]
[31] [Booth] as above; impaling Azure a bend
between six covered cups Or [Butler of Bewsey].
in 5 windowe [on the north side] this coate and
crest [drawing of a shield couche with helm,
mantlet, and crest.]
[32] Argent, three boars' heads erased, 2 and i,
fes$ewise Sable. Crest : a full-length figure of St.
Katherine Argent crowned Or, her dexter hand
resting on a toothed wheel to dexter Sable [Booth
of Barton].
2 lo Communications.
in the body of the church in the glasse \vindou^<
[drawings of five shields] .
[33] \j j Argent, on a chief Gules three bil^
of the field [Worsley ?]. ^
[34] [2] Azure, a bend between three garbs ^^
\Sandbach\,
1 35] [3I Argent, three ruvsh-hills Vert, Tyhlesrcy
of Tyldcsley, co. Lane.
[36J [4] Argent, a gryphon segreant Gule^
[ Tr afford of Tr afford] .
[37] [5] Argent, a cockatrice with tail nowed
and wings elevated Sable, combed Gules [Langlcy
of Agccroft].
ROiuvvicft, CO : Xanc :]
[Harl MS, 2129, fo. 65h.]
In Winwicke Church [circa 1591].
[38] Leighe. Ar[gent] on a A [chevron] g[ules]
[between] 3 ^ [masclcvs] g[ules] sur le A chevron
3 ^ [cinquefoils] Or [Ashton ?]
Sr Piercs leghe de Lyme Co.' Cestr' & de Co'
Lane, in Winwicke Churche Lanc^
[39] [Quarterly ist] G[ules] a + [cross] engr[ailed]
Ar[gent] [Legh of Lyme] 2^^ b. [Azure] a A [chevron]
or bet[ween] 3 Crownets or. [Corona of Adlington,
CO. Chester'] on an escut[c]ho[n] of p[re]tence indiffe-
rent bet[ween] these 2 Coate[s], sa[ble] an arme
armed Ar[gent] & hold[in]ge a banner of 2 [points]
p Ar[gent] with an Vrle of ^ [mullets] Ar[gent
Coat of Augmentation] y^ coate b. [Azure] on a A
[chevron] or 3 ^ [mulletvs] sa[ble] betw[een] 3
cupps cou[ere]d or [Bntler of Mcrton] 4^'^ coate
Aifgent] a pale fuselie sa[ble] daniell [alias Danycrs
of Bradley^ co. Chester] v^^ v[er]t a + [cross]
pat[o]nce or [Boydelf] 6^^' ar[gent] a + [cross]
sa[ble in the first] q[uarter] a s^ [fleur-de-lysj
sa[ble. Haydock of Haydock] 7^^ v[er]t betw[een] a
A [chevron] or 3 + [crosscvs] patonce [of the last.
Communications. 211
Boydell] 8[th] Ar[gent] a ^ [mullet] sa[ble' not]
Asheton [but Waleton of (lines Walton] 8 [gth]
masenlie [lozengy] Aifgent] & Sa[ble Croft of Dalton]
his Crest a Ramsheade co[u]ped Ar[gent] on a
Crowne [crest coronet] or, homes or, en le mouth
three ellem [elm] leaues [proper] Impaled with Sr
Thom[a\s Gerrards Coats.
[HarL M.S. 2129, fo. 73.\
Winwicke Church in Lane"* [circa 1591]
[40] Sr Thom\a^ Gerrard. [Quarterly ; ist] B
[Azure] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t eifmine] Crowned Or
[Gerard] 2^ V[er]t a + [cross] engifailed] Erm[ine
Kingsley] 3^ Ar[genTj on a \ [bend] B [Azure] 3
stages heads or [Stanley of Storeton, co. Chester]
4[th] q[ua]r[ter]He p[er] fesse indented g[ules] & or
[Bromley of Badington, co. Warwick] 5[th] Ar[gent]
on a A [chevron] g[ules] 3 besants' [Chetilton] 6^^
q[ua]r[ter]lie g[ules] a \ [bend] Ar[gent] with sa[ble]
a Ji|f8 [fleur-de-lys] Ar[gent Hextall of Hextall, co.
Warwick] his crest a lion Ra[m]p[an]t Er[mine]
Crowned Or.
[41] Holcrofts Coate q[ua]i'[ter]lie Impaled with
hoptons [Hopwood] vj palletts Ar[gent] & V[er]t sur
le v[er]t an escall[op] Ar[gent] sur le 2'^ pale.
[Jfarnwortb, co: Xanc:]
[Had. M.S. 2129, fo. ISO.]
farnworth church Co. Lane. i635[-6] feb. 27.
[42] in Smyth of Curdlys [Cuerdley] chapell on
the south side is in the window Ar[gent] 3 wrens
b. [Azure] or kingsfishers [Penketh of Pcnketh] &
under it is only remayning pCUftCtb all the rest
broke out, very auntient.
[43] In the north [a]i[s]le is Aston of Penketh
pew in the window is 2 Cotes very auntient of this-
[drawing of a shield] Argent, a chevron between
three mascles Gules [Ashton of Penketh].
Q 2
212 Communications.
[44] in the chancell roofe carued in the tymber
is in seuerall places a griffen passant w^^^ sheweth
some of the [B]oidds to haue bu[i]lt it or bye
[or been ?] a benefactor.
[45] in the chancell window in the e[a]st end the
cote of f ranee & England [quarterly ; for the King].
[46] & another of france & England quartered
[withjin a quarter [bordure] gobinat[ed] Ar[gent] &
b. [Azure ; for Beaufort].
[47] on the right hand this cote [drawing of a
shield] per pale Gules and Argent, a cross potent
between four cross-croslets counterchanged I think
for dioses of lichfeld [Diocese of Lichfield].
[48] on left hand of England cote is b. [Azure]
a tower or [Towers ?] some bushop built the window
of that dioses, the writing brok[e], only there
remaynes JEpi to be read.
[49] in the chancell in the south window Argent
3 beares pass[ant] sa[ble] for dichfild [Ditchfield of
Ditton].
[50] on right hand in the midle a man in
Armo[u]re kneeling, on his co[a]te [Argent] a griffen
segr[e]ant Sa[ble] for one of the holds [of Bold,
I CO. Lane]
I [51] on the left hand Ai*[gent] 3 wrens b. [Azure]
! but no writting at all. penketh. in many [records]
theis be called kinges fishers but ye [they] be not
nother [neither] by their shape & haue no longe
beaks as he hath but of this man[n]er [drawing of
a bird close with a bill rather like that of a parrot.]
[52] in boulds chappell on the north side in the
e[a]st window france & England quartered [the
King].
in the north window
[53] ©rate p» Bnia IRici 6e bol6e et JElena vj*
sue quorum alb3 PW &eU5» ouer ye writting is
kneeling a man in armo[u]r on on[e] side, on his
Commnnications. 213
cote \i.e, his vsurcoat] is [Quarterly ist and 4th]
A[rgent] a griff[in] pass[ant] sa[ble] beke & leg[g]es
o[r] a labell or ; 2 cote is 3 [drawing of a dragon^s
head erased] ; in 3 cote, 2 barrs but no culler, for
halsalL on his wifes sercote she is kneeling is
same as before on his frist^ bould. A griff[in]
pass[ant] s[able] beke & leges & label or next 3
dragon heads next 2 barrs & \disXbould as first.
this was that Rich\ard] bould w^^ liu[e]d temp.
H[enry] 6 & marr[ied] BUen Ha\[\sall but ignorance
of the glasior then did quarter ha[[]mll w^^ bould
when it should haue byn [been] impaled, there is
in the Chapell a monum[en]t was made for Ric{hard']
father to Sr Tho[mas] bold & stood in ye mid[d]le of
the chapell & is a man in Armo[u]r sa[ble] garnished
or, holding a booke bet[ween] his hands praying,
but vpon bu[i]ldinge the seate in ye chapell it was
remoued & reared up to ye wall where now it
standeth.
there is a brass on a grauestQn[e] for Rich[ard]
bold who dyed about 20 yeares of Age sonne &
heyre to Rich[ard] who oi3[iit] 1635 ^^^o had his
ach[i]euements put up then.
[54] on tow [two] ould pewes on e[i]ther side the
chancell do[o]re in ye body of the church is ingrauen
in tymber in [drawing of a shield in outline] a
griffon passant w^'^ T..B. on e[i]ther side the
[drawing of a shield in outline],
there is no more monuments or mat[t]ers of
antiquity in this church.
[HarL MS, 2129, fo, 67.]
In farneworthe Countie of Lancaster the Church
a chapp[el] to Prescott and a bui'[y]ing and christen-
inge place [circa 1591].
4 This word, has been altered, and is doubtful; it is probably intended
for *' first."
214 Communications.
[55] Ar[gent] a A [chevron] G[ules] bet[ween] 3
'^ [mascles] g[ules] Impaled with Sa[ble] a A
[chevron] Ar[gent] a canton Eifmine] sur le A
[chevron] an annulet or. Ashton de Penketh [impaled
by Langtree of Langtree],
[56] Or on a fesse engr[ailed] b. [Azure] 3 garbes
Or [Marbury'],
[57] Ar[gent] 3 beares pass[a]n^ sa[ble] 2 [and
i] pr[o] Ditchfield de Ditton, com. [Lane.]
[58] Aifgent] a griff[i]n ra[m]p[an]t sa[ble] Beuke
[beak] & foreleggs or. pr[o] bould One Walter a
yvman [yeoman] buylt an Ik [aisle] in farnworthe
Churche and there stands written JEleuc VJO^ IRicl
3Bol6e»
[Harl, MS. 2129, fo. 79.]
ffarneworth Chappie within the p[ar]ish church of
Prescote i635[-6 ?]
the south quire there was builded fro the ground
by ]Vill[iam] Smith^ founder of Brasen nose
Colledge, borne in Keuerdelegh [Cuerdley] in the
east of w^" quire vnder his picture are these words
©rate p* ala 6nf MifTi Smitb • • • •
ac p* aib3 p*entum suo^
in the seu'all quairyes in the windowes be these
][ett]res W.S.
[59] in the north window [drawing of a shield of
arms] Argent, 3 popinjays or kingfishers Azure,
[Penketh of Penketh].
[Sepbton, co : Xanc]
[Hurl. MS. 2129, fo. 782.]
[60] [Drawings of two recumbent male figures in
chain armour, one cross-legged, the other having
5 William Smiih, lilshop of Lincoln, Lord President of the Council of
Wales, and founder of Brasenose College, Oxford, was born at Peel House,
in Widnes, about the year 1460, and died in 1513. There is a memoir of
him in Baines' History of Laucai/iire, vol. ii.
Communications^ 215
the feet resting on a lion. Each effigy has a large
shield over the body, one shield bearing a cross
moline of the form known as recercelle.]
These are in Sefton Church in the County
Palatyne of Lancaster & belonge to the family of
the Molyneux's [circa 1636]. .
[Ibale, CO : lane :]
[Harl. MS, 2129, fo, 67h.]
Hale Church in Com Lane' [circa 1636] these
writting on 3 grave stones in the chancell
Ibic jacet magr* Jobis^Xesot Secretes baccalarius
becane destre rector eccUa:^? be /iDalpas et aBangor
qui prime bic liberam sepulturam a sumnto ponti*»
(ice Drbano sejto sumptibus 5ui9 p*prijs in cur[i]a
IRomanaJmpetrauit ano bni [/ID] cccc temple IRegis
IRicibi scbi et p' 5ua ala p'piciet belts Hme noster
et aue Bebit ccc bies inbulgencie cuius [ejus] aie
quicunqs bijerit beuoto p' cuius anima patet^ [pater]
Ibic 3acet 3ob. l^erlanb^ armiger qui fuit bus be
Ibale et bimib* ville beJBebinton inferioris qui obijt
scbo bie /IDaij_ano bni mxccc. seiegessimo scbo
. ♦ ♦ . cuie ale propicietur beus Hmen*
HERE LYETH SIR GILBERT IRELAND Kt APR. 8. 1626.8
6 Tlie words in the latter part of this inscription have been transposed ;
the monument itself disappeared during the buiiiling operations which took
place in 1758. This tomb, "in the middle of the chancel of the Chappeil
" of Hale," was built in 1428, by John le Mason le Yrishman, one of those
who built the Tower of Liverpool, and John le Mason le Northerenman.
(h'aU Noil : ivith ttoUs of the family of Ireland- Blackburiie^ 1S81, page 84.)
7 This was John Ireland of the Ilutt, in llalewood, who married Margery,
daughter of Sir William Atherton of Aiherion, co. Lane. (Visit, Lane. , 1567),
and was atavus of Sir Gilbert Ireland, who died in 1626.
8 Sir Gilbert Ireland of TIale, was knighted at Lathom House, 20th
August, 161 7 (Metcalfe's Book of Knights^ 1885.) His initials and those of
his wife, Barbara, daughter of George Legh of High Legh, co. Chester, with
the date 1615, are carved on an oak panel in Hale Church.
\i
216 Communications.
[lea Iball, co : Xanc :]
[It is not clear when or by whom these notes
were made, nor is it quite certain that those which
follow the line drawn across the page of the manu-
script after No. 77 were taken from arms in the
parlour at Lea Hall ; if they were so taken, that
room must have contained an unusual quantity of
heraldic decoration, either in the windows or on
the wainscot. It is curious that the arms of
Hoghton do not occur among these shields.]
[Harl. MS. 2129, fo. 65.]
In the Parlo[u]r at Leahall M"* Houghtons House
in Lancashere.
[6i] G[ules] a X [saltire] checquee [engrailed] or
[Clitheroe of Salesbury, co. Lane] q[uar]tered w[i]th
Ai'[gent] 3 lions Ra[m]p[an]t de purpui'[e] 2 [and] i
[Talbot of Salesbury].
[62] Sa[ble] 3 Crownets or 2 [and] i" [Lee, co.
York ?] q[uar]tered w[i]th Ar[gent] a + [cross]
patonce Sa[ble].
[63] Ar[gent] a griff [i]n ramp[an]t de G[ules
Trafford of Trafford^ co. Lane.']
[64] B [Azure] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t gard[an]t
Ar[gent] [the] f[i]eld semy [of] ^i [fleurs-de-lys]
Ar[gent] ou[er] all a \lett [bendlet] g[ules] Holland
de denton.
[65] Atherton [of Atherton, co. Lane] G[ules] 3
sparrowe hawks Ar[gent].
[66] Ar[gent] a ^ [mullet] sa[blei for the Crest
a man mowing his Coate p[ar]tie sa[ble] & Ar[gent]
Cutting hay in a great me[a]dowe the halme
[heaume] de or, le torce Ar[gent] & sa[ble] for
[Ashton of] As[h]ton vnd[e]r lyme [a rude drawing of
a man mowing among hay] .
9 Lea is a township with Ashton, Ingol, and Cottani, in the parish of
I'resion. It was the scene of a memorable feud, on ilie night of. 20-21
November, 1589, between Thomas Langton, last JJaron of Newton, and
Thomas lloghton, in which the latter was slain.
Communications, 217
[67] The Countie of Lanc\astey & q^ the Coiintie
of York,
[68] Le Kinge [France and England quarterly].
[69] Le Comtc de dcrbye [Argent, on a bend
Azure three stags' heads cabossed Or].
[70] Ar[gent] on a \ [bend] b. [Azure] 3 garbes
or [Fitton of Bolyn, co. Chester'] q[ua]rt[e]red with a
griffyn ra[m]p[an]t bis [Trajford of Trafford, co.
Lane] et e[n] le 4 q[ua]rter Ar[gent] on a \ [bend]
G[ules] 3 escharbuncles Or [Thornton of Thornton,
CO, Chester],
[71] Ar[gent] on a \ [bend] engifailed] Sa[ble] a
TTT [label of 3 points] G[ules] Radcliff de Ordsall
[co. Lane]
[72] Ar[gent] 3 boares heads seriant [sanglant ?]
sa[ble] membe [tusked ?] Ar[gent] Boolhe de Dunham
[co, Chester],
[73] Ar[gent] vng Baselisque de sa[blej at thende
of his queve a serpents heade all of sa[ble],
pass[an]t langley [of Agccroft, co: Jjanc :]
[74] Ar[gent] on[e] + [cross] vrde voyded sa[ble]
Dukcnfeld of Duckenfeld in Coin: Cestr\
[75] G[ulevS] 3 treyffoyles [cross -croslets fitche ?]
& a cheefe de Or [Arderne of Harden, co. Chester ?]
[76] Ar[gent] 3 lions Ra[m]n[an]t de puifpure ;
Talbot of Bashall, co, York],
[77] Paley [barry ?] de Ar[gent] et [blank] 3 roses
garlantes 2 [and] i sur le[s] palletts vairry or &
G[ules, Greystocke?] e[n] le 2^ q[uarter] vairry
Vng lion de or ra[m]p[an]t [Ferrers of Wcmme ?]
3^ G[ules] 3 + formy fitch[\'] betw[een] a fesse
countercompone de Ar[gent] & sa[ble, Boteler of
Wcmme ?] 4 G[ules] 3 '^'ZZ woolsacks ar[gent]
tasseles de or [Redmain ?]
— [Here there is a line drawn across the page of the manuscript.] —
[78] Button. Ar[gent] q[ua]rtered w[i]th G[ules]
frettye Or.
[79] Ar[gent] 3 \ [bendlets] s[able] [Bentley ?]
2 1 8 Communications.
[On the verso of fo, 65,'\
[80] f[f]arington of ye \_sic] Controwler to the
Earle of Derbye.
Farington de wyrden et de Litlevvood in Com. Lane'
armig' armig' [_sic] et Controwler Com. Derbye
1589.
Ar[gent] a A [chevron] G[ules] bet[vveen 3] ^
[leopards' faces] G[ules, should be Sable, ffarington']
q[ua]rt[e]red with G[ules] 3 ^ [cinque-foils] Ar[gent]
Impaled w[i]th [impaling] Aifgent] 3 lions
Ra[m]p[an]t purpure for S^ Thomas Talbott de
Bashall [co, York] his [ffarington's] Crest a tiger
pass[an]t Ar[gent] tail nowed ^
[81] Langton. Ar[gent] 3 A [chevronels Gu[les
Langton] q[ua]rtered with Ar[gent] a + [cross
patonce] sa[ble Banaslre] his [Langton's'] Creast a
maydens heade co[u]ped at the should[e]r[s, proper ;
her] Coate G[ules] his [her] heire [hair] pend[ant]
de Or.
[82] Standish de Standish — Com. Lane'. [Quar-
terly 1st] Standishe Sa[ble] 3 vSylver dishes Ar[gent]
2'^ Coate Ar[gent] a X [saltire] sa[ble] [intended for
Standish, ancient] 3^ Coate Ar[gent] a \ [bend] en-
grailed sa[ble Radcliffe of Chaderton, co. Lane]
4[^^^ coat Gules] a 1^ [cross-potent crossed] G[ules,
should be Or, Chaderton of Chaderton] 5[^^ coat]
sa[ble] frettye Ar[gent Harrington of West Leigh ,
CO. Lane] 6[^^^ coat, blank.]
. [83] Osbaldeston de Osbaldeston Com. Lane. [Quar-
terly ; 1st] Ar[gent] a ^ [mascle] sa[ble] bet[ween]
3 pelletts sa[ble, Osbaldeston] 2^ B. [Azure] a -f
[cross] sarcele [recercelee] Or [Molyneux of The
Edge, CO. Lane!] 3^ Sa[ble] 4 ^ [leopards' faces]
Ar[gent] 2 [and] 2, [intended for Cnerdale] 4^^
Ar[gent1 a fesse sa[ble] chardged [with] 3 @
[annulets] or [Catterall?] 3^ [5th] Ar[gent] a lion
Ra[m]p[an]t G[ules, Balderstone of Balderstone, co.
Lane] 6^*^ as the first.
Conimnmcations. 219
[84] [Quarterly; ist and 4th] Ar[gent] on a \
[bend] G[ules] 3 escalP [escarbuncles] or [Thorn-
ton ?] 2^ or a X [saltire] sa[ble ; Helsby of Helsby^
CO, Chester] 3^ v[ert ?] a lion Ra[m]p[an]t or.
motes*
No. I. The Ashhursts were possessed of Ashhurst, in the
township of Dalton, in the parish of Wigan, at a very early date.
Sir Adam de Ashhurst, said to be commemorated by the shield
in Preston Church, was a distinguished soldier in the reign of
Edward III. This family is now seated at Waterstock, in
Oxfordshire.
Nos. 2, 8, and 9. Holland, These shields of the Hollands
probably relate to some descendants of William Holland of
Preston, who was living in 1367 {Harl. AfS, 21 12, fo. loi)
a grandson of Sir Richard Holland of Salfordshire, one of
the followers of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, who was taken
prisoner at Boroughbridge, 1334 {Mr. IV. F. Irvine's MS, notes).
It will be observed that in Nos. 8 and 9 the fleurs-de-lys of the
Holland arms are replaced by cross-croslets and escallop-shells,
by way of difference.
No. 3. Radcltffe, This is the original undifferenced coat of
the Radcliffe family, borne by the Radcliffes of the Tower, in
the parish of Radclifle, co. Lane.
No. 4. Leyland, Sir William Leyland of Morleys, in the
township of Astley and parish of Leigh, co. Lane, who begins
the pedigree recorded at the Visitation of 1567, married Anne,
daughter and heiress of Alan Singleton, of Wightgill, co. York.
Nos. 5 and 6. Hoghton and Lea, Sir Richard Hoghton,
who was living in the year 1547, married four times ; his first
wife was Alice, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Assheton
of Ashton-under-Lyne, co. Lane. This marriage accounts for
the black mullet being quartered with Hoghton in the shield in
the Preston church window ; the coat of Lea was also quartered,
because Richard de Hoghton, of Hoghton Tower, co. Lane,
who died in 1340, married Sibella, daughter of William de Lea,
and heiress of her brother Henry. (Mr, Langton's MS* Notes,)
220
Communications.
No. lo. The blazon of this shield is not clear. The arms I
may be Audley^ Gules a fret Or, quartering Argent a lion rampant I
Gules ; or Button, quarterly Argent and Gules, in the second '
and third a fret Or, quartering the lion ; but in either case the
quartering is unidentified.
These arras in Preston Church may be compared with those
described in the Trans, Hist, Soc. of Lane, and Chesh.^ vol. vi,
U.S., p. 271.
Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 record the alliances of
some of the relatives of Richard Brereton and Dorothy his wife,
whose handsome tomb still remains in Eccles Church. 9 'J'he
arms of Egerton on this tomb are curiously
rendered ; they should be Argent, a lion
rampant Gules between three pheons Sable,
but an earlier Egerton coat, a variety of which
is sometimes attributed to Egerton of Wryne-
hill, has been adopted.
No. 14 records the marriage of Richard
and Dorothy Brereton, the occupants of the
tomb. The inscription on the tomb omits to
state that Dorothy afterwards married Sir Peter Legh, of Lyme.
No. 15 records the marriage, in 155 1, of Richard's father and
mother, Geoffrey Brereton and Alice, daughter of Piers Leycester
of Tabley, co. Chester.
No. 16 records the marriage of Geoffrey's father. Sir Richard
Brereton, with Joan, daughter and heiress of William Stanley of
Tatton, CO. Chester. In the escutcheon of pretence the third
quarter, which contains the arms of Massey of Tatton, is
intended for Massey of Timperley, co. Chester, and commemo-
rates the marriage of Sir William Stanley of Storeton, co.
Chester, with Alice, daughter and heiress of Hugh Massey, in
the reign of Richard II. The fourth quarter should be barry Or
and Gules if it is meant to record the marriage of Sir Thomas
Stanley, K.G., with Jane, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert
Goushill.
No. 17 records the marriage of Dorothy Brereton's great-
grandfather, Philip Egerton of Egerton, wtih Margery, daughter
of William Mainwaring.
No. 18 records the marriage of the same Philip Egerton's
elder son, John Egerton of Egerton, with Elizabeth, daughter
and heiress of Hugh Done.
9 For particulars of ihese alliances, see Helsby's edition of Ormerod's
History of Cheshire^ vol. i, p. 422 ; vol. il, pp. 301-629.
Communications. 22 1
No. 19 recouis the marriage of Dorothy Brereton's grand-
father, Sir Ralph Egerton of Ridley, the younger brother of John,
named above, with Margaret, daughter of Ralph Basset. A very
interesting account of the changes in the arms of the Basset
family, which forms a curious chapter in the history of differ-
encing arms, is given in Sir William Dugdale's Artiie?ii Usage in
bearing Anns, 1682.
No. 20 records the marriage of Dorothy Brereton's father and
mother, Sir Richard Egerton of Ridley, and Mary, daughter of
Sir Richard Grosvenor of Eaton, co. Chester.
Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 34, which
contain the arms of the Radcliffes of Ordsall and* the families
represented by them, all seem to have been set up in the year
1574 by Sir John Radcliffe of Ordsall, who married Anne,
daughter and heiress of Thomas Asshawe, of the Hall on fhe
Hill, CO. Lane. [Visitation of Lancashire^ 1613.) Sir John died
at Ordsall, and was buried with his ancestors in the lower choir
of the Collegiate Church, Manchester, nth February, 1589-90;
his widow was buried with her husband, 14th January, 1629-30,
aged 82. A brass to their memory, formerly in the pavement of
the choir, has been removed from its proper place, and is now, or
was quite recently, lying loose in the Chapter House, Manchester
Cathedral. There still remains at Ordsall, over the fire-place in
one of the bedrooms, a shield of arms, with a knight's helm and
mantling, and the crest of a bull's head, accompanied by the
letters i R. It is much obscured by many coats of lime-wash, but
the four quarters can be made out ; they are — i. Radcliffe ; 2.
Legh of Booths ; 3. Arderne ; 4. Sandbach.
The children of Sir John and Dame Anne Radcliffe are worthy
of special notice : they were —
T. Sir Alexander Radcliffe^ baptized at the Collegiate Church,
Manchester, 26th January, 1573-4; knighted on Sunday, 20th
June, 1596, at the sacking of Cadiz by the Earl of Essex; slain
at the battle of Curlew Hills, in Ireland, 1599. Unmarried.
2. Sir (?) William Radcliffe, baptized at the Collegiate Church,
28th June, 1577. Slain in battle, at Blackwater, in Ireland,
fighting against Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, 14th August, 1598.
Unmarried.
J. Sir John Radcliffe, baptized at the Collegiate Church, 24th
February, 1581-2; knighted 24th September, 1599, by the Earl
of Essex, **on the sands" in Ireland (Metcalfe's Book of Knights,
p. 210); married Alice, eldest daughter of Sir John Byron, of
Newstead, co. Notts. Sir John Radcliffe was slain in the Duke
of Buckingham's expedition in the Island of Rh^, in France,
26th October, 1627.
222 Communications.
4. Edmund jRadciiffe, baptized at the Collegiate Church, i8th
June, 1587. Said to have been slain in battle in Flanders, in
1599, when he was only 12 years of age; but there was buried in
the Collegiate Church, ist February, 1602-3, "Edmund Radcliffe
** of Ordsall, gent ," and this is most probably a record of his
funeral.
5. Thomas Radcliffey^ twin with Edmund, baptized at the same
time.
7. Margaret Radcliffe^ baptized at the Collegiate Church, 6th
March, 1573-4. Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth. Died at
Richmond, 10th November, 1599, it is said from grief at the loss
of her brothers. Buried in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster,
"as a Lady," by the Queen's command, 22nd November, 1599.
2. Jane Radcliffe^ baptized at the Collegiate Church, i4ih June,
1575 ) was in the household of Alice, Countess of Derby, and
afterwards became the wife of Sir Ralph Constable.
J. Alice Radcliffe^ baptized at the Collegiate Church, 14th
June, 1580; buried there, 13th June, 1582.
4, Anne Radcliffe, baptized at the Collegiate Church, 9th
October, 1583 ; buried there, 2nd October, 1601. Unmarried.
The above particulars are from the MS. collections of Mr.
R. D. Radcliffe, M.A., F.S.A.
No. 21 is the shield of Radcliffe of Ordsall with an object in
base resembling an escallop-shell Gules. Whatever this may be
intended for, it should not be in these arms. Perhaps the fact
that the Radcliffes of Wymerley, now Winmarleigh, co. Lane,
bore Argent, a bend engrailed Sable, in sinister chief an escallop-
shell Gules, may have led to the mistake.
No. 22 is the coat of Legh of Bootks, co, Chester^ but the
glazier has omitted the bend Gules. In the reign of Richard II,
Richard de Radcliffe of Ordsall married Matilda, daughter and
heiress of John de Legh of Booths, by Elizabeth his wife,
daughter and heiress of Richard de Sandbach of Sandbach, co.
Chester.
No. 23 is the coat of Arderne of Mobberle}\ co. Chesler, one
of the quarterings of Legh of Booths ; the mother of John
Legh named above was Maude, daughter and heiress of Sir John
(or Sir William) de Arderne.
Nos. 24 and 34 are two forms of the arms of Sandbach of
Sandbach^ co, Chester^ the former being the more correct. At
the Visitation of 1533, Sir Alexander Radcliffe of Ordsall bore
a variety of the Sandbach arms. Azure, a bend between six garbs
Or, in the ist and 4th quarters, and his own proper coat in the
2nd and 3rd quarters, upon which occasion the Herald made
Communications. 223
this note : — " Syr, I suppose thyse amies do stand out of order,
*'in as myche as he berys Radclyffe in the second quarter."
{Chetham Society^ vol. xcviii, p. 64,)
By the marriages referred to above, No. 22, the Radcliffes
became possessed of the Sandbach estates. Sir William Rad-
cliffe, the father of Sir John Radcliffe who set up the shields in
Eccles Church, was so much attached to Sandbach that, though
his body was buried in the Collegiate Church at Manchester, in
1568, his heart was deposited in an urn in Sandbach Church.
No. 25 is a mixed shield of transposed glass, intended for
Asshawe of the Hall o?i the Hill, co. Lane, Argent, on a chevron
engrailed, between three martlets Vert, as many cross-croslels
fitchee of the first ; quartering Or an eagle with two heads
displayed purpure, for Hultoji of Farnworth, co. Lane, This
Hulton coat is the second quartering in the impalement of the
shield of Radcliffe, formerly in the dining chamber at Ordsall,
described in Trans, Hist, Foe. Laitc. and Chesh., vol. vi, n.s.,
p. 260. The Hulton arms were quartered by Asshawe, in respect
of the marriage of Roger Asshawe, in the reign of Henry VIII,
with Jane, only child of Christopher Hulton, by Margaret his
wife, daughter and co-heiress of Sir James Harrington of West
Leigh, CO. Lane, and Wolfedge and Brixworth, co. Northampton ;
and this latter marriage brought into the Ashawe shield the arms
of Hulton; Harrington, No. 26; Verdon, No. 27; English,
No. 28 ; and Urswick, No. 29 ; which were consequently
quartered by the Radcliffes, In the Verdon arms the glazier
has omitted the chess-rook Gules from the lion's shoulder, and
in the English arms the lions are inciorrectly placed, 2 and i
instead of in pale.
Nos. 30, 31, and 32. Booth. The drawings of these
shields represent the boars' heads as being disposed fessewise,
instead of erect ; and, though the latter has long been regarded
as their correct position, it may be mentioned that the heads are
not erect on a seal inscribed Sig : Joh'is Bothe, used in 1402,
found among the Trafford deeds.
In the Visitation of 1533 {Chetham Society, vol. xcviii, p. 78),
the boar's head in base is stated to have been tinctured Vert, but
there is a note that " in the Office copy the boars' heads are all
*' Sable, and this is no doubt the correct blazon.'* These arms
form the subject of a private grant of arms, dated 30th September,
1403, by Thomas de Barton to John son of Thomas del Bothe
of Barton, co. Lane. ; but even so early as 1352 it appears from
the seal of Thomas del Bothe that he bore for arms a chevron
between three boars' heads erect and erased. A more particular
account of the Booth arms will be found in Local Gleanings
AIa§aziney 1 879-1 880, p. 19.
224
Communications.
In No. 32 the crest doss not agrees
witli that recorded l^y John Booth of}
Barton at the Visitation of 1533, wliiclil
is described thus : ** A demi St. Katherinef
" proper couped at the knees, habited
" Argent, crowned Or, in the dexter hand
" a Katherine wheel, in the sinister a sword,
" the point downwards." Another descrip- ■".
tion of the glass in Eccles Church will he
found in the Trans. Hist, Sac. Lane, and
C/iesh,^ vol. vi, n.s , p. 261.
No. 39. The arms and quarterings of
the family of Legh of Lyme, in the parish
of Prestbury, co. Chester. The escutcheon
of pretence "indifferent to " the first two
quarters, was granted as an augmentation
by Flower, Norroy King of Arms, on the
nth June, 1575, and was confirmed by
Dugdale, Norroy King of Arms, on the
8th April, 1665, as "a Shielde of Augmentation Sable replenished
** with Molletts Silver therein a Mans Arme bowed holding in
** the hand a Standard Silver*'; and in the shield, as depicted
in the latter document, the standard is charged with a cross of
St. George.
Here, Dugdale i)laces an adaptation of the arms of Corona,
viz. : Azure, a plate between three coronets Or within a bordure
Argent, in the first quarter and the true arms of Legh of L.yme,
Gules a cross engrailed Argent, in the second quarter, with the
shield of augmetnation upon both ; then follow 3rd, Argent, on a
chevron Sable three covered cups Or, which is intended for Butler
of Me r ton ; 4th, Argent a pale lozengy Sible for Danyers of Brad-
ley ; 5th, Argent a cross and in the first quarter a fieur-de-lys
Sable for Hay dock of Hay dock; 6th, Vert, a cross patonce Or, for
Boydell ; 7th, Vert a chevron between three cross-croslets Or, in-
tended for Boydell; and 8lh, Argent a mullet Sable charged with an
annulet of the field, in the dexter chief point a muilet of the second,
for Waleton. It may be mentioned, in passing, that the 3rd quarter
should be, Azure on a chevron between three covered cups Or,
as many mullets Sable, and that in the 7th quaiter the cross-
croslets should be crosses patonce. The quarterings also are
wrongly marshalled, and in the recitals to the confirmation there
is a flagrant inaccuracy as to the person in respect of whom the
augmentation was granted. It was intended to commemorate
the valour displayed by Sir Thomas Danyers at the Battle of
Cressy, when he advanced the standard of Edward the Black
Prince and made prisoner the Comte de Tankerville, chamberlain
Communications. 225
to the French king ; but Dugdale gives this honour to Sir Piers
Legh, who married Sir Thomas' daughter and heiress. The con-
firmation of arms is printed and a representation of the
achievement is figured in the Genealogical Magazine^ vol. i, i$97.
The Corona arms also appear (but without the plate and
bordure) in the first quarter of a shield of the Legh quarterings,
once "in the Parller at Bradley Lancashire," according to a
drawing in a large MS. at Lyme, marked Box S., Bundle B. ;
here the other quarters are : 2, Legh of Lyme ; 3, Butler of Mer-
ton; 4, Croft of Dalton, Lozengy Argent and Sable; 5, Hay dock;
6, Boydell ; 7, Boy dell ; 8, Waleton^ Argent a mullet Sable
pierced, in dexter chief a mullet. Gules; and the augmentation is
on an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of the shield. In
this drawing the mullets are represented as estoiles and the
Boydell quarterings are incorrectly tinctured, the field being
Argent and the crosses and chevron Vert.
The brassf o Sir Peter Legh of Lyme, knight and priest, who
died in the year 1527, still remains in the Legh Chapel in Win-
wick Church, and inaccurately shews the arms and quarterings in
the following order: i, Haydock; 2, Legh; 3, Boydell; 4, Wale-
ton ; 5, Boydell; 6, per fesse, in chief Croft 2iud in base Butler,
In the same chapel there are marble fragments of a large
tomb, one of them displaying an impaled untinctured shield of
the arms of Legh and Gerard, to commemorate Sir Peter Legh
of Lyme, who died in 1590, and his wife Margaret, daughter of
Sir Thomas Gerard of Bryn, who survived him and died in 1595.
On this monument the Legh quarterings number seventeen, with
the augmentation on an escutcheon of pretence, and the Gerard
quarterings number twelve. The first quarter is Legh of
AdHngton, the second Legh of High Legh, and the ninth Legh
of Lyme. *
The handsome marble monument, with busts of Richard Legh
of Lyme, who died in the year 1687, and his wife Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Thomas Chichley, also in the Legh chapel,
displays in gold and colours the Legh of Adlington coat alone,
impaling that of the Chichleys.
The Legh of Adlington coat is also depicted as the first of
ten quarterings of Legh of Lyme, in a shield described in vol. vi,
n.s., of the Historic Society's Transactions^ p. 266.
From the above it seems that the Leghs of Lyme were
undecided what arms they should bear. It must, however, be
remembered that in the fourteenth century Sir Piers Legh, who
married the Danyers heiress, being a younger son, abandoned
the arms of his father, Robert Legh of Adlington, and, for
R
226 Communications.
distinction, took Gules, a cross engrailed Argent, the arms of his
mother, Matilda de Norley, whose lands he inherited. ^° .
The Corofia quarter came in by the marriage of John Legh of
Booths, father of Robert Legh of Adlington, with Ellen, daughter
and heiress of Sir Thomas de Corona, temp, Edward I.
I have not found- any descent of the Leghs of Lyme from the
Boydell family, and can only hazard the suggestion that, contrary
to the laws of arms as they have long been understood, the two
Boydell coats were -quartered because the issue of Sir John
Danyers, the uncle of the Danyers heiress, had married Joan
daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Boydell of Dodleston and
Grappenhall, co. Chester, and Sir John's issue failed in the year
1382.
The Haydock quarter came in by the marriage of Sir Peter Legh,
son of Sir Piers and the Danyers heiress, with Joan daughter and
heiress of Sir Gilbert Haydock, and Sir Peter^s son, Peter Legh,
marrying Mabel daughter and heiress of James Croft of Dalton
in Lonsdale, brought in the quarterings of Croft and Butler of
Mertoft.^^ These two coats frequently appear, the one in chief
and the other in base, in the same quarter, a form in which they
otcur on a Croft seal (Beamont's House of Lyme, p. 59).
The Waleton quarter, which so closely resembles the well-
known coat of Ashton, came into the Legh shield by the Norley
alliance (Visitation of Lancashire , 16 13; Chetham Soc, vol. ex,
p. 150). Its appearance in the Leigh achievement gave rise to a
dispute in 1496, and on Holy Rood day in May in that year the
P2arl of Derby, sitting as High Constable of England in the
King's Chamber at Westminster, in the presence of Garter and
Norroy Kings of Arms and others, determined that Sir Thomas
of Ashton should bear Argent a mullet of five points unpierced
and that Sir Piers Leigh and his heirs should bear the same arms
quarterly (so they be not in the first quarter) with a bezant on
the first point, forseen always if Sir Piers a Legh could find any
time thereafter any sufficient evidence before the Constable
allowable, then he and his heirs should bear the foresaid arms
quarterly without bezant (MS. at Lyfne Hall, marked Box S.,
Bundle B.)
10 Some notes on the arms of the descendants of Agnes de Legh, from
whom both the Danyers heiress and her husband, Sir Piers Legh, were
descended, will be found in Trans. Hist. Soc. Lane, attd ChesJu, 1879,
vol. vii, third series, p. 6.
II Nicholas Croft, born about 1390, married Elena, daughter and heiress of
John Le Botiller of Merton (Lane. Inq. post mortem; Chetham Soc., vol.
xcv, p. 141.)
Communications. 227
No. 33 is probably intended for the arms of Worskyy but a
charge on the chief of this coat is very unusual, the only recorded
one being a mural crown in the arms of Worsley of Piatt, in
Rusholme.
No. 40. The Gerards of Bryn appear to
have borne for their coat the arms oi Bryn^
whose heiress their ancestor had married temp,
Edward III, Azure, a lion rampant Ermine,
crowned Or; until, at the Visitation of 1664-5,
Sir William Dugdale allowed them the coat of
the Fitzgeralds, Argent, a saltire Gules.
At the Visitation of 15 13 "Gerrard of the
" Brynne wold not be spoken withall," and
apparently something of a like kind occurred at the Visitations
of 1567 and 1613, for it was not until the Visitation of 1664-5
that this branch of the Gerard family entered a pedigree.
The Kingsley quarter came into the shield by the marriage of
William Fitz Gerard of Kingsley, co. Chester, temp. Henry III,
with Emma, daughter and co-heiress of Richard de Kingsley,
hereditary chief forester of Delamere. (Helsby's edition of
Ormerod's History of Cheshire^ vol. ii, p. 131.)
The Gerards do not seem to have been entitled to quarter the
Stanley arms, but they doubtless claimed to do so because Peter
Gerard of Kingsley, temp. Henry VII, married Margaret,
daughter of Sir William Stanley of Hooton by his first wife,
Margaret, daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Bromley of
Badington, co. Warwick ; and Margaret Gerard was a co-heiress
of her mother, though not of her father, since he had male issue
by his second wife, Agnes Grosvenor.
The Chetilton and Hextall quarterings belonged to Bromley^
William Bromley of Badington having married, in the fourteenth
century, Annal)ella, sister and heiress of William de Chetilton.
The Chetilton arms generally display five bezants on the chevron
with a bordure engrailed Gules, and this coat is sometimes called
Badington. Margaret Stanley's mother was Joan, daughter and
heiress of William Hextall of Hextall, co. Warwick, and so the
Hextall arms came to be quartered by Bromley (Visitations of
Salop : Harleian Society s Publications^ vol. i, p. 74). The correct
blazon of the Hextall arms is, Quarterly, Gules and Sable, in
the 2nd and 3rd quarters a fleur-de-lys Argent, over all a bend of
the last.
No. 41 commemorates Geoffrey Holcroft of Hurst, near Bury
Lane (now called Glazebury), co. Lane, who married Katherine,
daughter of John Hopwood of Hopwood, co. Lane, and died
in July, 1590. The arms allowed to the Holcrofts of Hurst, at
R 2
I
228 Communications.
the Visitation of Lancashire, 1664-5, were, Quarterly ist and 4th,
Argent a cross and bordure both engrailed Sable, 2nd and 3rd,
Argent, a raven [an eagle] with wings expanded Sable, preying
upon an infant swaddled Gules fretty Or. This " eagle and
"child" quartering, which is common to the arms of Culcheth,
Holcroft and Risley, is accounted for by the marriage, in the
thirteenth century, of Gilbert de Culcheth with " Domina Cecilia
"de Lathom," who was living and a widow in 1275 ( Ctikheth
Deeds). Gilbert and Cecilia had four daughters and co heiresses,
who were married to the four sons of Hugh de Hindley ; these
sons took the names of the estates which fell to their share, and
were called respectively Risley, Culcheth, Holcroft and Pes-
furlong. The first three founded families bearing their assumed
names, and the fourth is supposed to have reverted to his paternal
name of Hindley. (See Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica^
1876.
Nos. 42, 51 and 59. Penketh. In the Visitation of Lanca-
shire, 1567 {Chetham Society^ vol. Ixxxi, p. 124) this coat is
described as, ''Argent, three popinjays (curlews) proper, winged
"Azure" — a curious blazon. In the same volume, where the
coat is quartered by Ashton of Penketh (p. 112) it is blazoned,
"Argent, three popinjays proper, plumed about the neck Azure."
These birds are called wrens in No. 51, where there is a note
concerning them. They are probably either kingfishers or popin-
jays. Other descriptions of the Penketh birds are given in Ar7ns
in Warrington Churchy by Beamont and Rylands^ pp. 17 and 20.
No. 46. Beaufort. This shield occurs very frequently in
ancient glass. The coat originated temp. Richard II, when an
Act was passed to make the children of John of Gaunt by
Katherine Swineford legitimate ; on which occasion John de
Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, the eldest son of John of Gaunt,
took these arms in place of those theretofore boine by him, viz..
Per pale Argent and Azure (the colours of the House of
Lancaster) on a bend Gules, the arms of England with a label
of three points Azure.
Nos. 44, 50, 53, 54 and 58 all relate to the family of Bold
of Bold ^ in the parish of Prescot, co. Lancaster.
No. 53. The covenant entered into on the marriage of Rich-
ard son and heir of John de Bold, chivaler, and Eleyne daughter
of Gilbert de Halsall, chivaler, is dated 6 Hen. IV [1405-6] ,
according to Dodsworth, vol. 142, fo. 201 ( Piccope MS.), and
there can be little doubt that these are the persons named in the
inscription in the glass in Farnworth Church which was to be
seen in 1636. The Halsall arms are, of course, wrongly quartered
with Bold, and should have been impaled. The lady's arms
Communications. ' 229
evidently were ist and 4th, Argent, three serpents' heads erased
Azure, for Halsall; 2nd and 3rd, Argent, two bars Azure within
a bordure engrailed Sable, for Halsall^ ancient (sometimes mis- -
called Parr), It is interesting to compare the confusion in mar-
shalling the arms on this glass with that on the monument,
belonging to the end of the fifteenth century, in Halsall Church,
figured in the Trans, Hist, Soc\ Lane, and Chesh.^ vol. xii, n.s.,
plates 24 and 25, where the arms and quarterings of Halsall
appear on the surcoat of the knight as four grand quarters, each
quarterly ist and 4th, Halsall \ 2nd, Bold; 3rd, Halsall ancient.
In the arms on the brass in Halsall Church, erected in the latter
part of the sixteenth century (idid, p. 221), the quarters are ist and
4th, Halsall; 2nd, Halsall ancient; 3rd, Bold, The presence of
the Bold quarter in the Halsall achievement is, as yet, unexplained.
These arms in Farn worth Church may be compared with those
copied in 1598, and described in the Trans. Hist, Soc. Lane, and
Chesh.^ vol. vi, n.s., p. 259.
No. 55. Richard Langti'ce of Langtree, in the parish of
Standish, co. Lane, married Grace Asliton of Bamfurlong, in
the township of Abram, about the beginning of the sixteenth
cent ury . ( Visitation of Lane. ^ 1567.)
No. 60. These Molyneux monuments still remain in Sephton
Church, and are carefully described in the Trans, Hist, Soc.
Lane, and Chesh.y vol. ii, n.s., p. 65.
No. 61. 71z/<^^/ quartering Clitheroe, John Talbot of Sales-
bury, CO. Lane, jure uxoris (a grandson of Edward Talbot of
Bashall, co. York, who died 46 Edward III, 1373), married
Isabella, daughter of Richard de Cliderou. In 1423 a dispen-
sation was granted, on the ground of their having been ignorant
of the fact that they were related in the fourth degree of
consanguinity when they contracted marriage. She died ist
August, 1432 {Inq, p, ;;/.) The coat of Talbot should have a
trefoil slipped sable in the fesse point.
No. 67. The County of La?icaster would probably be
Engla?idy with a label of three points Argent.
No. 70. Trafford. The quarters in this shield are wrongly
marshalled; they should be — ist, Trafford', 2nd, Fitton\ 3rd,
Thornton \ 4th, Helsby, See Earwaker's East Cheshire, vol. i,
pp. 51, 61.
No. 80. ffarifigton, William ffarington of Worden (son of
Sir Henry ffarington of Farington, co. Lane, by his second wife
Dorothy, daughter of Humphrey Okeover of Okeover, co.
Stafford) married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Talbot of
Bashall. See Visitation of Lane, 1533, Chetham Soc, vol, ex,
230 Pommunications.
p. 114, and Visitation of Lanc^ 1613, Chetham Soc, vol. Ixxxii,
p. 19.
No. 81. Langton, Baro?i of Newton^ co. La?ic, A very
complete account of the heraldry of Banastre and Langton wi-l
be found in the Visitation of Lancashire^ i533> Chetham Soc,
vol, xcviii, p. 12. The Banastre quarter and the barony of
Newton came to the Langtons by the marriage, temp. Edward I,
of John de Langton with Alice, grand-daughter and heiress of
Robert Banastre, the last baron of Newton of that name.
No. 82. Standish, In the second quarter the bordure
engrailed sable is omitted. The cross in the fourth quarter is
also called a cross-croslet crossed. The sixth, seventh and
eighth quarters should contain the arms of English, Uiswick and
Verdon, Ralph Standish of Standish having married, in the latter
part of the fifteenth century, Alice, one of the ten daughters and
co-heiresses of Sir James Harrington of West Leigh, co. Lane,
and Wolfedge and Brixworth, co. Northampton. (Compare the
note to No. 25.)
No. 83. Osbaldeston. This family entered pedigrees at all
the Lancashire Visitations. In Harl MS. 1437 there is a note
of an undated grant by Hugh de Osbaldeston, which is sealed
with a seal shewing the figure of a man on horseback, in chain
mail, holding a shield, which bears a mascle between three
roundels. The second and third quarters came in by an early
marriage with the daughter and heiress of Tomlyn Molyneux of
the Edge, co. Lane, (second son of Sir Richard Molyneux
of Sefton), who had married Jane, daughter and heiress of
Alexander Cuerdale of Cuerdale, co. Lane. ( Visitation of Lafic,
1567, Chetham Soc, vol. Ixxxi, p. 34, note). The fifth quarter
was brought in by the marriage of John Osbaldeston, in the
fifteenth century, with Anne, daughter and co-heiress of Sir
Richard Balderslone of Balderstone, co. Lane, {ibid)
No. 84. The abbreviated word describing the charges on
the bend in the first and fourth quarters may be intended either
for ** escallops " or " escarbuncles "; most probably the latter is
meant, and, if so, the coat is that of Thornton of Thornton, co.
Chester, quartering Helsby of Helsby^ co. Chester. Compare
No. 70.
(230
RECUSANT ROLL FOR WEST DERBY
HUNDRED, 1641.
THE following Recusant Roll for the Hundred of
West Derby, in the County of Lancaster, dated
1641, has been copied by Mr. W. E. Gregson from
the original in the possession of Messrs. Slater,
Heelis, WiUiamson, CoUey & Tulloch, of Manchester.
The thanks of the Society are due to these gentle-
men for permission to copy the Roll, and to Mr. W.
E. Gregson for so kindly undertaking the arduous
task of transcription.
Apud ©tntSft^ decimo septimo Juni Anno Regni Regis Caroli
Anglie &c. decimo septimo Annoq^ dni 1641.
H IRowle or Callenber of tbe names of all the con-
VICTED RECUSANTS WITHIN THE HUNDRED OF DaRBIE BEING
OF THE AGE OF SIXTEEN YEARES OR ABOVE AND ALSOE OF
ALL THE NONCOMMUNICANTS WITHIN THE SAYD HUNDRED
FOR ONE YEARE LAST PAST OF THE AGE OF XXI YEARE^ OR
ABOVE AS THEY WEARE P'SENTED & DELIV'ED THE DAY &
YEARE ABOVE SAYD UNTO S^ ThOMAS STANLEY BaRRONET
John Atherton Henry Ogle & Henry Ashurst Esquires
CoMISSIONERS FOR THE RaTEING & ASSESSING OF THE TWO
latter of the ffower intyre subsidies granted to his
Ma'tie by Acte of Parliam't houlden at Westminster
IN THE SIXTEENTH YEARE OF HIS HYGNES RaYGNE NOT BEING
CONTRIBUTORY TO THE RATES EXPRESSED IN THE ACTE MADE
FOR THE SAYD SUBSIDIES OF IIIJ* IN THE POUND FOR LaND OR
Ijs vilj^ THE POUND FOR GOODS ALL wh SAYD PERSONS
WHERE CHARGED BY THE SAYD COMISSIONERS WITH THE PAY-
M't of XVI^ THE POLE FOR THE SAYD TWO SUBSIDIES AS
FFOLLOWETH —
232
Communications.
NORTHMEALES PARISH.
Ellin ux' Thomas Hesketh
Esq'^
Wittni Hesketh gent.
RoBte Hesketh gent.
Margerie Brekill vid.
Elizabeth ux' Gabrill Gill
Alice ux' RoBte Wright
Elizabeth Wrighte vid.
xvr
xvj^
id
xvj
xvj'^
\d
XVJ
xvj^
xvj^
9 4
HALSALL PARISH.
Richard Simkin& Marie ux'
eius ijs
Henry Mercer & Ellin ux*
eius ijs
Margerie Rimer vid.
Alice ux' Thomas Abraham
Margerie Jaxson vid
viij^
VllJ^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
9 4
DOWN HOLLAND.
Margret ux' Henry Hey
John Wakfielcl & Ellin ux'
eius ij^
Thomas Hulme & Alice ux'
eius iy
Richard Hulme theire sonn
Katherin ux' RoBte Tasker
Alice Tasker theire daughte^ xvj^
Ann Tasker theire daughte*"
John Scarsbricke
Ann ffarrer vid.
Margerie ux' Richard Pye
Ann Pye sp'
Jane Pye sp'
ffrancis ux' Tho; Aspinwall
John Aspinwall theire son
Ellin Aspinwall theire daugh
xvj^
viij^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
te'
XVJ°
Denis Smith & Izabell ux'
eius ii^ viij^
Izabell ux' Phillip Norres xvj*^
£^ 6 8
M'-s Ellin Ireland sp"^
xvj^
Katherin Musgrave
xvj^
Elizabeth Lyon sp"^
xvj^
Arliuii Aspinwall
xvj^
Ellin Underwood vid.
xvj^i
Izabell Pye vid
xvj^
Ellin Wilson vid.
xvj«^
Jenet Cooper
xvj^
George Almond
xvj^
Jane Pye
xvj^
Elizabeth Lidiat vid
xvj^
Gilbert Hulme
xvj^
Margaret Hunt
xvj*i
James Hulme
xvj^
Margret Aspinwall
xvj*^
John Coojjer
xvj^
Margret Cooper
xvj^
Edward Goore
xvj^
Marie Almond
xvj^
George Pye
xvj^
John Pye
xvj^
Richard Pye
xvj^
John Hulme
xvj^
Wiiim Kenion
xvj^
Jenet Hulme
xvj^
Raph Woodcocke
xvj^
Margret Lidiat
xvj«^
Margret Yate
xvj^
I 17 4
MAGHULL.
Edmond Hulme & Ellin ux'
eius ij^ vii]'
Alice Hulme xvj'
Tho: Wilkinson & Margret
ux'
Richard Mercer & Alice ux'
eius
\d
ijs viij^
ijs viij*^
Communications.
233
Tho- Bulline & Margret ux'
eius
Tho: Barker & Margerie
ux'
ij^ viij^
Jane ux' Wittm Darwin
Alice ux' Edmond Goore
jjs viijd
xvj^
xvj
id
o 17 4
MKLLING.
Ellin ux' RoBteMollinexEsq'^ xvj^
Margerie MoUinex xvi^
Margret Mollinex xvj^
Briget ux' Tho: Martin xvj^
Margret Martin sp*^ xvj^
Elizabeth Tarlton sp*" xvj^
Nicholas Rigbie xvj^
Cicely Hunt vid. xvj^
Elizabeth Hunt vid. xvj^
o 12
ORMISKIRKE PARISH.
Cuthbert fformbie xvj^
John Greaves & Margerie
ux' ijs viij^
(iabrill Greaves his son xvj^
Wittm Claypane xvj**
Nicholas Ligh&Izabellux' ij'' viij^
Elizabeth Ligh there daughte^ xvj^
Bridget Ligh there daughte'^
Henry Kilshaw
Richard Worthington et
ux'
Katherin Wignall
Jane ux' George Tipping
John Winstanley
Tho: Wareing
Richard Wareing et ux'
Richard Wareing
Margret Wareing
Margerie Wareing
XVJ"
xvjd
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
I 8 o
BURSCOUGH.
Marie Maudsley vid.
Henry Maudsley her son
Elizabeth Boydwell vid.
Gilbert Gill
Edward Kilshaw & Cicily
ux' eius ij^
RoBte Withington & ux' ij^
John Withington & Raph
Withington there sonnes ij^
Gabrill Walker et ux' ij^
Henry Walker there son
Wittni Cropper & Elizab:
ux' eius ij^
Alice ux' Richard Claypane
Tho: Whytstone & Eliz: ux'
eius ij^
Thomas Alker
Peeter Vause & Margret
ux' eius ij^
Wittm Kilshaw Ju & Ellin
ux' eius ij^
Jane Vause vid.
Adam Vause & ux' ij^
Elizabeth ux' Roger Lea
Ann Carr vid.
George Walker & Dorathy
ux' eius
John Langley
John fflecher
James Burscough 5: ux' ij^
Ann ux' Tho: Lea
John Rannet & ux' ij*
Cuthbert Halsall
James Halsall his sonn
Richard Gill
Tho: ffryth & Ann ux' efus ij^
Richard Lathom et ux' ij^
Richard Allerton Jun""
xvj«*
xvj^
xvj^
xzj^
vnj^
viij^
VH)"
viij^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
vnj"
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
XVJ"
xvj^
XVJ"
viij^
viij^
xvj^
2 18 8
BICARSTAFFE.
Thomas Mossocke gent.
Elizabeth Mossocke sp"^
Humfrey Aspinwall
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
234
Communications.
Raph Hey & Jenet ux'
eiiis
Ellin ux' Wittm Taylo'^
John Haile & Jane ux'
eius
ffrancis Wright & Ann ux'
eius
Tho: Bullin & Ann iix'
eius ij'
Hugh Bullin & John Bullin
theire sonnes ij
Katherin Simkin there ser-
vant
John Goore & Margerie ux'
eius ij'
Tho: Webster & Alice ux'
eius ij-
Edvv. A spin wall & Marie
ux eius ij
Marie Barton vid.
Richard Westhead et ux'
Raph Vallentyne
Jane ux' John ffarest
Ann Cocket
Jane ux' Hunifrey Aspinwall
Edwaid Ambrosse & ux' ij^
Tho: Ambrosse his son
Ann Ambrosse his daughte'
Wittm ffurnifull his servant
Jenet Smith vid.
Ellen Heskin
Margret Bicarstaffe
John Bastwell et ux' ij^
Jane ux' James Smith
Ellin Barker
Elizabeth Stanastreete
viij^
xvj^
ij^ Vllj**
ijs vnj^
viij'^
viij^
xvj^
VI ij^
viij'^
viij^
xvj°
ijs viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^.
viij^
xvj<^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvjd
xvj^
2 14
SKELMARSDALE.
Henry Mosse&Elizab:ux' ij^
Lewis Sephton et ux' ij^
Jonie ux' Richard Moss
Thomas Sutton et ux' ij^
VJlj^
viij^
xvj^
vlij^
LATHOM.
Hugh ^lason
Cicily ux' Hugh Martlen
George Rigmaden et ux' ij"
Izabell ux' Henry Hulme
Wiitm Rigmaiden et ux' ij'
John Gregson & ux' ij
Cla'ris Worthington
Katherin Hodgson
Richard Johnson & Ann
ux' eius
M'"^ Ann Jollibrand
Cicily ux' George Wayn-
w right
Izabell ux' Alex: Bryers
Lewis Rydeing & Jane ux'
eius ij^
Margret ux' Wiitm Stopforth
Rich: Mosse & Elizab: ux'
eius ij^
Wittm Spakeman & Ellin
ux' eius ij^
Elizabeth Spakeman there
daughte"^
Elizabeth ux' Edw. Holland
M'"^ Alice Longe
Rich^ Smoult & Ellin ux'
eius ij^
Ellin Allerton vid.
Lawrence Coudocke et ux'
Richard Smith
Elizabeth ux' Peeter Cooper
Thomas Carr et ux' ij^
Henry Carr his sonn
John Carr et ux' ij^
ux' Wittm Aiscough Sen'
ux' Wiiim Aiscough Ju'
M^ Ellin Cropper
Katherin ux' Rich: Mercer
Ellin Maudsley spinster
Grace Maudsley sp'
Tho: Bufscough et ux' ij^
ux' Thome fflecher
xvj°
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
zvj^
xvj^
ij^ vnj'
xvj'
•j^
xvj^
xvj^
vnj^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj'^
viij^
xvj^
9 4
Communications. '
235
SCARSBRICKE.
ffrancis ux^ Edvv: Scarsbicke
Elizabeth Gorsuch vid.
ffrancis Gorsuch sd"^
Edw: Jumpe & Cicily ux'
eiu3 ij^
Mathew Huilston et ux' ij*
RolSte Sutton & EUzabeth
ux' eius ij^
Margret Worthington vid.
Wittni Shaw & JMarie ux'
eius ij^
Edw: Gill & Alice ux' eius ij*
Elizabeth ux' James Blundell
Edward Smith & Ellin ux'
eius ij^ viij^
James Smith there sonn xvj
Elizabeth Smith there daugh-
te*^ xvj^
Elizabeth ux' Gilbert Blundell x\'f
Elin ux' Edward Blundell xvj^
Nicholas Gorsuch xvj^
Elizabeth Jameson vid. xvj^
Elizabeth Rothwell vid. xvj^
XVJ"
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
id
xvy
id
I 12
ALKER PARISH.
Ann Jumpe sp*^
'J ho: Gilbertson et ux'
Richard Loveladie
\Vittm Warton-
Ann Warton vid.
Anthony Weiherbie
/rhomas Harvie et ux'
John Sergant
Raph Tatlocke et ux'
Ellin ux' John Renold
Witim Prescott
Wiiim Livesey & ux'
Alice Cooper sp"^
John Masom
ffrancis Massom
Anthony Livesey et ux'
Richard Spakeman & ux'
John Tickle et ux'
xvj^
i'f viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj'^
xvj^
ijs viij^
xvj^
ijs viij^
xvj*^
xvj^
ij* viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
ijs viij^
ijs viij^
ijs viij^
Cicily Tickle vid.
Thomas Lawrenson & ux' ij
Margerie ux' John Wilson
RoBte Loveladie
Henry Loveladie
Marie Loveladie
John Linicar
John Croston
IVittm Renold
Margret ux' James Woosey
John Sutton
James Halsall & ux' ij
Roger Barton
Raph Holland
John Massom Jun'
Robart Goore Jun' et ux' ""
xvj^
viij^
XV j^
x\'f
id
id
XVJ
xvj'
XVJd
xvj^
xvjd
xvjd
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
id
XVJ
xvj^
ij^ viij^
2 18 8
xvj^
xvj^^
xvj^
xvj<^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
XVJ'
XVJ'
xvj
AUGHTON PARISH.
ffrancis Rouson
RoBte Taylor
Elizabeth Crosse
Alice Goore
Elizabeth ux' John Butler
Jane ux' Gilbert Burscough
'Witim Hartley et ux' ij^
Ann ux' Hugh Aspinwall
Elin Aspinwall theire daugh-
Jenet Hcsketh vid.
Ann Hesketh her daughte*^
Lynell Buchard
Edward Buchard
Elizabeth Buciiard
Wittm Ligh et ux' * ij^
Elizabeth ux' James Hulme
Ann Hulme vid.
Margret Aspinwall
Alice Prescott vid.
Ann Cooper vid.
John Martindell el ux'
Margret ux' Richard Moor
croft xv:
Elizabeth ux' Peeler Stanley xv
James Stanley gent, xv;
id
XVJ"
xuj^
X\'f
vijj^
xvj^
XVJ'
xvj
id
XVJ
236
Communications.
Dorathyux' Thomas Garrard xvj^
Elin Buchard vid. xv'f
Edward Hale xvj^
SEPHTON PISH.
Lawrence Barron senio*"
Cicily Melling vid.
Wiiim Melling
Jane Melling
Jane ux' Anthony Darwin
Nicholas Shepard et ux'
Thomas Pinnington
Wittm Pinnington •
Ann ux' Henry Loveladie
Wittm Rydeing
Ann Parr vid.
Jane lix' Phillip Coney
Jane Makein
Humfrey Blundell
Ann Tyrer
Raph Slocke et ux'
Peeter Hurdice et ux
Ann Hurdice vid.
Ellin Abraham vid.
Anthony Pinnington
Andrew Bouldwin et ux'
Richard Parr
xvjd
xvj^
xvj^
xvj<^
xvj^
viij^
xvjd
xvj^
xvj^
xvj<^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj<^
xvj^
ij^ viij^
iis viij^
id
XVJ
xvj
XVj"
viij^
xvj^
I 14 8
THORNTON.
RoBte Mollinex xvj^
RoBte Johnson xvj^
Edmond Mollinex et ux' ij* viij^
RoBte Bootle & Jane ux'
eius ijs viij^
Ann Skenenson vid. xvj^
John Tarlton & Ann ux'
eius ijs viijd
Ellin ux' Anthony Lunt xvj"
id
Elizabeth ux' Nicholas Abra-
ham xvj^
Thomas Bordman xvj^
Margerie ux' Thomas Couple xvj^
Ann ux' Roger Bridge
RolSte Riggat
Oswald Tickle
Wiitm Abraham Sen:
xvj^
xvj^
xvj*^
xvj
id
CROSBIE PRA.
Ux' Wittm Blundell Escf
Gilbert Benet
Richard Renold
John Baiton et ux'
Edward Rothwell et ux'
Richard Marrow et ux'
John Renold et ux'
Elizabeth Stocke vid.
John Stocke
Wittm Stocke et ux'
Hugh ffarrer et ux'
Thomas ffarrer et ux'
Symon Worall et ux'
Margret Ryce vid.
Edward Ryce et ux'
Margret Brough vid.
Richard Brough
Richard Aynsworth et ux' ij
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
viij^
viij^
id
XVJ
xvj
Edward Denton et ux'
Thomas Ryce
Ellin Garstange vid.
Nicholas Blundell
Thomas Poole et ux'
Margret Ryding
Wittm Johnson
Lawrence Johnson
Richard Bryanson et ux'
John Robartson et ux'
Katherin theire daughter
Richard Garthes
Thomas Blanchard & ux'
John Blanchard his sonn
Richard Ryding et ux'
John Mercer et ux'
Thomas Robartson et ux'
id
vnj°
viij^
viij^
viij^
xvj^
id
ij^ vnj
xvj'
xvj^
viij^
viij*^
xvj^
xvj**
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij^
viij^
viij^
3 17 8
Communications.
237
INCE BLUNDELL.
John Mollinex gent, et ux' ij^
Margerie Walley vid.
Robt fformbie Senio'^
Elizabeth ux' John Tickle
Richard Blundell Jn.
Edward Hill & ux' ij«
Alice Renold vid.
fifrancis ffleetwood
John Blanchard
RolSte Hulme et ux' ijs
Henry Blundell
Margerie Croston vid.
Edmond Raphson
John Mollinex
Wittm Renold
Richard Renold
VllJ^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
viij^
xvj*^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj<^
xvj^
xvj^
Elizabeth ux' John Cowdocke xvj^
Ellin Wiitmson vid. xvj^
Richard Blundell Sen. xvj^
I 9 4
MAGNA CROSBIE.
Henry Hatton
Thomas Ridgate
Ellin Gorton vid.
Richard Newhouse
Elizabeth Thorpe vid.
Wittm Ridgate
Henry Aspinwall
George Leyland
James Ryce
Nicholas Lurting
Ann ux' George Mercer
Richard ffazakerley
Jenett Atherton
Edward Hatton
Wiiim Arnold
John Lunt Ju'
Nicholas Johnson sen'
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj
xvj^
xvj^
xvj<^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
id
2 8
AYNTREE, LITHERLAND
ORRELL & FFORD.
Henry Bootle xvj^
Thomas Tyrer xvj^
Wittm Tarlton xvj^
ux' John Bowdy xvj^
Ellin Mayle vid. xvj^
ux' Wittm Wigno xvj^
id
WALTON PARISH.
UoBte ffazakerley gent, et
ux' ijs viij^
Ellin ffazakerley sp*" xvj '
Margret ffazakerley sp*" xvj^
Lawrence Bryers et ux' ij^ viij^
Wittm Chorley gent, et ux' ij* viij^
Eme Chorley sp'^ xvj^
Nicholas ffazakerley gent.
et ux'
ijs viijd
Henry Stananoght et ux'
ij^ viij^
Wittm Topping et ux'
ij^ viij^
Joane Tyrar vid.
xvj^
Tho: Longhorne et ux*
i'f viij^
Dorathy Barker sp^
xvj^
Ann Bridge vid.
xvj^
John ffisher et ux'
ijs viij^
I 9 4
WEST DARBIE.
Elizabeth Mollinex vid.
Katherin Mollinex
Thomas Welsh & ffrancis
ux' eius ijs
Margeria ux' Hugh Barner
Arthur Tyrer et Margret
xvj°
xvj^
vuj'
xvj*
viij^
xvj^
XVJ
xvj
ux' euis ij*
Thomas fflecher
Ann ux' RolSte Darwin
Thomas Mollinex
George Woodes et Susan
ux' eius ij*^ viij'
RoBte JVIercer & Ellin
ux' eius ijs viij^
iiid
r
238
Communications.
John Sergent et ux'
ij«
viij^
FFORMBIE.
John Stockley et Marie
Elizabeth uV Rich: fformbie
xvj^
ux' eins
ij«
viij^
Elizabeth fformbie
xvj^
Andrew Marcer
xvj«^
Phillip Norres et ux'
ij^
viij^
AHce Rigbie vid.
xvjd
Ellin Rymer vid.
Margerie Sutton vid.
Tho: Simkin & Ellin ux'
xvj^
xvj**
Wittm Moore et Marge
•y
ux' eius
ij«
viij^
eius
'?
viij^
John Edgerton & Ellinor
Cuthbert Goore
xvj^
ux' eius
ijs
viij^
Thomas Norres
xvj^
John Laihom Lathom
et
Henry fformbie
xvj^
ux'
ij^
\i\'f
Wittm Robartson
xvj^
Ellin Standish vid.
xvj^
Wiiim Rimer Ju' et ux'
ij'
viij^
George Standish et ux'
ij'«
viij^
James fforn^bie et ux'
ij^
viij^
James Pemberton
xvj<i
John Ambrose
xvj«i
Valentyne Richardson
et
Richard fformbie
xvj^
ux'
ij«
viij^
John Kesterson et ux'
ij'
viij^
Thomas Boulton
xvj^
Elizabeth Browne
xvjd
Margret ux' Edw: Henshavv
xvj^
Wittm Blevin et ux'^
ij'
viij^
Ellin ux' John Miller
xvjd
Edmond Rydeing
xvj^
Mary Leyland
xvj^
•James Tyrer et ux'
Thomas Goore Jun'
ij»
viij^
2
James Norres et ux'
James Abraham
Rich Johnson atis harris
ij^
viij^
xvj<^
on
LIV^POOLE.
et Margrete ux' eius
xvj^
Ursula ux' John Banckes
xvj^
Jenet Rimer vid.
xvj^
Jane ux' Henry Haskeene
xvj^
Richard Rimer
xv'f
Alice Harison sp'
xvjd
Wittm Rimer
xvj^
Elizabeth Perkinson
xvj^
Wittm fformbie
xv'f
Arthur Mucko'wen
xvj^
Christopher Warton et ux
John Maihew
'ijS
viij^
x\'f
6 8
Cicily ux' Tho: Yonge
Cuthbert Goore
xvjd
xvj^
KIRKBIE.
Thomas Rimer
xvj^
Edward Tatlocke & ux'
U'
viij^
Peeter Jumpe
xvj<^
John Tatlocke
xvj^
ICllis Rimer
xvj^
Ettin Lawuenson vid.
xvj^
James Copland
xvj^
RoBte Lawrence et ux
>
Wittm Norres
xvj^
eius
ij«
viij^
Elizabeth Sutton
xvj^
Ellin Hunt
xvjd
John Richardson
xvjd
Ann Norres vid.
xvj^
-
Dorathie Norres
xvjd
3
5 4
Ellin ffazakerley vid.
xvj^
1 The words e^ ux* are cro
ssed
I
3 4
out in
Comnmnications.
239
WIGGAN PARISH.
Elixabeth ux' Alex Rigbie
Ann Anderton vid.
James Kid alls [alias] Ire-
land
Grace ux^ Edward Barow
AViHm /ford Pewterar
Ann ux' Kaph lianckes
Elizabeth Mascroft vid.
Richard flarn worth Coop
Jane Anderton vid.
Ann Plat vid.
RoBte Brigges
Tho: Bertwisle et ux' ij**
Alice Orrell vid.
Nicholas Mather
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xv^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj'^
viij^
xvj^
xvj<^
HAYGH.
Andrew Ormston et ux' ij^
John Maries et Ann ux'
eius ijs
viij<^
vuj^
5 4
INCE.
Ellin Ireland
Christopher Banckes
Kaiherin Ince vid.
Elizabeth Boulton vid.
Agnus Pinnington vid.
xvj^
xvj'^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
pemb'ton.
Henry Hulme et ux' ij^
Elizabeth Mollinex vid
Elizabeth Winstanley vid.
Humfrey Orrell
Thomas Alker et ux' ij^
Richard Rylans et ux' ij^
James Rigbie et ux' ij^
viij^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj'^
viij^
viij^
viij^
Cuthbert Scott et ux' ij^
Alexander Gorse et ux' ij*
Murgerie Rylance vid,
viij^
viij*^
xvj'^
HINDLEY.
Elizabeth ux' Abraham Lang-
ton
!<!
xvj
Richard Stanley et ux' ij^ viij^
ABRAHAM.
Richard I.eyland
Richard Ashton
Raph Leigh
Jane Hyton vid.
UPHQTXAND.
Alexander Naylor
Jane ux' RolSte Holland
Katherin Corles vitl.
Ellin ux' Robte Billing
Katherin ux' James Whit-
hedge*
Ann Prescott vid.
Emri [?] Chighley
DALTON.
Wittm Crosse
Oliver Crosse
Elizabeth Crosse
Margret Crosse
Margret Topping
iVeter Topping
Alex: Barker
Ann ux' Lawrence Berry
Jane Prescott
xvj^
xvj'^
xvj^
xvj^
5 4
vvjd
xvj^
id
XVJ
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
9 4
xv)^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
240
Communications.
Elizabeth Armetryding xvj-
Ann ux' Rich: Holland x^j-
Henry Prescctt xvj-
16 o
ORRELT.
James I^igh
Alexander I^i^h
John Barton
James Wholey
Richard Goarse
Edward ffairhurst
Henry Xaylo*^
James Goarse
xvj^
xvj<*
xvj^
xvj^
o 16 8
BILLINGE k WINSTANLEY
Peeter Marsh
John Marsh
JIumfrey Atherton
Alice Parr
Margret Haworth
Jane ux' James liibbie
Tiiomas Marsii et ux' ijs viij
Margret ux' Oliiver Chad
wicke
xvj
id
l^Here another handivriihig begin s?\
PRESCOTT PARISH E.
Mary the wyfe of Henry
Garnet
Anne the wyfe of William
Standishe
xvj<^
xvj^
02 08
ECCLE5TOX.
Tace ux' Thomas Eccieston
A:;r.e Charnocke vid.
Ciciiie Travice
Edward Howard
Eliinor Eccieston
John Cliffe
Thomas 5:ardishe
Andrew Ta}Ior
John Holland
John Arrowsmithe
Eiiin Lvon
xvj**
xvj**
xvj^
x\j**
xvj<*
xvj<*
xvj<*
xuj<*
xvj<i
xvj^
14 8
PARRE.
Bryan H award
John Knowles
John Arrowsmithe
William Barton xvj
Margret ux' James Pinning-
xvj<*
xvj^
xvj<*
xvja
Xvjd
xvj^
xvjd
xvj*^
xvj<*
VI lid
ton
Mary Martin vid.
Jane Birchall vid.
Henry Arnet
xvjd
xvj<i
xvj<*
xvj**
10 8
RAYNFORD.
ffraunces the wyfe of Henry
l^thome Esq""
Thomas Lathome gent.
Anne Lathom
Margret Lathom
ffraunces I^thora
John Potter
Richard Xaylor
John Xaylor Smithe
Margerie ux' RoBte Rayne-
fortiie
Thomas Hey
Marmaduke Lane & Alice
his wyfe ij'*
RoBte Cowley & Alice his
wyfe ij*
xvj**
xvj**
xvj**
xvj**
xvj**
xvj*»
xvj
id
id
XVJ'
XVJ<»
xvj**
viij**
vnj**
Communications.
241
Mathew Cowley xvj^
Elizabeth ux' Hugh Sefton xvj^
Elizabethe ux' Henry Robie xvj^
Mary ux' John Rayneforth
Anne Parre
Hellen Pane
xvj''
xvj*^
xvj^
01 06 08
WINDLE.
The late wyfe of Olliver Main-
wareinge
ffraunce Haward her mayde
Humfrey Goursie & Anne
his wyfe ij*
Jennet the wyfe of Robte
Roughley
Tlio: Taylor & his wyfe ij^
ux' John Travice
ux' Gawyne Atherton
Anne Holland
\d
xvj
xvj^
viij^
xvj^
viij*^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
o 13 04
SUTTON.
Richard Dobson & his
wyfe
Ellis Glovar
Alice Barnes vid.
Richard fib rster
Mathewe Kenyon
Robte Cowley & his \s7fe ij^ vnj'
Henry Jollibrand & his
wyfe
Mathewe Hill & his W7fe
Elline flfayrehurst vid.
James Barker ^ h's wyfe
Edward Stringefellowe
Raphe Haward de Broadyate xvj'
John Ley Senio"^
Rofeie Wilkocke
viij^
w'f
x\'f
xv'f
xvj^
ijs viij^
i'f viij*^
xvj*^
ij'' viij^
xvj°
xvj^
xvjd
01 05 04
RAYNEHILL.
Elizabeth wyfe of John Lan-
caster
Katherin Potter vid.
Margret Ackers vid.
xvj°
xvj^
xvj'
id
4 00
WHISTON.
John fiord xvj**
Jane Justice vid. xvj^
Elizabeth Case vid. xvj**
Ellinor ux' Roger Thomas-
son xvj**
Elizabeth Shingleton vid. xvj**
And Thomas her sonne xvj<*
William Ackers Butcher xvj**
09 04
WIDNES.
John Denton & Elizabeth
his wyfe ij^
John Lawton Senio"^ & Eli-
zabeth his wyfe ij^
John Linaker Senio*" & Anne
his wyfe ij^
William liitchmough & Jen-
net his wyfe ij^
Thomas Davison & Alice
his wyfe ij^
Richard Carter & Anne
his wyfe ij^
John Smithe & Elline his
wyfe ij^
Henry Smithe & his wyfe ij^
Robte Hill & his wyfe ij^
Henry Davy son & Margret
his wyfe ij^
John Seddon & his wyfe ij*"
John Hawarden gent-
Anne Hanison vid.
Margerie Hawarden
Elline the wyfe of Edward
Hawarden
viij**
viij**
viij**
vnj**
viij**
viij**
viij**
viij**
viij**
viij**
viij**
xvj**
xvj**
xvj**
xvj**
242
Communications.
Jane the wyfe of William
Litherland
Jane Goulden vid.
William Thomasson alias
Johnson
Ellin Hitchmoiigh vid.
John Barrowe
Alice Holme
John Patton & Ellin his
wyfe ij
Alice Harrison vid.
Henry Marshe Senio*"
xvj*'
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
xvj^
** viijd
xvj^
02 08 o
CUERDLEY.
Thomas Ballard & his
wyfe
Henry Heme & his wyfe ij"* viij^
William Youde& his wife ij** viij^
ij"* viij^
John Heaiiie
xvj"
09 04
CRONTON.
Evan Garnet &: Elizabeth
his wyfe ij^ viij'^
Ellinor the wyfe of William
Crosse xvj'
04 o
BOULD.
Christopher Jackeson & Ellin
his wyfe ij'' viij^
Richard Ellison & Jennet
his wyfe
Ellin the wyfe of Henry
Bould
Isabell the wyfe of Henry
ij'' viij^
xvj^'
Matherson
William Marshe
Ursolae the wyfe of Richard
Lount
XVJ"
xvj^
10 8
DVTONNE.
Edward Ditchfeild & Dorathie
his wyfe ij^* viij"
Edward I)enton xvj*^
Margret Denton xvj^
ffrauncis Roson & Alice
his wyfe ij** viij^
Katherin (Tarnom
Jennet Davison
Thomas Mather
xvj"
xvj^
xvj^'
09 04
GREAT SONKVE.
Thomas Penkethe & Alice
his wyfe ij** viij'^
PENKETHE.
Margret the wyfe of Henry
Woodes xvj^
Margret the wyfe of Henry
Makine
XVJ"
o 02 08
HUVTON.
Mary ux* Thomas Wolfall xvj*^
Rotite Harrington & his
wyfe ij** viij'^
Julian ux' Thomas Lyon
John Hunt
Elizabeth Buttrie vid.
Henry Danie & his wyfe ij^ vig'^
XVJ"
xvj*^
Elizabeth Bunberrie
Ellin Marshe
John l.awrenson & his
wyfe
XVJ"
xvj^
ij^ viij^
o 16 00
KNOWESET.EY.
John Bootle
William Bootle
Jane Bootle
Dorathy Bootle
Jane Bootle vid.
id
XVJ
xvj'*
xvj^
xvj*^
Communications.
243
Ellin Langley her Servant
xvj*^
Alice Norres vid.
xvj^
Anne Houlme vid.
xvj**
Alice wife of Edward Houl-
Robte Holme her sonne
xvj^
give
xvj^
Joane Webster vid.
xvj*^
Thomas Hawes & Jennet
Margery Tyldesley vid.
xvj^
his wyfe ij^
viij'^
Margret Brookfeild vid.
xvj^
William Challinor & Anne
James Stockley & his wyfe ij*
viij*^
his wyfe ij^
viij^
Mary wyte of Edward Gill
xvj^
00 I
7 04
Alice wyfe of Henry Whit-
feild
W)^
HALE & HALEWOODE.
Alice wyfe of William Tarle-
RotSte Crosse & Elizabeth
. ton
xvj^
his wyfe ij«
viij^
Jane the wyfe of Roger Tar-
Raphe Sefton & Alice his
leton
xvj^
wyfe ij«
viij^
Jane Mollinex servant to
Elaine Waynewright Servant
Thomas Lyon
xvj^
to RotSte Crosse
Margret Harrison vid.
YVid
XVJ
xvj^
03 01 04
Margret & Elizabeth her
■^~
daughters ij*
viij^
ALLERTON.
John Gill & Ellin his wyfe ij^
viij^
William Lathom
xvj**
William Gill & Ellin his
Thomas Lathom
xvj^
wyfe ij**
viij^
Richard Woodley
xvj**
Elizabeth the wyfe of RotSte
Elline Richardson
xvj^
Crosbie
xvj<i
Margret Orme
xvj^^
Ror)te Hitchmough & Eliza-
Margery Allmond
xvj^
beth his wyfe ij**
viij^
.
John Waynewright & Mar-
a 08
gret his wyfe ij''
viij*^
'■ ""^^^
Alice Birchall vid.
xvj^
SPEAKK CU* GARSTONE
Elline Parke vid.
xvj<^
Henrie Woodes
xvj*^
John Massie & Elline his
Ellin fflud
xvj*^
wyfe ij**
viij*^
George Holme
xvj^
Ellin the wyfe of
xvj^
RotSte Holme
xvj«*
Mary his^ daughter
xvj<i
William Goodoe
xw'f
Katherin Parte sp.
xvj^
Thomas Mollinex
xvf
Margerie Micklone vid.
xvj*^
Thomas Cooke
xvj^
William Houlme
w'f
Isabell Challinor
xvj^
Rotite Burges & Elizabeth
Elizabeth Harrison
xvj^'
his wyfe ij'*
viijd
Joane Williamson
xvj**.
John Waynewright
xvj*^
Richard Norres
XV}^
Alice the wyfe of Edward
RotSte Hey
xvj«*
Pendleton
xvj«*
William Challiner
xvjd
Richard Pickren
xvj«*
RotSte Mollinex
xvj^
Thomas Mollinex & Jane
Katherin wyfe of John M'cei
xvj**
his wyfe ij**
viij**
Anne Challiner
xvj^
Robert Norres & Elizabeth
Thomas Plombe
xvj^
his wyfe ij^
viij«*
Ciselie Hestie
xvj<*
S 2
244
Communications.
Anne Hitchmough
John Plombe
Henry Norres
John Hitchin
xvj**
xvj^
xvj*
id
01 09 04
MAGNA WOOLTON.
Elline Allenson vid. xvj*^
William Hunt xvj*^
2 08
WARRINGTON PARISHE.
RoBte Bullinge & Margret
his wyfe ij^
RoBte Blackborne & Cle-
mence his wyfe ij^
Thomas Houghton & Jane
his wyfe ij^
omas Turner
Lawrence Grice
John Gerrard & Isabell his
wife ij^
Thomas Mawdsley
John Barnes & Jane his
wyfe ij'^
John ffrodgeshame
Elizabeth wyfe of Henry
Gorstige
Isabell wyfe of Edward Kay
Elline Livesley
Anne wyfe of John Sonkey
Richard Goulden & Anne
his wyfe ij'^
Margret wyfe of Edward
Wright
Jane wyfe of Thomas Breth-
erton
Alice Southworthe sp*^
Dowce Patton sp*^
Grace Bullinge sp'^
Marmaduke Gerrard
Ellice Makant Senio*^
viij'^
viij^
xv'f
xv'f
\n'f
x\'f
vfij^
xvjd
xvjd
xvj^
01 16 o
d I
XVJ''
xvj^ I
viij^
xvjd
xvj^'
xx'f
xv'f
XV}^
xvj^
xvj^
Henry Hill
RIXTON.
GLASEBROOKE.
Thomas Rothwell
XVJ
XVJ^
id
id
WOOLSTON CU* POOLTON O'.
Jane Boothe vid. xvj
Jane wyfe of Richard Booth xvj^
xvj**
XVJ°
ij** viij**
xvjd
xvj*»
Thomas Ashton
Ellin Mason
John Allen & his wyfe
Alexander Allen
Elizabeth wyfe to Thomas
Smith
Elizabeth wyfe to Richard
Houghton
Sara daughter to Richard
Houghton
Anne wyfe to Hamlet Taylor xvj^
Anne wyfe to Richard
Goulden xvjd
Margret wyfe to RotSte
Houghton x\j^
xvj^
xvj'*
o 17 04
id
WINWICKE PARYSHE.
Thomas Goulden xvj
John Goulden xvjd
Elizabeth William xvj'^
00 04 00
NEWTON.
Richard Sherborne |
[ ]ret ux' eius j
XVJ"
2 08
LAWTON & KENNVON.
Jane Kay vid.
Alice wyfe of John Lowe
Elizabeth wyfe of John
Kenyon
Alice Tickle vid.
William Tickle her sonne
xvj^
xvj^
xvjd
xvj^
xvj**
Communications.'
MS
Robte Tickle et Susan ux'
Hughe Orrell -
XV}^
eius ij*
viij^
William Marsha
xvj<*
Roger Houghton
xvj<^
Richard Rogerson
xvj**
Richard Houlecrofte &
Elizabeth his wyfe
xvj^
Cicelie his wyfe ij^
viij^
Richard Ashton & his
Elizabeth wyfe to John
wyfe
ij** viij**
Harrison
xw'f
William Barrowe
w'f
Elizabeth wyfe to Roger
Ann Stanley vid.
xvjd
Twisse
xvj*^
Edward Unseworth
xvj*^
Richard Thomasson & his
Thomas Knowle
xvj*^
wyfe ij^
viij^
Anne ux' William Knowle xvj«*
Elizabeth Booth
xvj**
Elizabeth Gerrard
xyj**
Ellin Spakeman
xvj^
Anne Atherton vid.
xvj^
Joseph Gerrard
xvj*^
"~~"^^
CI 01 04
John Sh...
xvj^
xvj<*
GOULBORNE AND HAYDOCKE.
Elizabeth Raufeson vid. xvj^
01. 16 00
John Peeterson
xvj^
Richard Parpoynt & Eliza-
SOUTHWORTH & CROFTE.
beth his wyfe ij**
viij^
Penketh '
xvj^
Henry Parpoint & Anne
Agnes ux* Gilbte Hey
xvj<*
his wyfe ij'*
viij^
Alice Kay vid.
xvj**
Elizabeth Parpoynt & Jane
Richard Heaton
XV}«*
Ppoynt daughters of the
Raphe Kay
xvj«*
said Richard P|X)ynt ij=*
viij^
John Hasleden of the Milne
xvj^
06 08
Cicelie the wyfe of Henry
_
Keighley
xvjd
HAUGHTON, MIDDLETON
& ARBURY.
Isabell Crosse vid
XV]^
William Piatt
xvj«^
Anne Naylor vid.
w'f
Thomas Bellard
XVJ<^
RoBte Arrowsmith
w'f
Ellin Sotherin vid.
xvjd
Alice Piatt vid.
Randle Piatt
XVJ<*
XY|**
I
7 04
_^_
Seath Wrighi
xvj^
ASHTON IN MAKEKFFEILD.
Elliner Piatt
xvj**
John Lowicke
xvj^
Raphe Smithe
xvj^
Edward Unsworthe
xvj^
Jane Lowton vid.
xvj«*
Gerrard Potter
xvj^
Raphe Lowton
xvjd
Anne his wyfe
xvj<i
Olliver Potter his sonne
xvj**
13 04
Richard Ashton
Ellin his wyfe
vvid
aVJ
xvj<*
CULCHETHE.
Olliver Potter Shomaker
xvj^
Edward Thomasson
xvj^
Anne Birchall vid.
xvj«^
Jennet Hulton vid.
xvj^
Mary Naylor vid.
xvj<*
William Travicc
xvj**
Elline Potter vid.
xvj^
Jane Sand"^son vid.
XTJ««
24&
CommtmicationSs
John Tarbucke
:cvj*^
William Partington et ux'
Richard Unsworth
xvj^
eius ij* viij'^
Robte Guest
xvj^
Em me Cowpe vid. xvj^
John Radcliffe
xvj^
Elizabeth Smethurst xvj^
Gilbte Unsworth
xvj^
Lambert Berry et ux' eius ij* viij^
Adame Mather
xvj^
Gilbte Partington et ux'
Richard Halliwell
xvj^
eius ij^ viij^
William Peeters
John Lyon
vvi^
XVJ^
00 13 04
CO
17 04
ASTLEY.
vid. x\']^
LEIGH£ PARISHE.
xvj<^
ine the wyfe of James
Alarchall
xvi^
xvj^
xvj^
'^^J
xvi'^
Katherine Mason s\/
-^*J
00 05 04
02 08
o
BEDFORD.
WESTLEIGHE.
Richard Shuttlewortii Junio*"
James Unsworth & his
and his wyfe
js viijii
wyfe ij^ viij^
M" ffamnell
xvjJ
Richard Lypptrolt & his
M"^ Mary Urmeston
xvj^
wyfe ij^ viij^
M""^ Ellenor Urmeston
Jane Spakeman vid.
XVJ
xvj^
00 05 04
Anne the wyfe of Jeffrey
Lythgoe
xvi^
PININGTON.
Margret Yate
xvj^i
The wyfe of Thomas Smyth xvj^^
Margret Bradgshawe
xv'f
The wyfe of Thomas Yate xvj^
Raphe Barton
xv'f
The wyfe of William
Richard Smethurst
xvj^^
Urmeston xvj^
Katherin Smethurst
xvj^i
The wyfe of Thomas
Jane the wyfe of Edward
Banckrofte xvj^^
Darwall
xvj^
The wyfe of Richard
Alice Urmeston
xvj^
Sinelhurst xvj^
Alice Scott
xvj<^
Elizabeth Starkey xvj^
01
00 —
08
' TVLDI'SLEY CU' SHACKERLEY.
John Atherton ;£ s. d.
ffraunces Garret et ux'
Tot. 73 17 04
eius
ij^ viij^
Henry Ashhurst
'•"?=51^^^
(247)
REPORT FOR 1898.
During the year 13 new members, each subscribing j£i is»
a year, have been elected, while 33 resident, non-resident or life
members have either died, resigned, or had their names amoved
from the books of the Society for non-payment of subscriptions*
Taking into consideration that 7 of the 33 never paid any
subscription at all, and that 3 were life members, the income of
the Society is only reduced by ^£7 7s. owing to these changes.
Among those removed by death are the Rt. Hon. William Ewart
Gladstone, for many years a V.P. of the Society, who died full
of years and honours on the 19th of May; Lord Lathom, also
a Vice-President, persona graiissima at Court, and in Lancashire
deservedly popular, who died 19th November; a former Curator
of the Society, W. C. Ashby Pritt, cut off all too soon at Tim-
mencherla, in the Madras Presidency, April 28th, who was
careful to remember the Society in his will, bequeathing to it
illuminated facsimiles of three ancient documents; and two
other old, valuable and highly-esteemed officers of the Society —
Tiios. Naylor Morton, Assistant Sec. from 1882 to the end of
1897, who passed away in his 83rd year, July 9th : and Charles
Potter, for many years on the Council, and for 9 years Curator
of the Society's museum, who died on the 29th of November.
The funerals both of Mr. Morton and Mr. Potter were attended
on behalf of the Society by the Hon. Sec. and several members
of the Society. A short memoir of Mr. Morton appears in vol.
49 of the Society's Transactions ; and over his remains, at the
expense of his family and a few friends, a coped tombstone of
antique form, designed by Mr. Cox, will shortly be placed.
The highly conservative repair of the ruins of Birkenhead
Priory, under the direction of Mr. Cox, alluded to in last year's
report, was brought to a satisfactory conclusion this Spring ; and
it is hoped that a tablet recording the Society's share in pro-
moting so excellent a work will soon be set up on the spot.
In the Summer the Council made a grant of j[^\o towards the
cost of carrying on the excavations commenced by Mr. May on
the site of the Roman Station (Veratinum) at Wilderspool, near
248 Report^ &c.
Warrington. A rich harvest has been the result, which has
encouraged the Committee of the Warrington Museum to take
up and subsidise the work. At the request of the Council Mr.
Cox visited the excavations several times, and gave Mr. May the
benefit of his experience in such matters.
It having been reported to the Council that in the proposed
alterations in Clitheroe Church unnecessary destruction of old
and important features of the building was proposed, Mr. Cox
was requested to visit the church, which he did in conjunction
with the Hon. Sec, the result being that many of his suggestions
.were adopted by the architect and building committee. In the
case of Woodplumpton Church a similar course is being taken,
but here the scheme for rebuilding is slill in embryo.
The Felicia Hemans Memorial Tablet^ Committee of the
Society have had a very artistic tablet executed from the design
of Mr. W. F. Price, which early in the year 1899 will be affixed
to the house, No. 118, Duke Street, Liverpool, in which this
gifted lady first saw the light.
During the year 10 papers, all bearing on the history or archae-
ology of Lancashire or Cheshire, have been read at the Society's
meetings.
At a special general meeting of the Society, held on the 3rd of
November, it was resolved in future to hold the annual meeting
on the same day as and immediately before the first meeting of
the Society in each year, instead of on the day of and immedi-
ately before the first meeting of the session, commencing in
November, in each year.
At the same meeting it was resolved to make the subscription
of all ordinary members, whether resident or non-resident,
elected on and after ist January, 1898, one guinea a year; and
such alteration in the laws not being retrospective in its operation
beyond ist January, 1898, it was resolved to ask all non-resident
members elected before that date to pay the additional amount,
in order to increase the Society's usefulness.
It is gratifying to be able to announce that in April the
Treasurer was able to invest ;^i5o in Consols, which more than
covers the amount of compositions paid by life members.
Two excursions took place during the summer, of which the
following notices appeared in one of the Liverpool newspapers :
Favoured by the weather, this Society made the first of its
summer excursions on Saturday last, when a party of some 50
, members and their friends, led by the indefatigable Mr. John
Hargreaves, than whom locally a better excursion organiser could
not be found, left Lime Street Station at 1-40 p.m. Runcorn
Report^ &c, 249
was reached at 2-7, where a contingent of over 20, under the
leadershi[) of Mr. William Handley, joined the party. A start
on brakes, waggonettes, and cycles was speedily made for Halton
Castle, the points of wliich in and about which were pointed out
by Mr. Handley, whose knowledge of the district well qualified
him for the task. The curious old library, close to the castle,
founded by Sir John Chesshyre, the premier Sergeant- at-Law to
King George II, in 1733, was next visited, where the honours
were done by the librarian, the Rev. Mr. Wray, and a short but
interesting address on the contents of the building given by Mr.
Madeley, curator of the Warrington Museum. Starting thence
about 3-30, Dutton Hall, a fine old half-timbered house, was
reached at 4-15. Here Mr. and Mrs. Baxter, its present occu-
pants, obligingly pointed out the many interesting features the
house contains, calling special attention to the elaborate carvings
in and about the entrance, the magnificent old front door, and
what can be seen of the massive framing, carved cornice, and
inscriptions in the great hall, built in 1539, now divided into two
stories and cut up into a number of rooms. After leaving Dut-
ton, a drive of some two miles brought the party to the pretty
village of Aston, where they found a substantial meal awaiting
them in the National School. Having partaken of this, the
visitors proceeded to the church, rebuilt by Sir Thomas Aston,
the Cavalier, about 1630, and again altered and enlarged in 1730.
The numerous monuments in memory of members of the Aston
family, and of the Talbots, their successors at Aston, from about
1630 down to 1869, were pointed out by the vicar, the Rev. Mr.
Wray. The church and well-kept *' God's acre" adjoining it are
in perfect order, highly creditable to the vicar and all concerned,
and very pleasant to behold. From the church a move was
made to Aston Hall, which was reached after a walk through
extensive shrubberies, where the rhododendrons in full bloom
made a gallant show ; past a pretly lake, and the now dilapidated
buildings of the ancient house of the Astons, now converted
into stabling and farm buildings. 'I'he great hall, for many years
past a brewhouse, has a fine open limber roof, and a portion of
the " screens," with an elaborately-carved beam of 15th century
work, which probably carried a minstrels' gallery, is still in its
original position. The withdrawing room beyond the upper end
of the hall, with a ceiling of massive well-moulded beams, is now
a cowhouse. At the present hall, built towards the close of the
1 8th century, the party were received by Mrs. Talbot, in ihe
absence of her husband, the owner of the estate, some members
of her family, and Mr. Linaker, of P'rodsham, the agent for the
estates. Mrs. Talbot most courteously exhibited and explained
the "family tree," giving the pedigree of the Astons from a.d.
1086 to 167 1, written and emblazoned on vellum and forming a
248
Report^ &c.
AVarrington. A ricli harvest has been the result, which has
encouraged the Committee of the Warrington Museum to take
uf.mily'^iiubsiiiise the work. At the request of the Council Mr.
Co.vcase, a'lh.**- ex<:avalioiis suveral times, and gave Mr. May the
bentr cntcrtaincrb**.rience in such matters,
Lincorn, and witi sorted to the Council that in ih<i proposed
intcrestmir rchcs t)f i. Church unnecessarv destruction of old
from the l)iisy haunts ,f ^^^ buildin- was proposed, Mr, Cox
-non horse past lliusc, church, which he did in conjunction
raiKvay hnd^c at Kunco. j^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^,^,^y ^^ j^j^ suggestions
U \dni:ii.~Lu'er/>oo/ A/arrin^^ ^^^^ building committee. I n ihe
4IT a similar course is being taken^
The second excursimi tlf^^^^^^^^ '^ ^''^^ ''' ^^"^^^^^
and their friends took pku'inorial Tablet Committee of the
last, and comprised a visit Jtic tablet executed from the design
South Lancasliire. 'Hie [jartTly^^in the year 1S99 will be affixed
]).m., arriving at Rochdalev Street, Uverpool, in which this
wiiiinj;, and the i)arty at o
Newbold, wlicre a fanjily of iTU-.^eavin^' on the history or archge-
linie of King John. The old h^vye been read at the Society's
gabled i)uilding with a ijniall couityau
but at present its only remains cumptu- ^ * , 1 , , -
lar^e masses of granite which formed the 7pj JA!?^ ^" J^^^^f. ^^
the building. After inspecting the relics and surrounaings*?
wliat must once have been a residence of considerable propor-
tions, the party drove to Iklfield Hall, a mile distant. Adam,
the son of Henry de Belfield, was living here in 7 Ed, I (i 371-9).
About the middle of the i6th century the Bclfieids left the
place, and a branch of the family settled at Cleggswood M^
Clegg Hall, Belfield being after waids the seat of a branch of the '
Butterworth family, the last of whom, in the direct line, died
unmarried in 17 14. Ultimately the estate passed to Richard
Townley, who had been steward to the Butter worths, and who
vas high sheriff in 1752, in which year he refronted and probably
spoiled the old hall The Ven, Archdeacon Wilson, rector of
Rochdale, here exhibited a curious ground plan of the hall ms it
used to be. The place is now in utter decay, but Ijear^ simple
evidence of the unfortunate attempts made to improve U% *indcDl
characteristic architecture. Clegg Hnll^ above menliontd, was
next visited. This occtjpies the site of nu older btiilding inowti
as "Clegg," where in 1550 Ralph Belfield was livmgj and who^e
son married a daughter of Edmund Hopwood, uf Vlopwood,
From his issue the estate de&ceuded tu thti Assh^toit f4mily, who
in 1 61 8 sold the hall to Edmund Howorili, The present baild-
ing, which was erected early in the lylh century* wai dcscrlbeil
in 1626 as a "ffaire capital jaessuage, built wiih Oce tioa^v ivif,
Report^ &c. 251
"all new ffaire houses of office thereunto belonging, with
*' gardens, fishponds, and closes of land." The hall is still an
ornate building, though all its rural accessories have departed,
and it now stands in juxtaposition to a railway and a canal, which
destroy all semblance to the picturesque and reposeful beauty it
must once have enjoyed. This hall, it may be mentioned, is the
scene of Roby's **Clegg Hall Boggart." The party now drove
through pleasant scenery over hill and dale towards Rochdale,
passing the sites of Buckley, Hamer, and Howorth Halls, and
also " The Great House " at Amen Corner in Rochdale, the
oldest house in the town. This district is, of course, classic
ground to the admirers of the Lancashire worthy, "Tim Bobbin,"
who was born in the neighbourhood and lies buried in the
churchyard, his simple grave being duly visited by most travellers.
Rochdale Church, founded about 1194 and several times rebuilt,
was inspected, its interesting features being pointed out by Arch-
deacon Wilson, not. least among them being a very curious
ancient font, which, after lying hidden in the ground upwards of
250 years, was discovered in 1892 and once more set up in the
church. After being courteously shown through the veiy hand-
some interior of the Town Hall, the party proceeded to the
Public Library, where is preserved a fine collection of MSS. and
sketches of "Tim Bobbin." In anticipation of the visit adequate
arrangements had been made for the inspection of these relics,
which, in the absence of the chief librarian, were exhibited by
his deputy, and evoked much interest. After an excellent repast
he party returned to Liverpool, which was reached at 9-30. The
outing proved one of much interest, and was greatly enjoyed by
all who participated in it. Their cordial thanks are due to Col.
Fishwick, F.S.A., who acted as cicerone to tiie parly, and
elaborately described the various places of interest visited, and
recounted the vicissitudes of the ancient families who had
inhabited them. The management of the excursion was under-
taken by Mr. John Hargreaves, who carried out his kindly duties
^ in an exceedingly efficient manner. — Liverpool Mercury,
20.
MExMBERS ELECTED
, 1898.
Jan.
Geo. Percival Mason.
Nov. 3.
A. W. Brierley.
Feb.
3-
Charles Scarisbrick.
.» 3-
F. H. Seddon.
>)
3-
Mrs. Hilda Gamlin.
», 3-
Harold Ehrenborg.
>»
3-
Miss Ellen Poole.
»» 3-
Ambrose Marshall.
}»
3.
James Moon.
M 3-
Edw. Russell Taylor
Nov.
3-
John Sampson.
n 3-
Wilfrid Hawley.
)l
3.
William Handley.
252 Report^ &c,
PAPERS READ, 1898.
Jan. 6. **A concise account of the Muniments and Records of
the Corporation of Liverpool."
(the late) T. N. Morton.^
„ 6. " William Daniels, Artist.'** - - - John Thompson.
„ 20. *• Ancient Freemasonry in Lancashire and Cheshire."
W. Harry Rylands, F.S.A.
Feb. 3. "'I'he Parish Church of St. Mary-in-the- Fields, Urs-
wick, and its Surroundings." - - W. E. Gregson.
„ 17. '* The Manor of Halton, co. Lancaster."
W. O. Roper, F.S.A.
Mar. 17. " Further * Finds ' at Veraiinumr
Thomas May, F.S.E.I.
„ 31. *• Archaeological Discoveries at Birkenhead Priory;
with remarks on Conservation versus Restoration
of Ancient Buildings."- - (the late) W. E. Cox.^
Nov, 3. *'Goosnargh and its Twelve Sw^orn Men."
Rev. E. D. Banister, M.A.
„ 17. " Tiie lesser known Gatehouses of Lancashire and
Cheshire." James A. Waite.
Dec. 9. " Recent * Finds ' of Flints in Cheshire and North
AVales, and their bearing on the antiquity of man."
Joseph Lomas, F.G.S.
„ 15. **A * Neolithic Floor' recently discovered on the
Coast of Wirral." Charles Roeder.
I Printed in vol. xlix of ihe Society's Transactious.
3 Should Mr. Cox's notes for this be found, they will be printed in a
subsequent volume of our Transactions^ along with a short memoir of the
lamented author.
INDEX.
I.— GENERAL.
NAMES.
Accepted Masons, 195, 197, 198,
199. 200
Adams, Rev., 166
Adamson Humphrey, 138
Adepti, 169
" Agincourt Battle of, 100
Alenson Miles, 142
Allen Cardinal, 43
Allibone, 159
Ancient MemSy Dr. Hume's, 36
Aiicient Stone Itnpiements,
Evans', T13, 127
Anderson, 131, 156
Anderton Thos., 152
An^lo-Saxons, 129
Animal remains, 32
Antiquaries' Feast, 174
Antoninus Pius, 35
Antrim flints, 120
Archaeological Association, 146,
147 ; Journal, 22
Arms Garter king of, 165 ; Norroy
king of, 167
Artists and Astrologers Learned
Society of, 174
Arundel Lady Anne 71, 72 ; Philip
Earl of, 70, 71, 72; Thomas
• Earl of, 71
Ashenhurst Randle, 179 ; Sarah,
179
.\shhurst Cassandra 102 : crest
of. 102 : Dalton, 102 : Henry,
102 ; John de, 102 ; Robert de,
102 : Roger, 102 ; William, 102
Ashhursts The, loi, J02
Ashley Ix)rd, 163
Ashmall Capt., 163
Ashmole Anne, 161 ; Elias, 137,
155. 156, 157, 158, 159' 160, i6i.
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168.
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175,
176, 177, 182. 187, 188, 189, 191,
192 194, 105, 197, 199. 200, 201,
202 ; Ashmole's Diary, 156, 157,
158. 159, 185, 194; History
of the Garter y 162 ; Visitation
of Berkshire y 177 ; Way to
JUiss, 160,171,176; Memoirs of,
159; Ralph, 161 ; Simon, 161 ;
Thomas, 161 ; William, 161
Ashmolean Library, 159 ; mu-
seum. 168
Ashton Coat of Arms, 149 ; Eliza-
beth, 149 ; Peter, 149 ; Thomas,
Aspinhurst Tithe, 54
Asser John, 134, 141 ; John junr.,
134, 141 ; Rev. Roger, 141
AssjTians The, 77
Aston Sir Thomas, 179
Astrologers' Club, 173 ; Feast, 174
Atkinson John, 150; Rev. J. C, 44
Dackhouse Sir John, 177 : Mrs.,
17c' ; Nicholas 1-7 ; William,
776, 177 : Sir William, 177
Baileys Dictionary, 55
Baines' History tf i.nficashire, 4-
Baines John, 70
Balfront Henry, 134
Bamber Robert, 57
Bambers The, 44
Bancks, 13^
Banister Rev. E. D., B.A., 41
Baron Edward 138; Willmm, 138
Barrow John, 186
Barton Robert, 57 ; Roger, 62
Bassett, 107
Beadles Robert, 194
Beamont Wm., 135, 140, 141, 143.
158, 150, 160, 183, 184, 185, 18S
Beamont's />r</jA/#;//, 135; Ha.e
and O.rfoui, 140 *, Historv of
Wtntvicky \%x, 185; Warring'
ton in 1465. 188
Beesley John, 55 ; Tithe, 54
Beesleys The, 62
Bentley Arthur, 150
Betes Thos., 140, 141
Biblomania Dr. Dibdin's, 170
Biop-aphia Hritaint'ca, 170
Blair Robert, f.s.a.. 14
Blanch Lion Heraltl. 166
Blomeley Henrj' 148
Bohn, 180
Bolton Henr>', 135; Hugh, 135:
Oliver. 134. 135 ; William. 133
Book of Constiiutious, -Ander-
son's, 131, 156
Booker John, 172. 173
Booker's Memorials 0/ Prestxvich
Church, 142
Borthwick Capt. Henry, 196 ;
Capt. Richard, 157, 195. 196
Boteler Thomas of Dewsey, 183
Botelers The, 189
Bowser Anne, ici ; Anthony 161 ;
Bridget 161
Bradshaw Cas.sandra, 102 ; Sir
Jas., 182 : John, 102 : Richard.
182 ; William, 75, 76 ; William
Bradshaw, 75, 76
Brearly Benjamin, 152 : J., 152
Brent John, f.s.a., 136
Brereton, 107 ; Col., 1^8 ; Lord
Francis. 103 ; John, 135 ; Lord,
103 ; Sir William, 102, 179
I'.reretons The. 103, 105
I>rerewoo<l Robert. 148
Bretherton, 187, 188; Ellen, 1S7,
t88; William, 187
I'reuen Thomas. 193
Brewer. 194; Henry. 194 ; Rev.
Henry, o.s.n., 193 ; Hugh, 157,
190, 193 ; John. 194
Brewers "The, 193
Brewyer Sergt.- Major, 104
Bridgemans The, lo'.')
lirierly Thomas, 152
I'rigantes The. 59
British Association, iii, 122, 125
Bromley Henr>', 148
Bronze ware, 20-23
Bruce Dr. 36
Buck John, 97 ; Rev. Richard, 97
Buckley Colonel, 180 ; James, 143
Bulkefey Sir Richard, 190
Burghley W., 71
Burman Charles, 159, 160; John,
160
Bushell Rev. William. 59
Bussey William. 138
I'utler Mr., 174
Butlers The, of Bewsey, 185
Bysshe .Sir Edward 165
Campbell Dr., 170
Campton John, 134
Canterbury Archbishop of, 167, 172
Carpenters Arms of, 153 ; com-
pany of, 153 ; of Preston, 153
Cartismandua, 39
Carus Britlget 73 ; Christopher,
71, 72, 75; family, 74. 75:
Thomas, 72, 73, 74, 75 ; Wilson,
Castor ware, 28
Catlin, 127
Cateralls The, 44
Cave Man, 120
Cawley John, 193
Cnesar, 79
Celtic ware (late), 20, 21
Chaloner Thomas, 203
Chamberlain, 133
Charitable Uses Commissioners of,
164
Chanty Commissioners, 47
Charles I, 4S, 73, 89, 177; Charles
II» '35» 1731 jSi, 1S2, 102, 106,
198
Chamock Cecilj-e, 183 ; Richard,
183; Roger. 18;
Cheiford Deeds, 181
Chester Abbots of, 90; Archi-
tectural, Archaeological and
256
Index.
Lowe Mr., 105
J^owndes, 169
Lucas Sir Charles, 163
Lucilla. 34
Lucius Verus. 34
Lucy Sir ffulk, 182
Lytier Richard. 190
Lytlor Richard, 190
Magnus Maximus, 36, 40
Maine Sir Henry, 47
Maine's Early La^vand Custom,
47
ALimwaring Anne. 190 ; Edward,
179; Eleanor, it'6, 167, 169;
Elizabeth, 169: Father, ir'3;
Frances. 182 ;, Henrj-, 178 ; Col.
Henry, 157. 169, 177, 178, 179.'
180, 181, 182, 202; lane. 166;
Mary, 171. 178, 182; Peter,
166, 169, 172, 179; Randle, 178,
iQo ; Roger, 179, 181, 182; Sir
'Ihomas, 166, 171
Mainwarujgs The, 178, 181
Malcolm of Scotland, 65
Malpas. 107
Man Kings of. 146 ; Thomas
Stanley, bishop of. 1*7
Manchester Geological Society,
T24
Manou r)F Halton, The, by
Wm. Oliver Roper, r.s.A., 65.
76
Mansfield Lord, 136
Manx Arms, 144
Marcus Aurelius. 34, 35
Martin John, 138; Peter, 192
Mary Queen, 71, 92
Mason John le, 139, 140
MnsoHtc Kfprints, idi
Masons' Arms, 153
Masous' Company 0/ London and
Lodze of Accepted Afasons, by
E. Conder, jr. 195
Masons' Marks, 132
Masons of Newcastle, 153
Afasons /Record of Hote Ct'-ffte
of by E. Conder jr., 195
Master Carpenters, 133, 135
Master Masons. 133, 135. 141
^^athematical Feast, 174
Mather Milo, 135
May Thomas, f.e.i. scot, i
Maynard. Sergeant, 166
Meiklejohn Professor, 83
Mercer John, 57
Mercurius Aulirns, 194
Mellor James, 143
Metcalfe, Walter C, f.s.a.. 177
Metcalfe's Ktiights^ 92
Miscellanea Cenealo^ira ct Her-
aidica. Dr. Howard's, J07
Micianus C. Tetius Veturius, 32
Middleton Squire of, 58
Midghalls The, 43, 44
Milbourn. 173
Millayne Cicilie Archduchess of,
70
Milne John, 143
Minerva. 33
M ississippi Scheme, Law's, 63
Molineux Lord, 180
Mont eagle Lord, (g, 70
Moore Jonas, 172
Morice Peter, 149
Moseley Capt., 180
Masse Margaret, 192
Moulsdale Robert, 193
Mowbray Herald extraordinary,
159
Moxon, Mr., 174
Moyre, 162
Multons of Gillesland The, 66
Murray's Cathedrals, 196
National Cox>enant, j88
Nes:ntive Oath, 188
Neld James, 143
Nero, 39
Neusch, Dr., 129. 130
Neve Le, 196
N^wbolds The. 99
Newcome Henry, 169, 179, 181 ;
Autobiography, 169, 179, 18 1 ;
Diar>', 169. 181
Newhall William de, 133, 134
Nkwly Discovered Neolithic
Settle.ment at the Red
Noses, New liRiomoN'. near
Liverpool, by C. Roeder, 123-
130
Newsams The. 44
Newsham John, 59
Nicholson Rev.. 184
Nicolson John, 135
Norman Rev., 184
Normandy William of, 80
Normans The, £0, 84, 129
Norris Captain. 194 ; Colonel, 180;
Sir Henr>'. 140
Norroy King of Arms, 167
Notes taken in the Churches
ok Preston, Manchester,
ECCLES, WiNWICK, FaRN-
WORTH, SrPHTON AND HaLE,
IN THE County OF Lancaster;
.so.ME UY Thomas Chaloner,
IN OR AFJOUT J591, and OTHERS
BY Randle Holme, in 1636
AND 1652. and Notes taken
at I^ea Hall, in same County.
Edited by J. Paul Rylands,
f.s.a. . 203-230 \^see separate
index)
Ogle Captain, 180
Okedene Robert. 143 ; Roger, 143
0:d Moore. 1-6
Ormerod Dr., 133, 140, 144, 146,
191 , .
Ormerod's llittory of Cheshire.
133. 140, 191
Ostonus Scapula, 39
Owen Wm., f.r.i.h.a., 1
Oxford Dean of, 45
Padgett Robert, 162
Paget Bridget, 162 ; James, 162 ;
'Thomas. 162
Palaeoliths 113
Parker John. 57 ; J., 95
l*arkinson Thos., 57
Parliamentarians The, :o6
Parr Thomas, 153
Parry David, ala., 159
Patens The, 44
]*atrick Jane, 183 ; Thomas. 183,
184
Peck M. C, 152
Peculiar Court, 76
Peereson Jenkin, 68
Pencket Lieutenant, 180
Penket Richard, 157, 182
Penketh Ann, 186; Ellen, 186;
James. 186; Jane. 183; Father
John, 184, 185 ; Lieutenant, 185 ;
Nicholas, 186; Richard, 183,
184, 185, 186; 'Thomas, 183, 185,
186 ; Thomas de, 183
Penkeths The, 183, 185, 190
Persians 'The, 77
Pharaohs The, 77
Phillip and Mary, 70, 135
Phillips Professor 36
Philosopher's Stone, 176
Pickering Mr.. 179
Planch6 Mr.. 146, 147
Plantagenet I^te, 84
Plat Richard. 148
Plot Dr. Robt,, 159, i6o
Plot's De Origine Fonlium, 159
Poictou Roger de, dd
Potter Charles (the late), 33, 123,
12S
Potters' Stamps. 27
Pottery ware (ancient), 26-32
Powell Wm.. 187
Preston Wm., 156
Protestation Oath, ici
Pym Mr., 184
Quatuor Coronati Lodge, 131, 132,
156, 160, i6r, 174, 195, 199
Radclifie R. D., m.a., f.s.a., 2,
145
Raines MSS., 149
Kainsford Sir Richard, 194 ; Row-
land. 194
Randle Earl of Chester. 107
Ratcliffs Arms of. 148
Ratlife Richard. 192
Rawlinson MSS., 160 ; Richard,
LL.D., 160
Rawstorne Captain, 180
Records Index to Jones'. 196
Record of.Society of Jesus Foley's,
184, 190, 191, 194
Record .Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire, 188, 191, 193, 194
Recusant Roll for West
Dermy Hundred (1641), 2^1-
246
Rede Roger, 148
Rcdiche William. 154
Reformation 'The, 135, 202
Renter Warden, 198
Restoration 'Ihe, 164, 165, 173
Reynolds fohn, 167
Richard H, J02, 133 ; III, 134
Rigby Alexander, "54. 57, 58. t2 ;
Colonel, 58 ; Edward. 57, 58 ;
'1 homas. 58. 59
Rigbys 'The, 44, 62
Rivers John, 184
Roch J homas, 136
Rodelegh, jo6
Koeder C. 123
Roman Anhilectus. ji : bricks.
16 : camps. 2, 40. 79 ; Catholic
mission, 184 : cemetery, 19, 20;
Cheshne. by W. T. Watkin, 6,
20, 34 ; coins. 4, 15, 36 ; colony,
39 ; entrenchments, 4
Index,
257
Roman Fortipication.<:, kr-
CBNTLV DISCOVERED AT Wll.-
DERSPOOL.byThos. May, p.e.i.,
2 '40
Roman Foundations.6; highways.
5. 7, 8, 9 ; Lancaskirt^ by W.
r. Watkin, 35 ; ma-sonry, 12.
35 ; sentinel, la ; settlement, 4.
12, 23 ; Wail^ Dr. Bruce's, 36 ;
ware, 17
Romans 'rhe, ^2, 35, 129
Romano-British potter)', 1
Rome Decline of, 80
Rooker Mr., 173
Roper William Oliver, f.s.a., €5,
150, 151
Roses Wars of the, 43, 8r, 86
Rosy Crucians, 169
Royal Society, 164, 174
Royal Union Lodge, Cheltenham,
152 .
Royalist Composition Papers, 188,
Royalists The^ zo6'
Rudson Francis, 62
Rupert Prince, 179, 180
Ruthin L(ml, 177
Rj'dlegh, 106
Rylands T. Pftul, f.s.a., 02, 102,
107; W. H., F.S.A., X31
Sabinus, 65
Salisbttrie Christopher. 56
Samian ware, 3, 6, 7, 17, 18, 19,
26, 27, 28, 30
Sankey Alice, 189 ; Allis, 189 :
Charles, 189 ; Edward, 160, 161,
189 ; Eleanor, i8q ; Ellen, 189 ;
Joan, T89; Alargaret, i8g;
Richard, 157. x6o, 189 : St.
John, 189 ; Thomas, 161 ; of
Sankev, 188, 189
Savage John, 134, 148 ; Sir John,
Saxon Cnronicle, 40
Saxons The, 80
Sci^mla Ostorius, 39
Scot Robert; 133, 134
Scotch Rebellion, 63
ScoCtbh Geographical Magazines,
129
Scottish Rocks, 122
Scottish Society of Antiquaries,
37. 126
Scotus Johannes Duns. 185
Seddon, Ann, x86 : Henr>% 286
Seebohm's English Vi'Uagg Com-
. mpuity^ 47
Sefton Daniel, 150
S>ellers Thomas, 144
Severus Augustus, 34
Sewers Commission of, 264 ; jury
of. 17s
Shadbolt Thomas, 257, 194
Sharp William, 255
Sharpe Edmund, 75
Shaw John, 235
Shepert Henr>', 148
Shorthose John, 257, 294 ; Thomas.
'57, '94, 200
Shnttleworth. 2^8
Sidgreaves The" 44
Sigurd and Fafni, 66
Silures The. 39
Singletons The, 43, 44, 43
SUiter Thomas, 52, 53
Sloan M.SS., 260, 289
.Smith C. Roach, 27, 30
Smyth Ric, 243
Socifty o/yesns Foley's Records
of^ 284, 190, 292, 294
Some Flint Impleaibnts found
IN THE Glacial Deposits of
CiiKSHiKE and North Wales,
by Joseph Lomas, a.r.c.s.,
F.G.S., 222*222
Sonkey Alice, 289 : Edward, 289;
Joan, 189 ; Margaret, 283 ;
Richard, 289 : Thomas, 283 ;
of Sankey, 288
.South Sea Bubble, 63
.Spong Mr., 273
Stafford, 288 ; Sir Edward, 266 ;
Humfrey, 266
Staffordshire History of. Dr.
I Plot's, 259
.Standeley Sir William, 205
Stanley, 238 ; arms, 244, 245, 246 ;
Isabella, 247 \ James bishop of
Ely, 244; Sir John, 240, 247;
'i'homas bishop of Man, 247 ;
'ihomas Earl of Derby, 244;
Sir Thomas, 70 ; Sir William,
106
Sunleys The, 206, 245, 247
Stanton William, 257, 294
Stirrup Mark, 224
Stockton Josh., z86
.Stone Nicholas, 231
Stonehall Rev. John, 233
Stuarts The, 44
St.Augustine Hermit Friars of, 286
St. George, 183
St. Pierres The, 206
Surtees Society, 239
Surveyor of Work, 233, 234, 235
Swainson Rev. Chr., 52 ; John, 75
Swan Mr., 274
Swingfield Mr., 263
Sylvanus the Invincible, 32
Tabley Lord de, 58
Tacitus, 30
Talbot John, 247 ; Margaret, 247
Talentyre Thomas, 70
Tapley John, 238 ; William, 238
Tatham' Robert, 72
Tayleor Robert, 243
Taylor Mr., 207
Taylour Samuel, 257, 295
Temple William, 234
Tennyson, 49
Tetricus, 40
Thompson John, 257, 294
Thorpe Robert. 238 ; Thomas, 238
Threlfall Henry, 56 ; Tithe, 54
Threlfalls The, 43, 44, 62, 63
Threlkeld Rev. Rowland, 70
TildsleyCol., 280
Tosti Earl, 66
Townle)^* The, 62
Trajan coins, 27, 23, 33, 34 ;
Column, 32
Tredescant John, 268 ; Mrs., 268
Troutbeck Sir John, 240; William
(Ix)rd of l^urham), 240, 142.
Tudor Period, 84, 92, 94, 96, 99, 202
Tudors The, 44
Turner Baron, 264; Edward, 250;
George, 60 ; Margaret, 250
Twentieth legion, 72, 38
Tyldesleys The, 63
Upchurch Ware, 20, 30
Urceus 29
Urmston Margaret, 287 ; Richard,
287
Valens 40
Vale Ropl Abbot of, 45
Valentinian, 40
Vandyke, 202
Venables Peter, 262
Venutius 39
Vespasian, 39 ; silver, 33, 34
Vestry Book of the Twenty-
four SwoRNE Men of Goos-
NARGH, by Rev. E. D. Ban*
ister, B.A., 41, 64
Waite Tames A., 77
Wainsu>rd Esq., 257, 294
Walker Sir Edward, 265
Walley John, 234
Walmsley John, 55
Ward Mrs. Humphry*, 42
Waringe Henry, =7; John, 57;
Willikm, 58
Warings The, 44, 62
Warren Arms, 244 ; Justice, 58
Warrens The, 44
Warrington Guardian, 285;
Museum Committee i
Washington Col., 263
Watkin W. Thompson, 6, 29, 34,
Watt, 2^9
Waymale Allen, 148
Webb, 203
Whitaker Rev. J., 35
White Nicholas, 57
White's Gazeteer of Cheshire, 209
Whitehead Charles, 248; Rev.
Thomas, 74 ; Rev. William, 60
Whitehed Nicholas, 243 -
Whittaker George, 238; George
jr., 238
Whittini '
igham John, 37, 59; Rich.,
52 ; Thomas, 57, 58, 59, 282
Whittinghams The, 44, 62
Whittle, Robert, 75
Wilbraham's Chapel, 249
Wilcockson I., 253
Wild, Philip, 243
Wilkins Rev. John, d.d., 262
William III., 293
William of Normandy, 80 ; the
Conqueror, 66, 82
Williams, Christian, 227; William,
277
Wilson John, 287; Sir William,
'57, '95» '96
Windsor Herald, 265
Winkles Joseph, 135
Wise Thomas, "257, 258, 294;
William, 257, 293
Wissewall Thomas, 248
Wood Anthony k, 167, 269, 271
Woodman, 257, 295
Worthington Dr. John, \(>q
Worthington's Diary, 269
Woswoail Thomas, 148
Wren Mr., 262
Wright, 27, 35
258
Index.
Wry Thomas, 56
Walfall, Wm., 71, 72
Wuswall Thomas, 148
Wyche Richard, 190; Thomas,
190
Wyswall, Thos., 148
York House of, 67
Yorkshire Philosophic Society, 36
Young Nicholas, 157, 194
Zadkiei^ 176
PLACES.
Accrington, 92
Acton, X49 ; churdi, 249
Adlington, 179, 190
Agecroft, 88, 97, 98 ; hall, 91, 97.
98
Aghton, 149
Agincourt (Battle oQ, too
Aldeclif. 66
Aldermaston, 166
Algiers. 50
Amoundemess, 41. 42, 43, 44, 47,
61
Anderida. 38
Andes, The, 128
Antrim, lao, 126 ; flints, 120
Ashenhurst, 179
A<^es (Goosnargh), 43, 44
Ashhurst, lot ; Macon, loi ; hall,
91 ; hill, 101
AnUon Churdi, 1^9
Ashton in Makerneld; 23
Astbury Church, 166
Ausley, 161
Bakehouse Svke, 69
Bakestonegill, 69
Bangor, 140
BarUury, $9
Barcroft, 88, 90
Bare, 66
Barsate, 82
Barker, Higher, 44 ; Lower, 44, 59
Bamsbaw, 178, 181
Bassett, 107
Baxton Gill, 68
Beacon Fell, 42
Beard, 170
Beaumond, 69
Bebington, 223
Beeston Castle, 106
Beimeld,88,oo; hall,90
Berkshire, 166, 177 ; Ashmole's
Vuitatitmof^ 177
Bewsey, 183, 185 ; hall, 185
Bidston, 90
Bindlosses, 95
Birkenhead, 121, 12S
Birreas, 14, 37
Bispham, 283, 184
Black Combe, 42
Blackden, x8i, 282
Black Friars, 162
BUke Hall. ^3. 44
Blatum Bulgium, 37
Bleasdale. 42
BlewmaneloAe, 68
Bodeltona, 66
Bodleian Librar>', 164
Bolthole in Dunoelmybie Damme,
68
Borthwick. Barony of, 296
Borwick Hall, 88, 91, 95
Borwenbreke, 68
Bowland, 42
Brabant* 70
BradfieM, 266
Bradley, 200 ; hall, 91, zoi
Bradsoawr, 202
Brakendekebank Close, 68
Bremetooacum, 38, 40
Breretoo« 202 — 207 ; hall, 91, 102,
20^ ; St.. Oswald's, 205
Bridungton, 223
Brigantean Frontier, 39
Brig^te, 82
Britam. 32, 36, 37, 39, 212, 224;
North, 213
British Museum, 148
Brock Station, 41
Broughton, 293
Brownedge, 293
Bulsnape, 44
Burgandy, 70
Burnley, 90, 138
Burnley Clmrch, 244
BurOiryke Peke, 68
Burton, 293 ; wootl, 192
Caerleon-on^Usk, 22
Calder. River, 92
Cambridge, 85, 279; St. John's
College, 279
Camul<Klonum, 39
Canterbury, 8x, 236
CamterumryiH OtdiH Timti, by
J. Brent, k.s.a., 136
Carnarvon, 82
CamarN'onshire, 42
Cariftforth, 91, 95
Carlisle, 82
Castlegate^ 82
Castletown, 126
Castor, s8
Chancery Lane, 174
Cheadle, 290
Cheapside, 257
Chellet, 66
Cheltenham, 152
Chepstow, 82
Cherca-Loncastre, 66
Cheshire, 32, 88, 90* 9ii 102, 203,
205, 207, 208, no. 22 2, 213, X20.
123, 125, 235, 138, 248, 25s, 257»
163, 166, 269, 271, 272, 178, 179,
293, 292, 294 .
Cheshire^ Anttgutties touchtHg.
Sir Peter Leycester's, 247 ; Bast^
Karwaker's, 245, 170. 282, 290 ;
Historjf i(f, Onnerod's, 233, 240,
192 ; Vititatitm of. 148
Cheshire, High Sheriff of, 178
Chester, 30, jj8, 39, 40, 90, 209,
«33, '34, 238, 239, 140, 142, 253,
i54> 255, 280, 181, 282, 286, 287.
190, 292, 294 : bishop's court,
178 ; castle, 134, 135, 242 ;
chamberlain of, 240 ; county
of. 232, 235, 238, 148, 249, 252,
266^ 269, 278, 282. 182, 292, X03 :
Ctutt's History 0/j igi ; Ear-
waker's Hittory q/^ 248 ; Free-
masons of, 255; high cross,
248 ; probate court, 291 ; St.
Bride's Church, 240 ; St. G>ies'
Wdl, 249 ; St. John's Church,
30, 254 ; St. Manr's on the Hill,
240, 242, 148 ; St. Werburgh's
Abbey, 142,254; Tar\in bridge,
39 ; water tower, 239
Chmgle Hall, 43. 44
Chilling, 42
Oirenefbird, 66
Christ Church, Oxford, 45
Church House, 44
Cilgurry, 223
Cirencester, 28
Clarenceux, 265
Claughton, 89
Clement's Inn, 262
Cleveland, 44
Clitheroe, 42
Coccium, 5, 40
Cock Bridge. 92
Colchester, 32, 39
Collins Green Station, roo
Common Pleas, Court of, 263
Condate, 5
Conway, 81
Corinium, 28
Coventry, 253, 262
Crambotts, 69
Crambury Moss, 68
Croc, River, 203
Croft, 292
Crombleholme Fold, 44
Culcheth, 2^0
Cumberland, 42, 49, 2x7, 138
Dallom^ 186
Dee. River, 248
Denbigh, 134
Denfbrtb, 240
Derby, County of, 179
DerbN-shire, 107
Derehkes, 68
Deva,^
Devensis, 32
Dorset, Co. of, 253
Dublin, 236
Dun Cow Rib. 44
Dunnelmylne Damnoe, 68
Durham, 252 ; Co. of, 32
Durofarivs, s6
jSast Cheshire, Earwaker's, 245,
279, 281, 290
Eccleston Manor, 67
EddLsbur>', 205
Ely, 244
England, 48, 70, 72, 80, 86, 282 ;
north of, 48, 63
English College, Rome, 284
Europe 79
E)*nion, 107
Fells, The, 42
Filey, 36
Fish wick Hall, 293 ; manor, 67
Flanders, 70
Fleet Street, 276, 277
Flintshire. 235
Flodden Field, 67
France, 48, 70, 72
Friargate, 82
Frwisham, W. Beamont's, 233
Frodsham Church, 235
fndex.
«59
Fumess, 138
Fykb, Tbe, 43> 63
Gaurstang. 47
Gateshead, 151
Gawsworth, 169, 178
Genoa, loz
GiUiKkmd, 66, 67, 70
Glasebrook, The, 150
Glen Wyllan. 126
Glodihe, 143
Goldmyre, 68
Goosnargh, 41 » 42» 43, 44, 45, 46»
47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, S4i JS* 50.
57i S^i 6a, J3, 64 ; Ashes m, 43,
44 ; with Newsham, 42, 44
Goostrey x8x
Got Field, 44
Granne HilL 123
Giay^ Inn Chapel, 167
Giaystock, 70
Great Hanrood, 91
GfCKtMeols, 35
Gresham College, 164, 174
Greystock Castle. 71
Greystoke Church, jt
CrryVdeH Cfcse, 68
Gusanarghe, 44
Hale, 90, 91. X30» 140 ; church,
, >». »4o; The Htttt. 9>, 9t
/fii^r mmd Oxford^ Beamont's, 140
Half Moon Tavern, Cbeapside,
hJSiI, 139
Halton, 39, 65, 66^69, 70, 71, 73,
74 ; church, 73, 74* 7<^; hall, 65,
66, 76 ; hermitage of St. Kllen,
69 ; Highfield in. 71 ; lord of
manor of, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73 ;
manor of, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 :
moor, 65; parsonage, 69, 72;
Roman altai at, 65
Harwood Great, 91
HenburyiSa
Hessam, 66
Hey, 187
H«y(iham01dHaU,96
Hieton, 66
Hishfield in Halton, 71
Hilbre Point, 123, 125, 128
HUIun, 66
Hoghton Towers, 88
HoEraft, 92!
HoUbidxo7.
HolgUI,6Q
H<rfmes Chapel Station, 102
Holyngwortne, V07; hall, 91, 107
Homby, TO
Homcastle, 56
Hotiui»d6
Hoolmie, tax
House of the Stubb, 68
HudkUtafidd, 39
Hull, 152
Hutt, The (Hale), 90, 91
Igtham, XZ4
llminster, 55
Inglewhite, 58 ; lodge, 44
Ireland, 48, 70, 7T, 103, 162, x8o
frisk Sea, xso
Irwell, 6, X3
Irwellanii Klerseyjunctbu Canal, | Lonsdale, 66
6, X2
Isca Siltirum, 3£
Isle of MaHj isj, 136, J 2 7^ J45
Jerusakni, 70
Jurby Point, 127
Kamichaia^ 157, 177, 178, 190
Kendal r ^5
Kenyon T<^\ SB. 90, 91
Kermincham, T7S, 181, iSj
Kinder! r>n. 5, 102, \tn\ Baron of,
X62
Kintvre, 1:16
Kirkby Loit^ak, 75
KirkeaLe, B2
Kirkhanir, 4j> 47, 50, 57 ; churdtt
57 ; thirty ^wkjrn men of, 5.*, 57
Knows] cy, 3^
Knutsford, t^Oj iSo
Lake Dititrict, 41, m
Lambetb, 167, i6fl ; Smith, 1 63, 175
Lancashire^ 33, 6=» 07, ^8, 76, 88 ^
9^, 97< 9'^i t^>^ iQit toS, tD9,tta,
120, 1^5, I jS, 153, 155, 1^7. 179,
181, 1S4, ]8S, 193; ItuiimUtQiiJi,
183 ; shtriffo^ 91
Lancoikirf^ Ikiijacs' iiUi^ry &f^
45 ; Ptjgclak'ji ViiiLai^H i>/^
187; //f i^ff/ff jf Viiiiaiion of^ S j ;
Pedigre^z^ Foiter*5, 93, ica
Lancasicr, jSj 4a, 4t, 47, 65,67,
72» 75t 76, 95, J5I1 194 ; castlfi,
69, 1S4 ; CpmpftHit* tf/ '/wfndt*-
me/ty 13 1 ; o:»rporauon booLii,
150; couniy of. 4^^ 51, g^T 131,
138, 143^ iS:. i8j, t84» iSiS, tST ;
duchy ofj 61^ ; pori^ih chttri;;hj
>5o, ijt t proUitti regbtry, 76
I^atchford, 38
I^thona, 147 * 1*^1 1 1 144 ; lioti;)e,
58, 147, ^63, 180, I £5 ; park, 145
Latus Hall^ 44
Launc^tDii, Si
Leasowt Lighthau^H 123
Leaver Hill, 56
Leicestert 19&
Leigh, 1 84
Laighlin, 103
Leith, Q^
Leonsird^^ GaLu, 7^
Lichfield, iCft '62, [C>4 ; t^tllE:li^^^
162, 196 ; Har^vood i Hiti^ty 0/^
196 ; St. Mary's* Cburct, i6u
Lincoln » Br. itK? ; county of, 56
Lincoln'^ Inn ChspcU 167
Liscard, i;:3
Little Moceton Hall, go
LivcrpooT, 3, 41, tii, 123, 140;
Biologkal Society, 141; Geo-
logical Sodftiy* 1 1 1 ; m^v^Ci 147 ;
UnivcJii I y College, \i\
Lleyn Promontory , 43
Loncastrc, 66
London T 27, 50* 56, 71* u®, M^t
150, 152 k 15), 158* tS9> ^OOj ifrjn
x66, J 7?. t73, 174, 1767 r77t 1*61
194, 195, aoo, 3oa \ Chancery
lane, 174 ; fire of, 56 ; MAsons'
hall, 157. 156, i95f 197 : Silver
»treeij 166 ; lowu clerk of, 174
Longovicu^i, 40
Lostock, 80, 9x, x87
r..ousher's lane, Wiiderspool, 38
Loxley, 178, X82
Loyne River, 68, 69
Ludlow. 81
Lune, 6s, 70
Lydgate, 82
Lyme, xoo
Lymm, xsx, xgi, 192, 194; church,
X92
Lynthwaite, 69
Macclesfield, 179
Maidstone, 136
Main waring, 171
Malpas. 107, 139, 140
Man Bishop of, X47 ; king of, 147
Manx amts, X44
campment, 30; registers, 149;
Roman walls, 35
Mancunium, 39, 40
Manesworne, 69
Margate, i6x
Marston Moor, 180
Martholme, 90, 91
Masons' Hall, London, 157, 158,
i9§. X97
Mediterranean, 56
Mellor, X52
Meols, 123, 129 ; Great, 35
Mersey, i, 6, X2. 39. 40
Middle Temple HalL 164
Middleton, 58, 66 ; chapel, 45, 54 ;
hall, 4^, 46
Middlewich, 190
MidkmdsThe, 1x2
Mtllknowe, 126
Mobberley Steeple, 147, 148
Moel Tryiaen, 1x3, 122
Monmouth. 8x
Moreton, 88; hall Little. 90
Mosse The, 68 ; of Pylin, 42
Mount House, Prenton, 121
Nantwich, 149, x8o
Naplesi,. 70
Naseby Battle of, i8x
Naworth Castle, 71
Nen, 28
Netheringhow Meadow, 69
Neuton, 66
New Brighton, X23, X24, X29; Red
Noses, X23, X24, 125, X27, X28,
129
Newbold, 83, 99 ; hall, 91, 99
Newcastle, 81, xS3 ; Masons of
»53
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 37
Newhwae, 66
Newington, X59
Newsham. 42, 44 ', hall, 44
Newton, 66, 187, »68
Newton - le . Willows, 187, x88 ;
with Scholes, X93
Northampton, 28 ; county of, 183
Northenden Church, X45
North Gate^ 82
Northumbna, 40, 138
North Wales, 39, 1x3, X22
Northwich. 5, 29, 190
Northwood, «48
a6Q
Index.
Old Bailey, 174
Ol^am Church, 141, 142, 143
Ordsall, 88 ; hall, 90
Ormskirk, 150
Oulton Park, 107
Ouretun, 66
Overkellett. 70
Oxeneclif, 66
Oxford, 36, 45. 85. 140, 159, 163,
164^x67, 168; Christ Church,
45 ;■ University, 167 ; HaU and
Ueairiont's, 140
Pacific, 128
Paintus Hall, 174
Papworth, 144
Parlick Pike, 42
Paul's Wharf, i66
Peckferton, 91 ; hills, 105
Pendlebury, 97
Pendle Hill, 42
Penketh, 183, 184, 185, 189; hall,
185
Pennine Range. 41, 112
Peover, 178, 181
Pevensey, 38
Pilling Moss, 42
Pinnington, 182
PlellLStiJW, i|j
Pli^ymiuidesitowc, 133 ; church, 133
J^oliiirrc, 66
Poinpeiij 22^ :!3 ; Strada Con-
Poole, 153
Prenton, 113, 121; hill, 123;
Mount House, 121
Prescot, 189
Pressigny, 115
Pn.>L..>ri, 4T, 45. 41^ 63.15^1 J 5.1;
czurpuiutr^ of, 153 ; Cen&u^ re-
Uirn^ 4? ; euUU mtrchnnlst iSK,
conii>any of, 152 ; vestry of, 47
Prestwick, 142, 143 ; church,
Booker's Memorials of ^ 142
Pylin, Mossc of, 42
R<Mi» River, 113
Reading;, 31, i6d, 171; liui^euni,
31 * Rcuordicr t?f^ lOO
Red Ko!j€i (Nfiw KrighionX 123,
124, 125, 127, 128, 129
Rihuhesterj 38, 39, 40
RibUeton, \^\ ; The Lodge, 193
KkhmiOdil P^We, 144
Ridley. 106, 107 ; I«ill. gij 105
Rrithdalej 91, 9^, 15J
Rochefiti;r/i36
Reck Terry, a, j 23
Rocky Mousiuins, i^S
Rumnn Road, 3S
Roman Stations, i, 12, 19. 20, 31
Rome. 79, 184 ; English College
at, 184
RuflTord, 92, 138
Runcorn, 39
Rushgreen, 192
Saighton Tower, 90
Saltley, 113
Sandbach, 91, 102
Sankey. Great, 186, 188, 189
Little, x6z, x88, X89
Savoy, 167 ; St. Mary's, i6y
Schaflnausen, 129
Schertune. 66
Schweizerbild, X29
Scorton Station. 41
Scotland, 48, 65, 92, 154 ; South,
112
ftcvcrh, I'he. tt^
Sewing Shtelds, 36
^hawsTjecLt, fiS
islup Cmiaf, I, t?f 6, 7, 12, 13. 14,
15
Silver Street, Londoti^ 166
Sitig]i;loii, 194
Sljhe^ 66
Solway, The, 24, 36
Somerset, County of, 55
Sonkey, 183
Southampton, 8x
St>ekc. S8, e^
<>p|tal, I (3, J3^T iSi ; sandpit, 120
Staflbrd, County of, 179, 182
StaflTordshtrc, 169, 178
Simg^rdxhitt Hittory of, Dr.
FTot's, 159
SialybridM, 91, 107
Stamford Bridget ^
Stanhope. 33
Stanney Brook, 99
Stockport, X79. 180
Stony Loont, 7
Stopeltieme, 66
Storeton, X23
Strada Consulare (Pompeii), 23
Stretford. X53
Stubb, House of the, 68
Styr]c3 s, p^
St. .AuguAtint'r^j WflirinKlon, 186
St. IWiholojuew's, l^mon, 55
St- Bctitnlkt's Churth, i66
St. ISride/s, Chtfsttr^ ]4|>
St. Du Eli- tail's, Fleet Stret^t, 1157,
St. <;yki. We«, Chester 14^
St^ I oh lis, Chtster, 30, 1^4
St. John s Col! eEtt Cawbf tdgt, 179
Sl Mary's. LlchJield, it-7 \ on the
Hill, Chester, 140, 141, mS ;
Savoy, X67
St. Michael s, Amounderness, 45
St. C>=vi'ald'i, Breretoti, to^
St. Wcrburgh'i Abbey, Chester,
14J* 1S4
St. Wiimd's, Win wick, 100
Suffolk, County of, 56
Surinam, 164
&iirrty, 71
Suiton Coldfidd, 196
Swullowfteld. 177 ; church, 177
Swanclifls, The, 68
Swanley, 178
Swerthbecke, Syke of, 68
Swettenham, X78
Tarven, 190 ; bridge, Chester, 39
Temple, The, i6^ ; inner, 166,
171 ; middle, X63, 167
Tenby, 81
Terlestowe Wood, 144
Thetford, 70
Thevesay Lane, 69
Thorne bank, 68
Thornton Hough, 120
Three Cranes, The (Chancery
lane), X74
Tiernum, 66
Toredholme, 66
Toronto nx
Tosti, 66
Towton, 67
Trent, The, 138
Tj-ne. 24,36
Tyrol, 70
UpNchurch, 3, 6, 20
Uriconium, 2, 28, 31, 35, 40
Vale Royal, 45
Wakefield, 180
Wales, X36; north, 39, 113, i:iL',
133. >34 ; south, 39
Wallasey, X25, 12S, 129 ; pool, 128
Wallerscott, 190
Waltpn, 150
Wardley, 89
Warrington, t, 137, 155, 156, X57,
158, 160, 161, 172, x8o, 182, 183,
185, 186, 188, 189, 191, X94, 195,
202
Warrington church, 185 ; lodge,
i6t, aoo, 203 ; mu^euni, i, 7, 13,
19, 31 ; parish regtstfri, x6o,
189 : Sl* Au^^tine'it, tg6
Warwick, Sj, itt \ Lhiirchj 196
Warwitk^hrru, 113
Wa^h. ■Jfie, 117
Wellenborough, 183
Wells, 81
^Vtol Gate, 82
West Indies, 1154
Weblmorelaud. i:^^
Wha]le)% 42, «)i, ^4t ijS
Whiiiney Cbugb, 44
Whiiehall, 1^9^ 196
White Hart, Old Bailey, 174
White Hill, 44
White Lee, 43, 44
Whittingham, 44, 53, 55, 56, 57 •
hall, 44
Widford, 138
Wjean, 3, 5, 18, 40
Win)raham's Chapel, 149
Wilderspool, x, 19, 21, 26, 32, 37,
38, 39. 40 ; Greenall's avenue,
38 ; house, 15 ; Lousher's lane,
38 ; Roman station at, x, 12, 14,
19, 20
Winchester, 47, 81. 85
Windsor, 164 ; chapter house,
164^
Winwick^9i, iw, il4t 187. 188,
191 ; BeamonL'slf/f/tfr^tfj^ 184 ;
dmrdi 1S7 ; ^t. Wilfrid's, 100
Wirral 35, laji, j^ij, 137, 179 \
Worcester, 163, 1711, 173 ; fott^ X63
WrQxtter, 3^ aS, 31^ 35, 40
Wyham, 102
W>Te, River, 42
Wythenshawe Hall, 179
York, 81, 82, 139, 153, 180
Yorkshire. X12, xx3, X37, 138;
cast, 44 ; west, 49.
Index.
a6i
II.— NOTES TAKEN IN LANCASHIRE CHURCHES.
NAMES.
Arderne, 221 ; Sir John, 222 ;
Maud, 222 ; Sir William, 222 ;
of Harden, 217 ; of Mobberley,
208, 222
Asheton, 211
Ashhursts, The, 219
Ashton, 216, 226
Ashton Grace, 229 ; of Ashton
under Lyne, 204, 216 ; Sir Tho-
mas of Ashton, 226 ; of Penketh,
211, 214, 228
Ashurst Sir Adam of Ashhurst,
204, 219
Asshawe Anne, 221 ; Roger, 223 ;
of the Hall on the Hill, 209, 223 :
Thomas of the Hall on the Hill,
221
Assheton Alice, 219 ; Sir Thomas,
219
Atherton of Athertonj 216 ; Mar-
gery, 215 ; Sir William, 215
Audley, 220
Baines' History 0/ Lancashire^
214
Balderstone of Balderstone, 218 ;
Anne, 230 ; Richard, 230
Bamford John, 207
Banastre, 205, 218, 230; Alice,
230 ; Robert, 230
Barlow John de, 207 ; Laur. de, 207
Barton Thomas de, 223
13asset of Blore, 208 ; Margaret,
221 ; Ralph, 221
Beamont, 228
l^eamont's House 0/ I.yme^ 226
Beaufort, 212, 228 ; John de, 228
l^eck Isabel, 206
Bentley, 217
Bexwike Richard, 206 ; Roger, 206
Birches William de, 207
Bold Elena de, 212, 213, 214 ; John
de, 228 ; Richatil de, 212, 213,
214, 228 ; Sir Thomas, 213 ;
Walter, 214; of Bold, 212, 228,
229
Bolde, 205
Book of Knights (Metcalfe), 215,
221
Booth John, 206, 223, 224 ; Ro-
bert de, 207 ; of Barton, 209
Boothe de Dunham, 217
Boteler of Wemme, 217
Bothe Thomas del, 223
Botiller Elena le, 226 ; John le, 227
Bould, 212 ; Walter, 214
Boydell, 210, 211, 22^, 225, 226;
Joan, 226 ; Sir William, 226
Brereton, 207, 208 ; Alice, 220 ;
l3orothea, 207, 220, 221 ; Doro-
thy, 220 J Geoffrey, 220 ; Joan,
220; Richard, 220; Richard
Egerton, 207 ; Richard of Tat-
ton, 207, 220 ; Sir Urian, 205
BromleySir John, 227; Margaret,
22^ ; of Badin^ton, 211, 227 ;
William of Badington, 227
Buckingham Duke of, 221
Buckley Henry, 206
Butler of Bewsey, 209 ; of Merton,
210, 224, 225, 226
Byram, 204
Byron Alice, 221 ; Sir John Ic.
206, 221
Catterall, 218
Chaderton of Chaderton, 218
Chaloner Thomas, 203
Chetham Society, 204, 223, 226,
228, 229, 230
Chetilton, 211, 227 ; Annal>ella,
227 ; William de, 227
Chichley Elizabeth. 225 ; Sir Tho-
mas, 225
Clideroll Isabella de, 229 ; Richard
de, 229
Clitheroe, 216, 229
Constable Sir Ralph, 222-
Corona, 210, 224, 225,226; Ellen
de, 226 ; Sir Thomas de, 226
Cressy Battle of, 224
Croft Nicholas, 226 ; of Dalton,
211, 225 ; James of Dalton, 226 ;
Mabel of Dalton, 226
Cuerdale, 218, 230 ; Alexander of,
230
Culcheth, 228 ; Gilbert de, 227
Daniel of Bradley, 210
Danyers of Bradley, 210, 224, 226 ;
Sir John, 226; Sir Thomas, 224,
225
Derby Alice Countess of, 222 ;
Earl of. 203, 217, 218, 226
Ditchfield of Ditton, 212, 214
Dods worth. 228
Done Elizabeth, 220; Hugh, 220 ;
of Oulton, 208
Dugdale Norroy King of Arms,
224, 225 ; Sir William, 221, 227
Dukenfeld of Dukenfeld, 217
Durham Thomas Bishop of, 206
Dutton, 217, 220
Earwaker, 205, 220
-'s East Cheshire^ 205, 229
Edward I, 226. 250 ; III, 219, 227.
229 ; Black Pnnce, 224
Egerton, 220 ; of Egerton, 208 ;
John of Egerton, 220, 221 ;
Philip of l^erton, 220 : Sir
Ralph of Egerton, 221 ; of Rid-
ley, 207 ; Mary of Ridley, 22 x ;
Sir Richard of Ridley, 221 ; of
Wrynehill, 220
Elizabeth Queen, 206, 222
English, 209, 223, 230
Essex Earl of, 221
Farrington, 218, 229 ; de Litle-
wood, 218 ; Dorothy of Earring-
ton, 229; Sir Henry of Farring-
ton, 229 ; William of Worden,
229
Ferrers of Wemme, 217
Fits Gerard William of Khigsley,
227
Fitton of Bolyn,,2i7, 229
Fitzgerald, 227
Flower Norroy King of Arms, 225
Gaunt John of, 228
Genrard, 211, 225; Peter, 227;
Margaret of Bryn, 225, 227 ; Sir
Thomas of Bryn, 211, 225. 227
Grosvenor of Eaton, 208 ; Agnes,
227 ; Mary, 221 ; Sir Rich., 221
Goushill Jane, 220; Sir Robert,
220 ; of Heveringham, 208
Halliwell, 204
Halsall, 213, 228, 220 ; Eleyne, 226 ;
Ellen, 213; Gilbert de, 228;
Ancient. 22^
Harleian Society MSS., 204, 205,
207, 210, 21X, 213, 214, 215, 216,
2iq, 227, 230
Harrington of West Leigh, 209,
218 ; Alice, 230 ; Sir James, 223
230
Haydock Sir Gill>ert, 226 ; Joan,
226 ; of Haydock, 210, 224, 225,
226
Helsby, 220, 227 ; of Helsby, 219,
229, 230
Henry III, 5
227 ; IV, 228 : V. 206,
207: VI, 213; VII. 227; VIIL 223
Hextall of Hextall, 211, 227 ;
Joan, 227 : William, 227
Hichfield William de, 207
Hilton Galf de, 207
Hindley, 228 ; Hugh de, 227
Hoghton Sir Richard, 219 ; Tho-
mas, 216
Holcroft, 211, 228; Geoffrey of
Hurst, 227, 228
Holland, 204, 205, 219 ; Sir Rich-
ard, 219 ; Thurstan, 206 ; Sir
William, 204 ; William, 219; of
Denton, 216
Holme Jac. de, 207 ; Laurence,
206 ; Randle, 203
Hondford Margaret, 205 ; Wil-
liam, 203
Hopton, 211
Hopwood, 211; Galfr. de. 207;
John of Hopwood, 227 ; Kathe-
rine, 227
Houghton, 204, 216
House of Lyme Beamont's, 226
Hulton Christopher, 223 ; lane,
223 ; Margaret, 223 ; of Farn-
worth. 223
Hyde Robert de, 206
Ireland Barbara, 215 ; Sir Gilbert,
215 ; John, 2X5
Ireland- Blackburnc, 213
Irvine W. F., 219
Kin^sley, 211, 227 ; Emma, 227 ;
Richard de, 227
Lancashire Visitation, of 215,
221, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230
Lancashire and Cheshire Historic
Society, 220, 223. 224, 223, 229
Lancaster House of, 228 ; Thomas
Earl of, 219
Langford Rad., 206
Langley of Agecroft, 210, 2x7
»62
Indsx.
Langtoii, 205, 218, 230 ; Baron of
Newton, 230 ; John dc, 230 ;
Mrs., 219 ; Thomas, 216
Lang tree of Langtree, 214 ; Rich-
ard, 229
I^thoni,2o8; Domhia Cecilia. 228
Lea Henry, 219 ; Sibella, 219 ;
William de, 219 ; of Lea Hall,
204
Legh Barbara, 215 ; Dorothea, 207:
(Jeorge, 215.; Peter, 226; of
Adlington, 225 ; Robert of Ad-
lington, 225, 226 ; of liooths.
208, 221, 222 ; Klizal>eth of
Booths, 222 ; John de of ISooths,
222, 226 ; Matilda of liooths.
222 ; of High Legh, 225 ; of
Lyme, 210, 224, 225, 226 ; P^li-
/^beth of Lyme, 225 ; Sir Peter
of I^yme, 220, 225, 226 ; Richard
of Lyme, 225
Leghc Agnes de, 226 : Sir Piercs
of LjTTie, 210, 225. 226
Leighe — , 210
Leycester of Nether Tabley, 208 ;
Sir Piers of Tabley, 220
Ley land Sir William, 219 ; of
Morle^-s, 204
Leyol John, 215
Lincoln Bishop of, 214
Mainwaring Margery, 2-?o ; Wil-
liam, 220 ; of Ightneld, 2(j8
Marbury, 214
Mason John le, le Irishman, 213
Massey Alice, 220 ; Hugh, 220 ;
of Tatton, 220 ; of Timperley,
268, 220
Metcalfe's Book 0/ Kniskts, 215,
221
j\f ollett's silver, ^24
Molyneux, 215; Sir Richard, 230;
Tomlyn, 230 ; monuments, 229 ;
of the Edge, 218
Newton Langton JJaron of. 230 ;
Thomas Langton Baron of, 216
Norley, 226 ; Matilda de, 226
Norroy King of Arms, 226 ; (L)ug-
dale), 225 ; (Flower), 225
Okeover Dorothy, 229 ; Hum-
phrey, 229
Ormerod's HLioty 0/ C/ieskire,
220, 227
Osbaldeston Hugh de, 2 50 ; John,
230; of Osbaldeston. 218
Parr, 229
Pendleton Ciciley, 206 ; Francis,
206
Penketh, 22S ; of Penheth, 211,
212, 214
Pesfurlone. 228
Piccope MS., 228
Prestwich Rad. de, 207
Radcliflre,"2i9, 221, 223 ; Sir Alex-
ander, 221, 222; Alice, 222;
Anne, 221, 222 ; Edmund, 222 ;
Jane, 222 ; Sir John, junior,
221 ; Margaret, 222 ; R. D.,
M.A., F.S.A., 222 ; Thomas, 722 ;
William, 221 ; Sir William, 223 ;
of Chaddcrlon,2i8; of Ordsall,
208, 217, 221, 222 ; Sir John of |
Ordsall, 221, 223; Richard de j
of Ordsall, 222 ; of Winmar- ;
leigh, 222 !
RatcTiff— . 204 ,
RatcliflTe Sir John dc, 206; of
Ordsall, 209 |
Redish Otho de, 207 ■
Redman, 217
Richard II, 215, 220, 222, 228
Ri.sley, 227, 228
Rylands J. Paul, F.s.A.,203, 228;
W. H., F.S.A., 203, 228
Sandl>ach, 221 ; PIlizal>eth, 222 ;
Richard de, 222 ; of Sandl>ach,
208, 210
Sherborne of Stonyhurst, 205 1
Singleton Alan, 219; Anne, 219 ;
of Wi^htgill, 204
Smith William (Bp. of Lincoln),2i4
Smyth of Cuerdley, 21 1
Somerset Earl of, 228
Standish of Standish, 218 ', Ralph,
230
Stanley Jacob, 203 ; James (Bp.
of Ely), 205, 206 ; Sir John, 205 :
I^dy, 205 ; Margaret, 206^ 227 ;
Sir Thomas, 220; Sir William
of Hooton, 227 ; Sir William of
Storeton, 211, 220; William of
Tatton, 208, 220
Slran^ways Jac, 206
St. Dionyse, 207
. St. (Jeorge, 207, 224
St. Katherine, 209, 224
St. Mar>', 207
Swineford Katherine, 228
Talbot, 216; of Bashall, 217;
Anne of Bashall, 229 ; Edward
of Bashall, 229 ; Sir Thomas of
Bashall, 218, 229 ; John of Sales-
biu-y, 229
Tanker\'ille Comtc de, 224
Thornton of Thornton, 217, 219,
229, 230
Towers, 212
TraflTord, 229 ; Edmond, 206 ; of
TraflTord, 210, 216, 217
Tyldesley of Tyldesley, 210
Tyrone Hugh Earl of, 221
L'^rswick, 200, 223, 230
Verdon, 209, 223, 230
Wales Council of, 214
Waleton, 224, 225, 226 ; of L*lue>
Walton, 211
Ward Thomas de la, 206, 207
Workeslee Peter de, 207
Worjjley, 210 ; of Piatt, 227
PLACES.
Abram, 229
Adlington, 210, 225, 226
Agecroft, 210, 217
Amounderues, 204
Ashehurst, 204, 219 *
Ash ton, 216
Ashton under Lyne, 204, 216, 219
Astley, 219
Atherton, 215, 916
Badington, 3x1, 227
Balderstone, 318, 330
Bamfiurlong, 329
Bangor, 213
Barton, 209, 223, 224
Bashall, 217, 318, 329
Bebington, 315
Bcwsey, 309
Blackwater, 221
Blore, 208
Bold, 212, 228
BoljTi, 317
Booths, 208, 321, 222, 226
Boroughbridge, 219
IJould's Chapel, 212
Bradley, 210, 224, 333
Brasenose College (0-\ford), 214
British Museum, 203
Brix worth, 223, 230
Brockholes, 304
Bryn, 335, 227
Bury I^ne, 227
Cadiz, 221
Chadderton, 21 8
Cheadle Church, 205
Chester, 215; county of, 203, 207,
208, 210, 2ir, 213, 217, 219, 32U,
222, 224, 226, 227, 230
Cott£un, 216
Cressy (Battle of), 224
Cuerdale, 3x8, 330
Cuerdley, 211, 214
Curlew Hills, 221
Dalton, 2x1, 219, 223, 226
Dalton in Lonsdale, 226
Delamere, 227
Denton, 216
Ditton, 212, 214
Dodleston, 226
Dukenfield, 217
Dunham, 217
Durham, 206
Eaton, 208, 221
Eccles, 203, 207 ; church, 207, 220,
223, 224
Edge, The, 3x8, 230
Eeerton, 208, 220
Ely, 205, 306
England, 307, 212, 2x7, 226, 228,
229
Farington, 229
Farnworth, 203, 209, 211, 213, 214,
223 ; church, 2x1, 2x4, 228, 229
Flanders, 222
Flodden (Battle oO, 203
France, 207, 212, 2x7, 221
Glazebury, 227
Grappenhall, 226
Hale, 203, 215 ; church, 213 ; hall,
215
Halewoofl, 213
Hall on the Hill, 209, 221, 323
Halsall Church, 229
Handforth, 203
Harden, 2x7
Hajilock, 2x0, 224, 225
Helsby, 2x9, 230
Hevermgham, 208
Hextall, 311, 227
Index.
263;
High l^'«*gb« 2»Si 225
H<ihton Tower, 219
Hoknroft, 228
Hooton, 227
Hotowood, 227
Hulton, 20Q, 223
Hurst, 227
Hutt, The (Halewood), 215
Ightfield, 2o8
Ingol, 216
Ireland, 221
Kingsley, 211, 227
King's Chamber (Westminster),
226
Lancashire (Baines' History o/),
214
T.ancaster, county of, 203, 204,
205, 207, 209, 210, 2ti, 212, 2t3,
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221,
229, 223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230
Langtree, 214, 229
Lathom House, 215
Lea, 2x6; hall, 203, 204, 216
Lee, 216
Leigh, 219 ; chapel (Win wick
Church), 225
Lichfield, 212
Lincoln, 814
Litlewood, 218
Liverpool, Tower of, 215
Lonsdale, 226
Lyme, 210, 220, 224, 225,' 226 ;
hall, 226
Malpas, 2x5
Manchester, 203, 205, 221, 223 ;
cathedral, 221 ; chapter hoxise,
221 ; church, 205 ; college
church, 206, 207, 221, 222, 223
Marbury, 214
Merton, 2x0, 224, 225, 226
Mobberley, 208, 222
Morleys, 204, 219
Nether Tabley, 208
Newstead, 221
Newton, 2x6, 230
Northampton, county of, 223, 230
Nottingham, 208, 221
Okeover, 229
Ordsall, 208, 209, 217, 221, 222, 223
Osbaldeston, 218, 230
Oulton, 208
Oxford, 214, 219
Peel House (Widnes), 214
Penketh, 211, 214, 228
Pesfurlong, 228
Piatt, 227
Prescot, 213, 214, 228
Prestbury, 224
Preston, 203, 204, 216, 219, 220;
church, 219, 220
Radcliffe, 2x9 ; the tower, 2x9
Kh^, Island of, 221
Richmond, 222
Ridley, 207, 221
Risley, 228
Rusholme, 227
Salesbury, 2x6, 229
Salfordshire, 219
Salop, 208
Sandbach, 208, 222, 223 ; church,
223
Sephton, 203, 2x4, 2x5,230; church,
215, 229
Stafford, county of, 208
Stand ish, 218, 229, 230
Slonyhurst, 205
Storeton, 2x1, 220
Tabley, 220 ; Nether, 208
Tatton, 207, 208, 220
The Hutt (Halewood), 215
The Tower (Radcliffe), 219
Thornton, 217, 219, 229, 230
Timperley, 208, 220
Trafford, 210, 216, 2x7, 223
Tyldesley, 210
Tyrone, 22 x
Ulnes Walton, 211
Wales, Council of, 214
Warrington Church, 228
Warwick, county of, 2x1, 227
Waterstock, 219
Wemme, 217
West Leigh, 209, 218. 223, 230
Westminster, 205, 222, 226 ; King's
Chamber, 226 ; St. Margaret's
Church, 222
Wjdnes, 2x4 ; Peel House, 214
Wigan, 219
Wightgill, 204, 219
Winmarleigh, 222
Win wick, 203, 210, 211 ; church,
210, ■2XX, 225
Woolfedge, 223, 230
Worden, 229
Workesley, 207
WjTTierley, 222
York, county of, 204, 216, 2x7, 2x8,
219, 229
III.— RECUSANT ROLL FOR WEST DERBY HUNDRED.
NAMES.
Abraham Alice, 232 ; Elizabeth,
2^6 ; Ellen, 236 : James, 238 ;
Nicholas, 236 ; Thomas, 232 ;
William, senior, 236
Ackers Margaret, 24 x ; William,
241
Aiscough William, senior, 234 ;
junior, 234
Alker Thomas, 233, 239
Allen Alexander, 244 ; John, 244
AUenson EUine, 244
Allerton Ellen, 234 ; Richard,
junior, 233
Allmond Margerj*, 243
Almond George, 232 ; Marie, 232
Ambrose John, 238
Ambrosse Ann, 234 ; Edward,
234 ; Thomas, 234
Anderton Ann, 239 ; Jane, 239
Armetryding Elizabeth, 240
Amet Henry, 240
Arnold WUliam, 237
Arrowsmith Robert, 245
Arrowsmlthe John, 240
A^hhorst Henr)', 246
Ashton Ellen, 245 ; Richard, 239,
245 ; Thomas, 244
Ashurst Henry, 231
Aspinwall Adam, 232 ; Ann, 235 ;
Edward, 234 ; Ellen, 232, 235 ;
Frances, 232 ; Henry, 237 ;
Hugh, 235 ; Humfry, 233, 234 ;
Jane, 234 ; John, 232 ; Margaret,
232. 235 ; Alarie, 234 ; Thomas,
232
Atherton Ann, 245 ; Oaw^Tie, 24X ;
Humfry, 240 ; Jenett, 237 ; John,
231, 246
Ajmsworth Richard,- 236
Ballard Thomas, 242
Banckes Ann, 239; Christopher,
239 ; John, 238 ; Ralph, 239 ;
Ursula, 238
Banckrofte Thomas, 246
Barker Alexander, 239 ; Dorothy,
237 ; Ellen, 234 ; James, 24X ;
Margerie 233 ; Thomas, 233
Barner Hu^h, 237 ; Margeria, 237
Barnes Alice, 24 x ; Jane, 244 ;
John, 244 .
Barow Edward, 239 ; Grace, 239
Barron Lawrence, senior, 236
Barrowe John, 242 ; William, 245
Barton John, 236, 240 ; Marie,
234 ; Ralph, 246 ; Roger, 255 ;
William, 240
Bast well John, 234
Bellard 1 homas, 245 .
Benet Gilbert, 236
Berry Ann, 239 ; Lambert, 246 ;
Lawrence, 239
Bibbie James, 240 ; Jane, 240
Bicarstaffe Margaret, 234
Billinge Ellen, 239 ; Robert^ 239
Birchall Alice, 243 ; Ann, 245 J
Jane, 240
Blackbome Clemence, 244 ; Ro-
bert, 244
Blanchard John, 236, 237 ; Tho^
mas, 236
Blevin William, 238
Blundell Edward, 235 ; Elizabeth, .
235 ; Ellen, 235 ; Gilbert, 235 ;
Henry, 237 ; Humfr>', 236 ;
James, 235 ; Nicholas, 236 ;
Richard, senior, 237 ; Richard, ,
junior, 237 ; William, 236
264
Index.
Booth Elizabeth, 245 ; Jane, 244 ; '
Richard, 244 j
Booche Jane, 244 j
Boocte DoroUiy, 242 ; Henry, 237 ; >
fane, 236, 242 ; John, 242 ; Ko- ;
bert, 236 ; ^llUam, 242
Bordman Thomas, 236
Bould Ellen, 242 ; Henry, 242
Bouldwin Andrew, 236 ;
Boolton Elizabeth, 239 ; Thomas,
238
Bowdy John, 217
Boydwell Elizabeth, 233
Bradeshawe Margaret, 246
Brekni Margerie, 232 >
Bretherton Jane, 244 ; Thomas, j
244
Bridge Ann, 236, 237 ; Roger, 236 '■
Brigges Robert, 239
Broadyate Ralph Howard de, 74 1
Brookfiekl Margaret, 243
Brough Margaret, 236 ; Richard, 1
236
Browne Elizabeth, 238
Bryanson Richard, 236
Brj'ers Alexander, 234 ; Isabel,
234 ; I^WTence, 237 j
Buchard Edward, 235 ; Elizabeth,
Bui
(3^ ; Ellen, 236 ; L\'nell, 235
illm Ann, 3x4 ; Hu
John, 334 ; Thomas, :
ugb, 234;
BuUine Margaret, 233 ; Thomas,
BuUinge Grace, 244 ; Margaret,
244 ; Roliert, 244
Bunberrie Elizabeth, 242
Burgess EIizal>eth, 243 ; Roliert, \
243
Burscottgh Gilbert, 233 ; James,
233 ; Jane, 235 ; Thomas, 234
Butler Elizabeth, 235 ; John, 235
Buttrie Elizatjeth, 242
Carr Ann, 233 ; Henry, 234 ; John,
234 ; Thomas, 23^ _
Carter Anne, 241 ; Richard, 241
Case Elizabeth, 241
Chadwicke Margaret, 240; Oliver,
Challiner Anne, 243 ; William, 243 '
Challinor Anne, 243 ; Isabel, 243 ; '
William, 243
Charles 1, 231
Chamocke Ann, 240
Chigley Emri (?), 239
Chorley Eme, 237 ; Willbm, 237 i
Claypane Alice, 233 ; Richard, j
233 ; William, 233
Cline John, 240
Cocket Ann, 234
Coney Jane, 236 ; Philip, 236
Cooke Thomas, 243
Coop Richard Fam worth, 239
Cooper Alice, 235 ; Ann, 235 ;
Elizabeth , 234 ; Jenet, 232 ;
John, 232 ; Margaret, 232 ;
Peter, 234
Copkind James, 238
Corles Katherine, 239
Coudocke I^wrence, 234
Couple Margerie, 236 ; Thomas,
236
Cowdocke Elizabeth, 237 ; John.
237
Cowley Alice, 240 ; Matthew, 241 :
Robert, 240, 241 I
Cowpe Enune, 246
Cronper Elizabeth, 233 ; Mrs.
Ellen, 23^ ; William, 233
Cro>bie Elizabeth, 243 ; Robert,
243
Crosete Elizabeth, 235, 239, 243 :
Isabel, 245 ; Margaret, 23^^ :
Oliver, 239 ; Robert, 243 ; Wil-
liam, 239
Cro&ton fohn, 235 ; Margerie, 237
Danie Henry, 242
Darwall Fid ward, 246 ; Jane, 246
Darwin Ann, 237 ; Anthony, 236 : ^
Jane, 233, 236 ; Robert, 237 ; '■
William, 233
Davison Alice, 241 ; Jennet, 242 :
Thomas, 241
Da\'>'son Henrj-, 241 ; Margaret,
241
Denton Edward, 236, 242 ; Eliza-
beth, 241; John, 241; Margaret,
242 '
Ditchiield Dorothy, 242 ; Edward, '
242
Dobson Richard, 241
Eccleston Ellinor, 240 ; Jane, 240 ;
Thomas, 240 j
Edgerton Ellinor, 238 ; John, 238 i
Ellen (wife of ?), 2^3 ,
Ellison Jennet, 242 ; Richard, 242
Fairhurst Edward, 240
Famnell Mrs., 246
Farest Jane, 234 ; John, 234
Famom Katherine, 242
Farnworth Richard, 239
Farrer Ann, 232 ; Hugh, 236 ;
l*homas, ajS
Fayrehurst Elline, 241
Fazakerley Ellen, 237. 238 ; Mar-
garet, 237 ; Nicholas, 237 ;
Richard, 237 ; Robert, 237
Fisher John, 237
Flecher John, 233 ; Thomas, 234,
237
Fleetwood Francis, 237
Flud Ellen, 243
Ford John, 241 ; William (Pew-
terer), 239 i
FormbieCuthbert,233; Elizabeth,
238 : Henrj', 238 ; James, 238 ;
Richard, 238 ; Robert, senior,
238 ; William, 238
Forster Richard, 241
Frodgeshame John, 244
Frjth Ann, 2^^ ; Thomas, 233
Fumifull William, 234
Garnet Elizabeth, 242 ; Evan, 242 ;
Henr\*, 240 ; Mary. 240
Garrarcf Dorothy, 236 ; Thos., 236
(iarrett Frauncis, 246
Garstange Ellen, 236
Garthes Richard, 236
Gerrard Elizabeth, 243; Isabel,
2^ ; John, 244 ; Joseph, 245 ;
Marmaduke, 244
Gilbertson Thomas, 233 |
Gill Alice, 2-^5 ; Edward, 233, 243 ; ;
Elizabeth, 232 ; Ellen, 243 ;
Gabriel, 212 ; Gilbert, 233 ;
John,2|3; Mary, •43; Richard,
333 ; ^ illiam, 243
Gbvar ElUs, 341
Goarse James, 240 ; Richard, 240
Goodoe Williaun, 243
Goore Alice, 233, 335 ; Cuthbert,
233 ; Edmund, 333 ; Edward,
332 ; John, 334 ; Margerie, 234 ;
Robert, junior, 235 ; Thomas,
junior, 238
Gorse Alexander, 239
Gorstige Elizabeth, 244 ; Henry,
244
Gorsuch Elizabeth, 235 ; Frances,
235 ; Nicholas, 335
Gorton Ellen, 337
Goulden Anne, 244 ; Jane, 342 :
John, 244 ; Ri<^ard, 344 ; Tho-
masj 244
Goursie AJme, 341 ; Humfrey, 241
Greaves Gabriel, 333 ; John, 233 ;
Margerie. 333
Gregson John, 334 ; W. E., 331
Ctrice Lawrence, 344
Grosse Ellinor, 342 ; William, 342
Guest Robert, 246
Haile Jane, 234 ; John, 334
Hale Edward, 336
Halliwell Richard, 246
Halsall Cuthbert, 333 ; James,
,233/235
Harrington Robert, 342
Harrison Alice, 238, 242 ; Anne,
241 ; Elizabeth, 343, 243 ; John,
243 ; Margaret, 238, 243 ; Rich-
ard, 238
Hartley 'William, 233
Harvie Thomas, 235
Haskeene Henry, 238 ; Jane, 33S
Hasleden John, 345
Hatton Edward, 337 ; Henry, 337
Haward Brx-an, 340; Fraunce,
341 ; Ralmi de Broadj-ate, 941
Ha warden lildward, 341 ; Elune,
241 ; John, 241 ; Margerie, 341
Hawes Jennet, 243 ; Thomas, 343
Haworth Margaret, 240
Heame John, 242
Heaton Richard, 245
Heme Henry, 242
Henshaw Edward, 238 ; Mar-
gaiet, 238
Hesketh Ann, 235 ; Ellen, 333 ;
Jeneit, 235 ; Robert, 2?p : Tho-
mas, 232 ; William, 232
Heskin Ellen, 234
Hestie Ciselie, 243
Hey Agnes, 245 ; Gilbert, 245 ;
Henry, 232 ; Jenet, 234 : Mar-
garet, 232 ; Ralph, 234 ; Robert,
243 ; Thomas, 240
Hill Edward, 237 ; Henr>', 244 ;
Matthew, 341 ; Robert, 341
Httchin John, 244
Hitchmough Anne, 244 ; Eliza-
lieth, 243 ; Ellen, 2^2 ; Jenet,
241 ; Robert, 243 ; William, 241
Hodgson Katherin, 334
Holland Ann, 240 ; Anne, 241 ;
Edward, 234 ; Elizabeth, 234 ;
Jane, 230 ; John, 340 ; Ralph,
233 ; Richard, 240 ; Robert, 339
Index.
265
Holme Alice, 242 ; George, 243 ;
Robert, 243
Houghton Klizaheth, 2.
Robert, 243
loughton Klizaheth, 244 ; Jane,
244 ; Margaret, 244 ; Richard,
244 ; Robert, 244 ; Roger, 245 ;
Sarah, 244 ; Thomas, 244^
Houlecrofte Cicilie, 245 ; Richard,
245
Houlgive Alice, 243 ; Edward, 243
Houlme Ann, 243 ; Roliert, 243 ;
William, 243
Howard Edward, 240
Hulme Alice, 232 ; Ann, 235 ;
Edmund, 232 ; Elizabeth, 235 ;
Ellen, 232 ; Gilbert, 232 ; Henry,
234i 239 ; Isabel, 234 ; James,
232, 235 ; Jenet, 232 ; John, 232 ;
Richard, 232 ; Robert, 232 ;
Thomas, 232
Hulton Jennet, 245
Hunt Ciceley, 233 ; Elizabeth,
233 ; Ellen, 238 ; John, 242 ;
Margaret, 232 ; William, 244
Hurdice Ann, 236 ; Peter, 236
Hurslston Matthew, 235
H>'ton Jane, 239
Incc Katherine, 239
Ireland Ellen, 239 ; Mrs. Ellen,
232 ; (alias Kid) James, 239
Jackeson Christopher, 242 ; Ellen,
242
Jameson Elizabeth, 235
Jaxon Margerie, 232
Johnson Ann, 234 ; Lawrence,
236 ; Margaret, 238 ; Nicholas,
senior, 237 ; Richardj 234, 238 ;
Robert, 236 ; William, 236 ;
(alias Thomasson) William, 242
JoUibrand Mrs. Ann, 234 ; Henry,
241
Jumpe Ann, 235 ; Cicily, 235 ;
Edward, 235 ; Peter, 238
Justice Jane, 241
Kay Alice, 245 ; Edward, 244 ;
Isabel, 244 ; Jane, 244 ; Ralph,
245
Keighley Cicihe, 245 ; Henr>', 245
Kenion William, 232
Kenyon Elizabeth, 244 ; John,
244 ; Matthewe, 241
Kesterson John, 238
Kid James ^alias Ireland), 239
Kilshaw Cicily, 233 ; Edward,
233 ; Ellen, 233 ; Henry, 233 ;
William, junior, 233
Knowle Anne, 245 ; Thomas, 245 ;
William, 245
Knowles John, 240
Lancaster Elizabeth, 241 ; John,
241
I^ne Alice, 240; Marmaduke, 240
I^ngley Ellen, 243 ; John, 2^3
Lington Abraham, 239; Eliza-
beth, 230
Lathom Anne, 240 ; Fraunces,
240 ; John, 238 ; Margaret, 240 ;
Richard, 233 ; Thomas, 243 ;
William, 243
I^thome Frances, 240 ; Henr>',
240 ; Thomas, 240
u
I^wrence Robert, 238
Lawrenson Ellen, 238 ; John, 242 ;
Thomas, 235
Lawton Elizabeth, 241 ; John,
senior, 241
Lea Ann, 233 ; Elizabeth, 233 ;
Roger, 233 ; Thomas, 233
Leigh Alexander, 240 ; James,
240 ; Ralph,^ 239
I^ey John, senior, 241
Leyland George, 237 ; Mary, 238 ;
Richard, 239
Ligh Bridget, 233 ; Elizabeth, 233 ;
Isabel, 233 ; Nicholas, 233 ;
William, 235
Linaker Anne, 241 ; John, senior,
241
Linicar, John, 235
Litherland Jane, 242 ; William,
242
Livesey Anthony, 235 ; William,
235
Livesley Elline, 244
Longe Alice (Mrs.), 234
Longhorne Thomas, 237
Lount Richard, 242 ; Ursolae, 242
Loveladie Ann, 236; Henry, 235,
236 ; Marie, 235 ; Richard, 235 ;
Robert, 235
Lowe Alice, 244 ; John, 244
Lowicke John, 245
Lowton Jane, 245 ; Ralph, 245
Lunt Anthony, 236 ; Ellen, 236 ;
John, junior, 237
I^urting Nicholas, 237
Lydiate Elizabeth, 232 ; Margaret,
232
Lypptrott Richard, 246
Lyon Elizabeth, 232 ; Ellen, 240 ;
John, 246 ; Julian, 242 ; Tho-
mas, 243
Lythgoe Anne, 246 ; Jeffrey, 246
Mainwareing Oliver, 241
Makant EUice, senior, 244
Makein Jane, 236
Makin Henry, 242 ; Margaret, 242
Marcer Andrew, 238
Marchall James, 246
Maries Ann, 239 ; John, 239
Marrow Richard, 236
Marsh John, 240 ; Peter, 240 ;
Thomas, 240
Marshe Ellen, 242 : Henry, senior,
242 ; William, 242, 245
Martin Bridget, 233 : Margaret,
. 233 ; Man', 240 ; Thomas, 233
Martindell John, 235
Martlen Cicely, 234 ; Hugh, 234
Mary(. . .?)243
Mascroft Elizabeth, 2^9
Mason Ellen, 239 ; Hugh, 234 ;
John, 2^5 ; Katherine, 246
Massie Ellene, 243 ; John, 243
Massom Francis, 235 ; John,
junior, 235
Mather Adam, 246 ; Nicholas,
230 ; Thomas, 242
Matnerson Henry, 242 ; Isabel,
242
Mathew John, 238
Maudsley Ellen, 234 ; Grace, 234 ;
Henry, 233 ; Marie, 233
Mawdslev Thomas, 244
Mayle Ellen, 237
Melling Cicily, 236 ; Jane, 236 ;
William, 236 ,
Mercer Alice, '232 ; Ann, 237 ;
Ellen, 232, 237 ; George, 237 ;
Henry, 232 ; John, 236, 243 ;
Katherine, 2^4, 243 ; Richard,
232. 234 ; Robert, 237
Micklone Margerie, 243
Miller Ellen, 238 ; John, 238
Mollinex Edmund, 236; Eliza-
l)cth, 237, 239 ; Ellen, 233 ;
Jane, 743 ; John, 237 ; Kathe-
rine, 237 ; ^farga^et, 233 ; Mar-
gerie, 233; Robert, 233, 236,
243 ; Thomas, 237, 243
Moorcroft Margaret, 235 ; Rich-
ard, 2^5
Moore Margery, 238; William,
238
Moss Jonie, 234 ; Richard, 234
Mosse F)lizabeth, 234 ; Henr>',
234 ; Richard, 234
Mossocke Elizabeth, 233 ; Tho-
mas, 233
Muckowen Arthur, 238
Musgrave Katherine, 232
Naylor Alexander, 239 ; Anne,
245: Henrj-, 240; John (smith),
240 ; Marj-^ 245 ; Richard, 240
Newhouse Richard, 237
Norres Alice, 243; Ann* 238;
Dorothy, 238 ; Elizabeth, 243 ;
Henry, 244 ; Isabel, 232 ; fames,
238 ; Philip, 232, 238 ;■• Richard,
243 ; Robert, 243 ; Thomas, 238 ;
William, 238
Ogle Henry, 231
Orme Margaret, 243
Ormston Andrew, 239
Orrell Alice, 239; Hughe, 245;
Humphry, 239
Parke, Elline, 243
Parpoint Anne, 245 ; Henrj', 245
Parpoynt Elizabeth, 245 ; Jane,
245 ; Richard, 245
Parr Alice, 240 ; Ann, 236 ; Rich-
ard, 236
Parre Anne, 241 ; Helen, 241
Parte Katherine, 243
Partington Gilbert, 246 ; William,
246
Patton Dowce, 244 ; Ellen, 242 ;
John, 242
Peeters William, 246
Peeterson John, 245
Pemberton James, 238
Pendleton Alice, 243 ; Edward, 243
PenkethC . .V), 245
Penkethc Alice, 242 ; Thomas, 242
Perkinson Elizabeth, 238
Pewterer William Ford, 239
Pickren Richard, 243
Pinnington Agnes, 239 ; Anthony,
236 ; James, 240 ; Margaret,
240 ; Thomas, 236 ; William, 236
Plat Ann^ 239
Piatt Alice, 245 ; Ellinor, 245 ;
Randle, 245 ; William, 245
Plombe John, 243 ; Thomas, 244
Poole Thomas, 236
266
Index,
Potter Ann, 245 ; Elline, 245 ;
(jerraidf 245 ; J<An, 240 ; Ka-
tberine, 241 ; Oliver, 245 ; (Miver
(sboemakerX S45
PresGOU Alice, 235 ; Ann, 23^ ;
Henry, 240 ; Jane, 239 ; Wil-
liam, 235
P>-e Ann, 232 ; George, 232 ;
Isabel, 232 ; Jane, 232 ; Jpon,
232, 233 ; Margerie, 232 ; Kicfa-
ard, 232
Raddiffe John, 246
Rannet John, 233
Kaphson Ednaood, 237
Kanfesoo Elixabeth, 245
Rayneforth John, 241 ; Mary, 242
Raynefbrthe Margerie, 240 ; Ro-
fciert, 240
Renold Alice, 237 ; EUen, 235 :
John, 235, 236; Richard, 236,
237 ; ^VilUam, 235, 237
Richardson Elline, 243 ; John, 238 ;
Valent>-ne, 238
Ridgate Thomas, 237 ; William,
237
Rigbie Alexander, 239 ; Alice,
238 ; Elizabeth, 239 : James,
239 ; Nicholas, 233
Riggat Robert, 236
Rigmaiden George, 234; William,
234
Wilfiam, junior, 238
Robartson John, 236 ; Katherine,
236; Thomas, 236; William, 238
Robie Elizabeth, 241 ; Henry, 241
Rogerson Elizabeth, 243 ; Rich-
ard, 24$
Roson Alice, 242 ; Fraunas, 242
Rothwell Edward, 236; Eliza-
beth, 235 ; Thomas, 244
Roughley Jennet, 241 ; Robert,
241
Rouson Francis, 235
Ryce Edward, 236 ; James, 237 ;
Margaret, 236 : Thomas 236
Ryddng Eldmond, 238 ; Jane, 234 ;
Lewis, 234 ; William, 236
Ryding Margaret, 236 ; Richard,
Rybnce Margerie, 239
Ryhms Richard, 239
Rymer Ellen, 238
Sanderson Jane, 245
Scarisbricke John, 232
Scarsbicke Edward, 235 ; Fran-
ces, 235
Scott Alice, 239 ; Cuthbert, 246
Seddon John, 241
Sefton Alice, 24J ; Elizabeth, 241 ;
Hugh, 241 ; Ralph, 243
Sephton Lewis, 234
Sergant John, 235
Sergent lohn, 238
Sh . . . f John, 245
Shaw Mane^ 235 ; Willbm, 235
Shephard Nichokis, 236
Sherborne Margaret, 244 ; Rich-
ard, 244
Shingleton Elizabeth, 241 ; Tho-
mas, 241
Shuttleworth Richard, junior, 246 1
Simkin EUen, 23B : Katherine, |
2^ ; Mar)-, 232 ; Richard, 232 ;
llKMnas, 238 I
Sinelhurst Richard, 246
Skenenson Ann, 236
Slater, Heelis Wilfiamson, Cblle)'
and TulkKk, 231
Smith DenLs, 232 ; Edward, 235 ;
Elizabeth, 235, 244 ; Ellen, 235 ;
Isabel, 232 ; James, 234. 235 ;
Jane, 234 ; Jannet, 234 ; Rich-
ard, 2^ ; TV>mas. 244
Smithe ElKne, 241 ; Henry, 241 ;
John, 241 ; John Naykir, 240 ;
Ralph, 245
Smethurst Elizabeth. 246 ; Kathe- ■
rine. 246 ; Richard, 246 I
Smoah Ellen, 234 : Richard. 234 I
Smyth Thomas, 246
Sonkey Anne, 244 ; John, 244 {
Sotherin Ellen. 243
South wort he Alice, 244
Spakeman Elizabeth. 234 : Ellen,
234, 243 ; ^ane, 246 ; Richard,
235 ; Vnlliam, 234
Stananooght Henry, 237
Stanastree Elizabeth, 234
Standish Ellen, 238 ; George, 338
Standishe Anne, 240; TluMnas,
240 ; William, 240
Tyiar Joane, 237
Tyrer Ann, 236 : Arthur, 937 ;
James, 238 ; Alargaret. 337 ;
Thomas, 237
Underwood Ellen, 232
Unsworth Gilbert, 246 ; James,
246 ; Richard, 246
Unseworth Edward, 245
Urmeston Alice. 246 ; ^ Ellenor,
246 ; Mary, 246 ; William, 246
Vallentyne Ralph, 234
*'ause Adam, s
Margaret, 233
Vause Adam, 233 ;' Jane. 233 ;
; Peter, 233
Wakefield Ellen. 232 ; John, 232
Walker Dorothy, 233; Gahnel.
'" . 233 ; He
largerie.
Wareing Mar^uet, 233; Mar-
253 ; George. 233 ; Henrj-, 233
Walley Margerie, 237
Stanley Ann. 245 ; Elizabeth. 235 : |
James, 235 ; Peter, 235 ; Rid^- j
ard, 239; Sir Thomas, Bairt., 231 '
Starkey Elizabeth, 246 |
Stocke Elizabeth, 236 ; John, 236 ;
Ralph, 236 ; William. 236
Stockley James, 243 ; John, 238 ;
Marie, 238
Stopfbrth Maigaret, 234 ; William,
Stnngefellowe Edward, 241
Sutton Elizabeth, 235. 238 ; Jchn,
233 ; Margerie, 238 ; Robert,
235 ; Thomas, 234
Tarbocke John, 246
Tarleton Alice, 243 ; Jane, 243 ;
Roger, 243 ; WiUtajn, 243
Tarlton Ann, 236 ; Elizabeth, 233 ;
John, 236 ; WilUam, 237
Tasker Alice, 232 ; Ann, 232 ;
Katherine, 232 ; Robert, 232
Tatk>ck Ralph, 233
Tatlocke Edward, 238 ; John, 238
Taylor Andrew. 240 ; Anue, 244 ;
Ellen, 234 ; Hamlet, 244 ; Ro-
I'crt, 235 ; Thomas, 241 ; Wil-
liam, 234
Thomasson Edward, 343 ; Ellinor,
241 ; Richard, 245 ; Roger, 241 ;
William (alias Johnson), 242
Thorpe Elizabeth, 237
Tickle Alice, 244; Cidly, 235;
Elizabeth, 237 ; John, 235, 237 ;
Oswald, 236 ; Robert, 245 ; Su-
san, 245
Tipping George, 233 : Jane, 233
Topping Margaret, 239 : Peter,
23Q ; William, 237
Travice Cicilie, 240 ; John, 241 ;
William, 243
Turner TbcMnas, 244
Twisse Elizabeth, 243 ; Roger, 243
Tyldesley Marger>', 243
gerie, 233 : Richard. 233; Tho-
mas. 233
Warton Ann, 233 ; Christopher,
238 ; William. 2^5
Waynewright Elaine, 243 ; John,
243 ; Margaret, 243
Wajoiwright Cidly, 234 ; George,
Webster Alice, 234 ; Joane, 243 ;
Thomas, 234
Welsh Frances, 237 ; Thomas, 237
Westhead Rickard, 234
Wetherbie Anthony, 233
Whitfield Alice, 243 ; Henr}*, 243
Whithedge James, 239; Kathe-
rine, 239
Wholey James 240
Whytstone Ehzabeth, 233 ; Tho-
Wignall Katherine, 233
Wigno William, 237
Wikocke Robert, 241
Wilkinson Margaret, 232; Tho-
mas, 232
William Elizabeth, 244
WiUiamsoD loane, 243
WiUmson EUen, 237
Wilson Ellen, 232 ; John, 233 ;
Margerie, 2rs
Winstanley Elizabeth, 239; John,
ington John, 233 ; Ralph,
; Robert, 233
Wh^hi
233 i XVUUCIt, -CjJ
Woodcocke Ralph, 232
Woodes George, 237 ; Henrie,
243 ; Henr>', 242 ; Margaret,
242 ; Susan, 237
Woodley Rk^arcU 243
Woolfall Mar>-, 242 ; Thomas, 242
Woosey James, 233; Margaret, 235
Worall S>Tnon, 236
Worthington Claris, 234; Mar-
garet. 235 ; Richard, 233
Wright Alice, 232; Ann, 234;
Edward, 244 ; Francis, 234 :
Margaret, 244 ; Robert, 232 ;
Seath, 24^
Wrighte Elizabeth, 232
Yate Margaret, 232, 246 ; llionias,
246
Yonge Cidly, 238 ; Thomas, 238
Youde William, 242
Index.
267
PLACES.
Abraham, 239
Aintree, 237
Alker (Altcar), 235
AUerton, 243
Arbury, 245 , . , ,
Ash ton in Makerfielcl, 243
Astley, 246
Aughton, 235
liedford, 246
Bickerstaffe, 233
Billinge, 240
Bold, 242
Broadyate, 241
Bursccugh, 233
Croft, 245
Cronlon, 242
Crosby, 236
Cuerdlev, 242
Culcheth, 245
Dalton, 239
Ditton, 242
Downholland, 232
Eccleston, 240
Ford, 237
Formby, 238
(Jarston, 243
Cilaze])rook, 244
(Joulborne, 245
{ ireat Crosby, 237
Great Sankey, 242
Clreat Woolton, 24 \
Haigh, 239
Hale, 243
Halewood, 243
Halsall, 232
Haughton, 245
Haydock, 245
Hindley, 239
Huyton, 242
Ince, 239
I nee Blundell, 237
Kenyon, 244
Kirkby, 238
Knowsley, 242
Lancaster, County of, 231
I^thom, 234, 23S
Lawton, 244
Leigh, 246
Litherland, 237
Liverpool, 238
Lydiate, 232
MaghuU, 232
Manchester, 231
Melling, 233
Middleton, 245
Milne, The, 245
Newton, 244
North Meols, 232
Ormskirk, 231, 233
I Orrell, 237, 240
Parr, 240
Pemlierton, 239
Penketh, 242
Pinnington, 246
Poolton, 244
Prescot, 240
Rainford, 240
Rainhill, 241
Rixton, 244
Scarisbrick, 235
Sephton, 236
Shackerley, 246
Skelmersdale, 234
Southworth, 245
Speke, 243
Sutton, 241
Thornton, 236
Tyldesley cum Shackerley, ?40
Uph<>lland, 239
Walton, 237
Warrington, 244
West Derby, 231, 237
Westleigh, 246
Westminster, 231
Whiston, 241
Widnes, 241
Wigan, 239
Windle, 241
Winstanley, 240
Win wick, 244
Woolston cum Poolton, 244
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J.U
INDEX
OP
ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS
PUBLISHED
JN
1897
[being the sbventh issue op the series and completing the
INDEX for the period 1891-97]
PUBLISHED under THE DIRECTION OP THE CONGRESS OP
ARCHJIOLOGICAL SOCIETIES IN UNION WITH THE
SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES.
1898
HAKKldON AND 30X6,
PEIKTERS IN ORDINARY TO HEE MAJESTY^
ST. martin's lane, LONDON.
CONTENTS.
[Those Transactions marked with an asterisk * in the following list are now for th
first time included in the index^ the others are contimuttions from the indexes
of 1891-96. Transactions included for the first time are indexed from 1891
onwards.']
Anthropological Institute, Journal, vol. xxyi, pts. 3 and 4, rol. xxyii, pts. 1 and 2.
Antiquaries, London, Proceedings of the Society, 2nd ser., foL xyi, pts. 3 and 4.
Antiquaries, Ireland, Proceedings of Bojal Society of, 5th ser., toI. yii.
Antiquaries, Scotland, Proceedings of the Society, rol. xxxi.
Archieologia, vol. Iv, pt. 2.
Arch»ologia ^liana, vol. xix, pts. 1, 2, and 3.
Arch»ologia Oambrensis, 5th ser., toI. xiv.
Archaeological Journal, vol. liv.
^Associated Architectural Societies, Transactions, vol. xxiii, pts. 1 and 2.
Berks, Bucks and Oxfordshire Archeeological Journal, vol. iii.
Biblical Archaeology, Society of, Transactions, vol. xix.
Bristol and G-loucestershire Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xix, and xx,
pt. 1.
British Archaeological Association, Journal, New Series, vol. iii.
British Architects, Royal Institute of. Journal, 3rd ser., vol. iv
Buckinghamshire, Rscorda of, vol. vii, pts. 4, 5j and 6.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol. ix, pt. 3.
Chester and North Wales Architectural, Archaeological and Historical Society,
Transactions, vol. vi, pt. 1.
Clifton Antiquarian Club, Proceedings, vol. iii, pt. 3, and vol. iv, pt. 1.
Cornwall, Royal Institute of, Proceedings, vol. xiii, pt. 2.
Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological Society, vol. xiv, pt. 2, xv, pt. 1.
Cymmrodorion Society, Transactions, 1895-6, 1896-7, and vol. xii.
Derbyshire Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xix.
Devonshire Association, Transactions, vol. xxix.
Essex Archaeological Society, Transactions, New Series, vol. vi, pts. 2, 3, and 4.
•Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society, Transactions, 3rd ser.,
vol. i, pts. 1 and 2.
IV CONTENTS.
Folklore, Proceedings of the Folklore Society, vol. viii.
Glasgow Archeeological Society, New Series, vol. iii, pt. 1.
Hampshire Field Club, Proceedings, vol. iii, pt. 3.
Hellenic Society, Journal, vol. xvii.
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol. xii, xiii and xiv.
Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society, Transactions, vol. xi and xii.
Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. viii,
pts. 3 and 4.
London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, vol. i, pt. 2.
Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. xxx, pt. 1.
Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd ser., vol. xvii.
Royal Historical Society, Transactions, vol. xi.
Eoyal Institution of Great Britain and Ireland, Proceedings, vol. xy, pts. 1 and 2.
Royal Irish Academy, Transactions, 3rd ser., vol. iv, pts. 3 and 4.
Royal Society of Literature, Transactions, vol. xviii, pt. 4, xix, pt. 1.
St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, Transactions, vol. iv, pt. 2.
Shropshire Archaeological arid Natural History Society, Transactions, 2nd ser.,
vol. ix.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Transactions, vol. xliii.
Staffordshire, William Salt Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xvii.
Suffolk Archaeological Institute, vol. ix, pts. 3 and 4.
Surrey Archaeological Society, Collections, vol. xiii, pt. 2.
Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. xli.
Warwickshire Field Club, Transactions, 1897.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, vol. xxix, pts. 2 and 3.
Woolwich District Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol, ii.
Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal, vol. xiv, pt. 4.
NOTE.
The value of this Index to archaeologists is now recognised. Every effort is
made to keep its contents up to date and continuous, but it is obvious that the
difficulties are great unless the assistance of the societies is obtained. If for any
reason the papers of a society are not indexed in the year to which they properly
belong the plan is to include them in the following year ; and whenever the papers
of societies are brought into the Index for the first time they are then indexed
from the year 1891.
By this means it will be seen that the year 1891 is treated as the commencing
year for the Index and that all transactions published in and since that year will
find their place in the series.
To make this work complete an index of the transactions from the beginning of
arohiBological societies down to the year 1890 needs to be published. This Index is
already completed in MS. form, and the first part will be ready by March next.
Societies will greatly oblige by communicating any omissions or suggestions to
Thb Editob of the Abchjeolooical Index,
Laubence Gomme, F.S.A.,
24, Dorset Square,
London, N.W.
Single copies of the yearly Index from 1891 may be obtained. The subscription
list for the complete Index up to 1891 is still open, and intending subscribers should
apply at once. Many of the societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries take
a sufficient number of copies of the yearly Index to issue with their transactions to
each of their members. The more this plan is extended the less will be the cost
of the Index to each society. For particulars of the yearly and complete Indexes
and other works now being carried on by the societies in union application should
be made to the Honorary Secretary,
Ralph Nbvill, F.S.A.,
13, Addison Crescent,
Kensington, W.
INDEX OF archj:ological papers .published
IN 1897.
Adamson (Horatio A.). Gleanings from the records of the parish
of Tynemouth. Arch, ^liana^ xix. 93-104.
Tynemouth parish register. Arch, ^lianay xix. 197-216.
Adamson (Rev. C. E.). The vicars of Halt whistle. Arch, ^liana,
xix. 14-28.
Adamson (Rev. E. H.). Sir Charles Brown, M.D. Arch. JEUana^
xix. 133-142.
Addy (S. O.). Four Yorkshire folk tales. Folhlore, viii. 393-396.
Allen (J. Romilly). Report on the photogi^aphy of the sculptured
stones earlier than a.d. 1100 in the district of Scotland south of
the River Dee. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 147-152.
On some points of resemblance between the art of tho
early sculptured stones of Scotland and of Ireland. Soc, Antiq,
Scot, xxxi. 309-332.
Allen (Thomas W.). The text of the Homeric Hymns. Jour, Hell,
Stud. xvii. 45-62, 241-267.
Anderson (J. G. C). The road system of Eastern Asia Minor, with
evidences of Byzantine campaigns. Jour. Hell, Stud, x^i. 22-4^.
A summer in Phrygia. Jour. Hell. Stud. xvii. 396-424.
Anderson (Joseph, LL.D.). Notices of some recently discovered
inscribed and sculptured stones. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 293-308,
Andr^ (J. Lewis). Sompting Chnrch. Sussex Arch, Coll, xli. 7-24,
West Tarring Church. Sussex Arch. Coll. xli. 54-72.
Andrews (J. B.). Neapolitan witchcraft. Folklore, viii. 1-9.
Andrews (W.), On ancient pottery remains in Warwickshire,
Warwickshire Field Clitb, 1897, 27-30.
Appleton (E.). Notes on Torre Abbey. Exeter Diocesan Archit.
and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 105-107.
Arnold (Rev, F. H., LL.D.). On the discovery of a Roman cemetery
at Chichester. Sussex Arch. Cull. xli. 1-3.
8 INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS.
Aenott (John). The church and priory of St. Mary Woodbridge.
Suffolk Arch, Inst. ix. 338-344.
Atkinson (Rev. J. C). Supernatural change of site. Folklore^ viii,
279-280.
Atkinson (T. D.). The gilds of Cambridgeshire. Cambridge Antiq.
8oc, ix. 385-390.
Axon (William E. A.). Chronologrical notes on the visitations of
plague in Lancashire and Cheshire. Lane, and Ohesh.Antiq. 8oc,
xii. 52-99.
On a bronze coin of Aurelian. Lane, and Chesh, Antiq,
Soc, xiii. 32-42.
B. (M.). An Irish Easter legend. Boi/. Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S.
vii. 193-194.
Bagnall-Oakelby (Mrs.). Grosmont Castle. Bristol and Olouc,
Arch. Soc, XX. 88-92.
Skenfrith Castle and Church. Bristol and Olouc, Arch, Soc,
XX. 9:^96.
Pembridge Castle. Bristol and Qlouc. Arch. Soc. xx. 97-99.
Notes on a great hoard of Roman coins found at Bishop's
Wood in 1895. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xix. 399-420.
Baildon (W. Paley). On a fragment of a carved alabaster panel,
15th century, and on a jug of green glazed pottery found at
Lincoln's Inn. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 392-394.
Baily (Rev. Johnson). Book of Easter offerings, small tithes and
" outen " tithes of the parish of Ryton. Arch. ^ liana, xix. 39-46.
Baker (James). The fatal field of Agincourt. Bristol and Olouc,
Arch. Soc. XX. 52-58.
Baker (T. H.). Notes on the history of Mere. Wilts Arch, and
Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 224-337.
Baldwin (A. H.). Roman coins relating to Britain. Woolwich Dist.
Antiq. Soc, ii. 62-69.
Balfour (Henry). On a remarkable ancient bow and aiTow,
believed to be of Assyrian origin. Anthrop. Inst. xxvi. 210-220*
Life history of an Aghori fakir, with exhibition of the
human skull used by him as a drinking vessel and notes on the
similar use of skulls by other races. Anthrop. Inst. xxvi. 340-
357.
Ball (F. Elrington). Irish harvestmen in England. Boy. Soc*
Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 429.
Ball (T. Stanley). Town Guilds. Hist. Soc. of Lane, and ChesK
N.S. xii. 79-94.
INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS. 9
Barber (Rev. H., M.D.). Etymologies of Derbyshire place-names.
Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist, Soc. xix. 53-79.
Barbour (John H.). Some country remedies and their uses»
Folklore, viii. 386-39C.
Barker (W. R.). Part of a late Celtic bronze collar found at
Llandyssil, Cardiganshire. Clifton Antiq. Clu\ iii. 210-213.
Barlow-Massicks (Thomas). The old blast furnace at Duddon
Bridge. Gumh, and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch, Soc, xiv. 448-449.
Bartleet (Rev. S. K.). The leper hospitals of St. Margaret and
St. Mary Magdeleu by Gloucester. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc.
XX. 127-137.
Bates (Cadwallader J.). Distance slabs of the Antonine wall and
the Roman names of its fortresses. Arch, j^liana, xix. 105-114.
The Beornicas and the Deras. Aixh, ^liayia, xix. 147-154.
The homo of St. Cuthbert's boyhood. Arch, JEliana, xix.
155-159.
Winwedfield : the overthrow of English paganism. Arch,
^liana, xix. 182-191.
Bates (Rev. E. H.). The inventory of church plate in south-east
Somerset. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Ilist. Soc. xliii. 172-231.
Batten (John). The Horsey family. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist,
Soc. xliii. 84-93.
Bax (Alfred Ridley). On a ledger to the memory ot* James
Bonwicke, Esq., in Mickleham churchyard, with some account
of the Bonwicke family. Surrey Arch. Coll. xiii. 111-129.
Conventicles in Surrey, 1(569. Surrey Arch. Coll. xiii. 154-165.
Inscriptions in the churchyard of All Saints, Hastings.
Sussex Arch. Coll. xli. 216-231.
Baxter (Rev. George C). Notice of a cup-marked stone recently
found at Gallowhill, parish of Cargill. Soc. Antiq, Scot. xxxi.
290-292.
Bennett (Richard). The King's Mills of ancient Liverpool. Hist,
Soc, of Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xii. 29-78.
Berkeley (Mrs. Rowland). Cotheridge and its history. Assoc,
Archit. Soc. xxiii. 194-212.
Birch (W. de Gray). Notes on Fulham Palace. Brit. Arch. Assoc.
N.S. iii. 43-48.
BiRREti (Augustine). John Wesley : some aspects of the eighteenth
century. Roy. Inst. xv. 233-2o4.
Blair (Robert). Note on the discovery of a Roman inscribed slab at
Chesters. Proc, Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 387-388.
10 INDEX OF AKCH-liOLOGICAL PAPKKS.
Blakeway (Rev. J. Brickdale). History of Shrewsbury Hundred or
Liberties. Shropshire Arch, Soc. 2nd S. ix. 107-214.
Blashill (Thomas). Some certificates as to recusants in Holdemess.
Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 275-280.
Blumeb (Dr. G. Aloeb). The Washington and Colville families.
Arch. jEliana, xix. 115-125.
BoissiER (Alfred). Note sur nn linteau de porte decouvei*t en
Assyi-ie par George Smith. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 250-251.
Bothamlky (C. H.). a photographic survey of the county of
Somerset. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xliii. 166-171.
Bower (Rev. Canon). Mural and other painted decorations in the
diocese of Carlisle. Cumh. and Westnwr. Antiq. atid Arch. Soc*
XV. 9-20.
Boyd (W.). Final concords or pedes iinium of mixed counties which
include Staffordshire. William Salt Arch. Soc. xvii. 209-236.
Lincolnshire inquisitions post mortem, temp. Henry VII.
Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 1-80.
Calendar of all enrolments on the Close Rolls temp.
Henry VII., relating to the county of Lincoln. Assoc. Archit. Soc,
xxiii. 2G0-273.
Boyd (W.), and Major-Gen. the Hon. G. WnorrESLEY. The poll-tax
of a.d. 1879-81 for the Hundreds of Offlow and Cuttlestone.
William Salt Arch. Soc. xvii. 157-205.
Boyd (William C). A find of Roman denarii near Cambridge.
Numismatic Ohron. xvii. 119-126.
Boyd (W. K.). Survey of Leicestershire, 1124-1129. Leicestershire
Archit. a'nd Arch. Soc. viii. 179-183.
Bradley (Miss Edith). Reflections on the past glories of Hatfield.
Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 294-297.
Bradney (Joseph A.). Raglan Castle. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc.
XX. 70-87.
Bridge (Joseph C, Mus. Doc). Two Chester madrigal wHtei'S,
Thomas Bateson and Francis Pilkington. Archit. Arch, and Nat.
Hist. Soc. of Chester and N. Wales^ vi. 60-73.
Souling songs. Archit. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. of Chester
and N. Wales, vi. 74r-75.
Brooke (J. W.), and B. Howard Cunningtok. Excavation of a
Roman well near Silbury Hill. Wilts. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc,
xxix. 166-171.
Brown (G. Baldwin). English mediaeval antiquities. Boy. Inst. Brit.
Archit. 3rd S. iv. 429-432.
INDEX OF ARCH.^^OLOGICAL PAPERS. 11
Brown (J. T. T.). The authorship of the Kin^is Quair. Glasgow
Arch, Soc. N.S. iii. 93-166,
Browning (Oscar). The Conference of Pillnitz. Boy. Hist. Soc.
N.S. xi. 133-138.
Brushfield (T. N., M.D.). The salmon clause in the indentures of
apprentices. Archit. Arch, and Hist. Soc, of Chester and N.
Wales, vi. 5-35.
On tlie destruction of vermin in rural parishes. Devon,
A^soc, xxix. 291-349.
Brydall (Robert). Notice of a group of carved grave slabs at
Dalmally, Argyleshire. Soc, Antiq. Scot, xxxi. 81-85.
BaLKELEY-OwEN (HoN. Mrs.). Selattjn : a history of the parish.
Shropshire Arch, atid Nat. Hist, Soc. 2nd S. ix. 37-72, 219-283.
BuRNARD (Robert). Dartmoor stone implements and weapons.
Devon. Assoc, xxix. 378-385.
BuRNB (Charlotte S.). Staffordshire superstitions. Folklore, viii.
91-92.
Burrows (Montagu). The life of Adniii*al Robert Blake stripped of
legendary matter. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, xliii.
45-61.
Bury (J. B.). The Nika riot. Jour, Hell, Stud. xvii. 92-119.
Galverley (Rev. W. S.). Shrine-shaped or coped tombstones at
Gosforth, Cumberland. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch.
Soc. XV. 239-246.
Calvert (Prank). On the tumulus of Choban Tepeh in the Troad.
Jour. Hell. Stud. xvii. 319-320.
Chacombe, the Priory of. Berks, Buclcs, and Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 53-54.
Christison (Dr. D.). The prehistoric fortresses of Treceiri and
Eildon. Arch. Gamhrensis, 5th S. xiv. 17-40.
Notice of a burial mound at Cavers, Roxburghshire. Soc,
Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 188-195.
The Girdlcstanes and a neighbouring stone circle in the
parish of Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire. Soc, Antiq. Scot. xxxi.
281-289.
Christy (Miller), and W. W. Porteous. On some interesting Essex
brasses. Essex Arch. Soc, N.S. vi. 146-170.
Church (Rev. C. M.). The prebendal stalls and misericords in the
cathedral church of Wells. Archceologia, Iv. 319-342.
'■ On a remarkable wooden lantern-shaped object from the
cathedral church of Wells. Pror. Soc. A7itiq, 2nd S. xvi.
287-289.
12 INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Clark (Dr.). Bishop Bateman. Cambridge Antiq. Soc. ix. 297-
336.
Clear (Arthur). Civil marriages during the Commonwealth.
Records of Bucks, vii. 531-587.
Clutterbuck (Rev. R. H.). The fraternities of Sarum. Wilts Arch,
and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 137-146.
Cocks (Alfred Heneage). A palimpsest brass at Middle Claydon.
Records of Bucks, vii. 529-530.
Exploration of a lar^e barrow at Chetwode. Records of
Bucks, vii. 462-464.
The Romano- British pile-dwelling at Hedsor. Records of
Bucks, vii. 538-549.
Description of the brass of Roger Djnham. Records of
Bucks, vii. 262-263.
A further contribution towards a Buckinghamshire vocabu-
lary. Reco7'ds of Bucks, vii. 284-303.
Coffey (G.). On stone markings (ship figure) recently discovered at
Dowth, in the county of Meath. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 3rd S.
iv. 586-588.
Origins of prehistoric ornament in Ireland. Roy. Soc.
Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 28-52.
Notes on the derivation of the New Grange spirals. Roy,
Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 248-253.
Coffey (Geo.), C. Browne, M.D., and T. J. Westropp. Report on a
prehistoric burial near Newcastle, Wicklow. Proc. Roy. Irish
Acad. 3rd S. iv. 559-562.
CoKAYNE (G. E.). Some account of some of the Lord Mayors and
Sheriffs of London during the sixteenth century, 1501-]600.
London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. N.S. i. 177-182.
Colby (F T., D.D.). Mottoes of some Devonshire families. Devon.
Assoc, xxix. 286-290.
Coleman (James). The coast from Kenmare Bay to Cork Harbour.
Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 318-321.
Coles (Fred. R.). Notes on a stone circle in Wigtownshire. Soc.
Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 90-94.
Notices of the discovery of a cist and bronze blade at
Letham quarry, Perth; of the standing stones at High Auchen-
larie, Anworth, Kirkcudbrightshire. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi.
181-188.
Collier (Hon. John). Portrait painting in its historical aspects.
Roy. Inst. xv. 36-38.
INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS. 13
Collier (Mrs.). Church and painted glass at Bowness. Brit, Arch.
Assoc, N.S. iii. 122-133.
St. Mary-le- Savoy and the old palace and hospital.
Bnt. Arch, Assoc, N.S. iii. 221-281.
COLSON (J. B.). The nave roof of Winchester Cathedral. Hampshire
Field Club, iii. 288-293.
COMPER (J. N.). The reasonableness of the ornaments rubric, illus-
trated by a comparison of the German and English altars. St,
Paul's Ecclesiological Soc. iv. 65-97.
CoMPTON (C. H.). Rhuddlan. Brit, Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 266-274.
The foundation of Waltham Abbey. Brit. Arch, Assoc,
N.S. iii. 137-147.
CONDER (Edward, Jun.). Some notes on the manors of Mansergh and
Rigmaden, formerly in the parish of Kirkby- Lonsdale. Cumb.
and Westmor. Antiq, and Arch, Soc. xiv. 450-459.
CONDKR (LiEUT.-CoL. C. R.). Palestine exploration. Boy. Inst. xv.
346-349.
Cooke (T. Etheringtox). Notes on a precept of infeftraent granted
by Queen Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI., as Lady Dun-
fermline, A.D. 1601. Qlasgow Arch. Soc, N.S. iii. 167-174.
Cooper (Rev. Canon J. H.). The manor of Cuckfield from the
fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Sussex Arch. Coll. xli.
79-94.
Old Cuckfield families. Sussex Arch. Coll. xli. 203-215.
Cooper (Rev. T. S.). The church plate of Surrey. Surrey Arch.
Coll, xiii. 166-176.
CORBETT (W. J.). Elizabethan village surveys. Boy. Hist. Soc. N.S.
xi. 67-87.
Cowper (H. Swainson). The ancient village at Hugill, near Winder-
mere, Westmorland; excavations at Piel (Peel) Island, Coniston,
Lancashire. Proc. Soc. Antlq. 2nd S. xvi. 253-258.
Hawkshead folklore : charms, superstitions, witchcraft,
and traditional customs. Cuvib. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch,
Soc. xiv. 371-389.
Illustrations of old fashions and obsolete contrivances in
Lakeland. Cuvih. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 252-
284.
Cowper (H. Swainson) and W. G. Collingwood. Reports on excava-
tions at Springs Bloomery, near Coniston Hall, Lancashire, with
notes on the probable age of the Furness bloomeries. Gumh. and
Westmor, Antiq, and Arch, Soc, xv. 211-228.
14 INDEX OF ARCH.EOLOGICAL PAPER&
Cox (EhWAKD W.). Leaves fi'om an antiqoary's note book. Hist
N<*c. of Lane, and CheA. X.S. xi. 235-252; xii. 253-258.
Xorman reiuains fouud at Sephton Chorch. JBTwf. Soc, of
Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xi. 1(»3-106.
Lancaster Castle. Hist. Soc. of Lane, ami Chesh. N.S. xii.
95-122.
The eTolution of a medineval hall. HUf. Soc. of Lane, and
Chesh. N.S. xii. 149-170.
Notes on Haisall Church. Hist. Soc. of Lafie. anil Chesh.
N.S. xii. -233-240.
Cox (Rev. J. Charles, LL.E).). The treatment of oar cathedral
chmtshes in the Victorian age. Arch. Jour. liv. 239-274,
CRAitiiE (W. A.). The Gaels in Iceland. Soc. Aniiq. Scot. xxxi.
247-264.
Cramoxd (W., LL.D.). Notes on tamuli in CuUen District, and
notice of the discovery of two urns at Foalford, near Callen.
Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 216-223.
Some notes ou rf>ad bills, with i-eference to a collection of
them in three volumes now exhibited ; and notes on the casting
from Abernethy iron works. Sih:. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 224-227.
Cbisi' (Frederick Arthuk). Surrey wills. Surrey Arch. Cell. xiii.
177-196.
Crooke (William). The binding of a god, a study of the busis of
idolatry. Folklore, viii. 325-355.
Crowfoot (J. W.). A Thiaciau poili-ait. Jonr. HeU. Siud. xvii.
321-326.
Crum (W. E.). a Coptic palimpsest. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 210-222.
CuNMNiiHAM (D. J.. M.D.). On some human remains recently dis-
covered near Lismore. Proc. Boy. Irish Acad. 3rd S. iv. 552
558.
Dale (W.). The palaeolithic implements of the Soothamptou
gi'avels. Hampshii'tf Field Club, iii. 261-264.
Ancient bronze weapons from the neighbourhood of Sonth.
ampton. Hampshire Field Club, iii. 265-266.
Dames (M. Longworth). Balochie tales. Folklore, viii. 77-83.
D'Arcv (Dr. S. a.). A crannoge neai- Clones. Boy. Soe. Antiq..
Leland. 5th S. vii 205-220, 389-403.
Dart3I00R Exploration Committee, fourth report of the. Devon. Assoc^
xxix. 145-165.
Davies (D. Griffith). Early sculptured stones in Ireland. Arch
Cambrensis, 5th S. xiv. 255-260.
INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 15
Davies (Thomas J.). The Severn. Montgoiaeryshire Coll. xxx. 177-
202.
Davis (Rev. R. G.). Historical notes on tbe manor of Knighton, im
the Isle of Wight. Hampshire Field Club, iii. 295-302.
Dawkixs (Prof. Boyd). The present phase of prehistoric archaaa-
logj'. Arch, Jour. liv. 377-394.
Dea^ (John). On Middleton parish chnrch. Lane, aiid Ohesh. Antiq..
Soc. xiv. 1-26.
Dennett (R. E.). Death and bnrial of the Fiote. Folklore, viii..
132-137.
Dillon (Viscount). On some armour at Great Salkeld Church
Cumberland. Cumh, and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv, 250-
251.
Dillon (Viscount) and W. H. St. John Hope. Inventory of the-
goods and chattels belonging to Thomas Duke of Gloucester,
and seized in his castle at Fleshy, co. Essex, 21 Richard 11^
(1397), with theii* values as shown in the escheator's accounts.
Arch. Jonr. liv. 275-308.
Ditchfield (Rev. P. H.). Roman relics. Berks, Bucks, and Oxon
Arch. Jour. iii. 16-22.
DoHERTY (Thomas). Some notes on the physique, customs, and
superstitions of the peasantry of Innishowen, co. Donegal.
Folklore, viii. 12-18.
Donelly (W. a.). Note of a stone on the moor near Dullatur, called
the Carrickstone, shaped like a Roman altar and having cups on
its upper surface. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 228-230.
DoRLiNG (Rev. E. E.). Notes on the heraldry of Salisbury Cathedral.
Wilts Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 113-122.
DowNMAN (Rev. E. A.). Great Canfield Mount. Essex Arch. Soc
N.S. vi. 225-227.
Downs (R. S.). High Wycombe parish church: brasses, monuments.
and inscriptions. Fecords of Rucks, vii. 264-283, 430-4J61.
Dredge (Rev. J. Ingle). Frithelstock Priory, in the deanery of
Hartland. Exeter Diocesan Archit. and Arch, Soc. 3rd S. i. 1-10.
Drink WATER (R.ev. C. H.). Grant of a market and fair at Chetwynd
to Sir John de Chetwynd 17 July, 1318. Shropshire Arch.
Soc. 2nd S. ix. 93-95.
Dryden (Sir Henry E. L.). Squints and dials. Assoc. Archit. Soc,
xxiii. 354-364
Duff (Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E. Grant). Presidential
address. Roy. Hist. Soc N.S. xi. 1-17.
16 INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
DuGAN (C. W.) Interesting find in the Montiaghs, co. Armagh.
Boy. Soc. Aniiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 437-438.
DuiGNAN (W. H.). On some Shropshire place names. Shropshire
Arch. Soc. 2nd S. ix. 385-400.
Duncan (Leland L.). Hob thrust. Folklore, viii. 69.
Duns (Prof., D.D.). Notice of the discovery of nms at Chesters,
Roxburghshire ; and notes on lamps, crocach, and Brazilian
pottery, etc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 199-209.
Eager (Reginald, M.D.). Notes on customs in Spanish churches
illustrative of old English ceremonial. St. PauVs Ecclesiological
Soc. iv. 105-125.
Ebblewhitbs (Ernest Arthur). Flintshire genealogical notes. Arch.
Camhrensis, 5th S. xiv. 1-16, 181-196.
Edgar (C. E.). Two stelae from Kynosarges. Jour, Hell. Stud.
xvii. 174^175.
EiSENLOHR (Prof. Dr.). The RoUin papyri and their baking
calcnlations. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 91-104; 115-120; 147-155;
252-265.
Ellis (Thomas E.). Domestic and decorative art in Wales. Soc,
Cymmrodorion, 1896-7, 14-33.
Ellwood (Rev. T.). The mountain sheep, their origin and marking.
Gumh, and Westmor. Antiq, and Arch. Soc. xv. 1-8.
Elworthy (P. T.). Sixteenth report of the committee on Devon-
shire verbal provincialisms. Devon. Assoc, xxix. 45-65.
Ely (Talfourd). Wreaths and garlands. Arch. Jour. liv. 186-
197.
The house of Aulus Vettius recently discovered at Pompeii.
Archceologia, Iv. 301-318.
EsHELBY (H. D.). The episcopal visitations of the Yorkshire
deaneries of the Archdeaconry of Richmond in 1548 and 1554.
Tories. Arch. Soc. xiv. 390-421.
Evans (Arthur J.). On a votive deposit of gold objects found on
the north-west coast of Ireland. Archceologia, Iv. 391-408.
Further discoveries of Cretan and ^gean script: with
Libyan and proto Egyptian comparisons. Jour. Hell. Stud,
xvii. 327-395.
A Roman villa at Frilford. Arch. Jour. liv. 340-354.
Eyre (Most Rev. Archbishop). The hall of the vicars choral, Glasgow
cathedral. Glasgow Arch. Soc, iii. 77-92.
Eyre (Rev. W. L. W.). A memorial brass from Brown Candover.
Hampshire Field Gluh^ iii. 277.
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 17
Fahet (Very Rev. J.). The flight of the O'Flahertys, lords of Moy
Soela, to Tar Cod naught. Boy, S(tc, Aniiq, Ireland^ 5th S. vii.
19-27.
Fairbank (F. R.). Portable altars. Brit. Arch. Assoc, N.S. iii.
54-62.
Ferguson (Chancellok). Shap stones. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq.
and Arch. Soc, xv. 27-34.
Recent local finds of Roman date. Cumh. and Westmor,
Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 43-47.
The treasure chest formerly belonging to the custom house,
Carlisle. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 133-135.
Communion cap and cover from Cavtmel Fell chapel.
Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 247-249.
Repoi-t on finds in Cumberland. Proc. Hoc. Antiq. 2nd S.
xvi. 297-301, 337-340.
Ferguson (Chancellor), C. W, Dymoni^ and H. S. Cowper. An
ancient village in Hugill (near Ings in Westmorland). Cumh,
and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xiv. 460-469.
Ferguson (Chancellor) and H. S. Cowper. Ancient and county
bridges in Cumberland and Westmorland, with some remarks
upon the fords ; and Lancashire north-of-the-sands. Cumh. and
Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 114-132.
Ferguson (John, LL.D.). Bibliogi-aphical notes on histories of
inventions and books of secrets. Glasijoiv Arch. Soc. iii. 175-213.
Fpennell (Miss M. C). Charms from Siam. Folklore, viii. 88-91.
Field (John Edward). Benson, or Bensington. Berks, Bucks, and
Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 6-14.
Figgis (J. Neville). On some political theories of the early Jesuits.
Boy. Hist. Soc. N.S. xi. 89-112.
Fisher (Rev. G. W.). A Shrewsbury man in Ireland in the 16th
century. Shropshire Arch. Sue. 2nd S. ix. 34-3G.
Note on the election of burgesses of parliament for
Shrewsbury in 1584 and 1586. Shropshire Arch. Soc. 2nd S.
ix. 91-92.
FiSHWiCK (LiEUT.-CoL. Henry). Tim Bobbin versus John Whitaker.
Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc, xiii. 19-26.
Note on a discovery of sepulchral urns on Pule Hill.
Yorkshire. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 335-336.
Fitzgerald (Lord Walter). The rangers of the curragh of Kildare.
Boy, Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 371-372.
FiTZHERBER't- (Rev. Reg. H. C). Will of Raiph Fitzherbert, Esq. of
18 INDEX OF ARCHiKOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Norburj, a.d. 1483. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat Hist. 8oc. xix.
94-100.
Fletcher (Rev. W. G. D.). Survey of Leicestershire 1124-1129.
Leicest. Archit. and Arch. Soc. viii. 142-144.
John Wyclif s presentation to the rectory of Lutterworth
7 April, 1375. Leicest. Archit. and Arch. Soc. viii. 184.
The estates of the Earls of Chester and the Despensers in
certain Leicestershire manors. Leicest. Archit. and Arch. Soc.
viii. 208-209.
— — Some unpublished documents relating to Leicestershire
preserved in the Pubh'c Record Oflfice [and British Museum],
Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 213-252, 392-4S6.
Floyer (Rev. J. K.). Passages in the history of Downton a.d.
1138-80. Wilts Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 102-112.
Foster (J. E.). Notes on the history of Exning. Cambridge Antiq,
Soc. ix. 342-346.
On charters granted by Ramsay Abbey to the fraternity of
the Holy Sepulchre. Cambridge Antiq. Soc. ix. 367-370.
Fox (George E.). Uriconium. Arch. Jour. liv. 123-173.
Frazer (William). On gold lunulep, with descriptions of those
contained in the Royal Irish Academy's Museum and other
collections, and on the source of the gold employed to make
Irish gold ornaments. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii.
53-66, 359-370.
Frazer (W.) Three rare medals made by W. Mossop. Numismatic
Chron. xvii. 90-92.
Medallion in plaster of the Right Hon. John Beresford and
his wife Barbara. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 319-320.
French (Major GtILBert). The stone circles on Chetham's Close,
Turton. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xii. 42-51.
Freshfield (Edwin). Notes on the church now called the Mosque
of the Kalenders at Constantinople. Archceologia, Iv. 431-438.
Fryer (Alfred C). Discoveries on Brandon Hill, Bristol. Brit.
Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 219-220.
Notes on the composition of an Inca ornament. Brit
Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 232.
The camp near Otzenhausen. Clifton Antiq. Chib, iii.
235-238.
FuLFORD (J. Loveband). Notes on the church of St. Swithun
Woodbury. Exeter Diocesan Archit. and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 63-72.
Fuller (Rev. E. A.). The tallage of 6 Edward 11: (Dec. 16,
INDEX OF ARClIyllOLOGICAL I'APKRS. 19
1312) and the Bristol rebellion. Bristol and (iloiic. Arch. Soc,
xix. 159-278.
Fuller (Rev. E. A.). Cirencester documents. Bristol and Glouc,
Arch, Sac. xx. 114-126.
Galpix (Rev. F. W.). The history of the church of Hatfield Regis
or Broad Oak, with some account of the priory buildings. Essex
Arch. Soc. N.S. vi. 827-:^45.
Oann (T.). On the contents of souKi ancient mounds in Central
America. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 308-317.
JGtARDNKR (Ernest A.). Caeneus and the Centaurs ; a vase at Hari'ow.
Jotir, Hell Stud. xvii. 294-305.
Oardxer (Percy). Tlie Mantinoan basis. Jour. Hell. Stiui. xvii.
120-121.
Oardneb (WiLLOUttHBY). UndescH bed penny of King John. Nuinis-
matic Ghron. xvii. 249.
Oasteb (Dr. M.). Two unknown Hobj*ew versions of the Tobit
legend. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 27-38.
<GrAYTH0RPE (Hakper). Prehistoric implements in Furness. Gnmb,
and We.itmor. Aniiq. and A^xh. Hoc. xiv. 4-42-447; xv. 161-
171.
^EE (Rev. Hexky). The domii.s inferior or frary of our oUlest
charterhouses. Archa'ologia^ Iv. 525-530.
•Gilbert (Alfred). The sculptor's architecture of the renaissance.
Boy. Inst. Brit. Archif. 3rd S. iv. 161-164.
•Gladstone (Dr. J. H.). On the transition from the use of copper
to that of bronze. Anihrop. I^ist, xxvi. 309-320.
Olynn (Rev. C). Overbury church. Bristol and Ghuc. Arch. Soc,
xix. 41-60.
iGlynne (Sir Stephen, Bart.). Notes on the older churches in tho
four Welsh dioceses. Arch. Gamhrtnsis, 5th S. xiv. 45-57, 293-
307.
•GoDDEN (Gertrude M.). Naga and otlier frontier tribes of north-
east India. Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 2-50.
OoDMAN (Percy S.). Itchingfield. Sussex Arch. Coll. xli. 95-158.
GoLDMERSTEiN (L.). The part played by water in marriage customs.
Folklore, viii. 84-86.
•Gollancz (Hermann). The history of Sindban and the seven wise
masters. Folklore, viii. 99-130.
GoMME (Alice B.). The Painswick dog pie. Folklore, viii. 390-392.
OooDvvYN (Rev. Canon). An old churchwardens' account book of
Rotherfield. Sussex Arch. Coll. xli. 25-48.
B 2
20 INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Gk)TCH (J. Alfred). Heraldry of the renaissance in England. Boy,
Inst Brit Archit 3i-d S. iv. 265-277.
GowLAND (William). Notes on the composition of the bronze,
copper, etc., in the hoards found at Grays Thurrock and Soathall,
and on experiments on the manufacture of ancient bronze. Broc,
. ' 8oc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 330-334.
The dolmens and burial mounds in Japan. ArchoBologia,
Iv. 439-524.
Gradwell (Monsignor Robert). The oldest church in Lancashire
[Overton]. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. 8oc. xii. 100-103.
Grantlby (Lord). On the North-Hum brian coinage of a.d. 758-808.
Numismatic Chron. xvii. 134-144.
Granville (Rev. Roger). A.n account of Sir Thomas Grenvile's
tomb in Bideford church, and also of the long bridge of
Bideford. Exeter Diocesan Archit. and Arch. 8oc. 3rd S. i.
11-16.
Grazebrook (George) andH. S. Grazebrook. The Shenstone charters
copied from the chartulary or great coucher book of the Duchy
of Lancaster. William Salt Arch. 8oc. xvii. 239-298.
Green (Everard). Note on the insignia of an archbishopric. Broc.
8oc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 394-404.
Greenwell (Rev. Canon). On some rare Greek coins. Numismatic
Chron. xvii. 253-283.
Gregson (William E.). The old chapel at Maghull, commonly
known as the Uns worth chapel. Hist. 8oc. of Lane, and Chesh,
N.S. xi. 252-256.
Greswell (Rev. W. H. P.). The alien priory of Stoke Courcy.
Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xliii. 62-83.
Griffith (F. Ll.). Scarabs belonging to Mr. John Ward; the
Khyan group of kings ; tlie Israel stela ; additional notes to
Egyptian literature. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 293-300.
Grimsey (B. p.). The Greyfriars monastery, Ipswich. Suffolk Arch,
Inst ix. 373-378.
Grueber (H. a.), a find of coins at East Worlington, Devonshire.
Numismatic Chron. xvii. 145-158.
A find of coins at Crediton, North Devon. Numismatic
Chron. xvii. 159-172.
Grundy (G. B.). Artemisium. Jour. Hell. Stud. xvii. 212-229.
The account of Salamis in Herodotus. Jour. Hell. Stud
xvii. 230-240.
Haddon (Alfred C, D.Sc). Studies in Irish craniology, pt. iii. : a
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPBRS. 21
neolithic cist burial at Oldbridge, county of Meath. Proc, Boy.
Irish Acad. 3rd S. iv. 570-685.
Hale (Horatio). Four Huron wampum records : a study of abori-
ginal American history and mnemonic symbols. Anthrop. Inst,
xxvi. 221-254,
Hall (Rev. J. Melland). Notes on the history of Beckford.
Bristol and Qlouc, Arch. 8oc. xix. 61-69.
Haresfield : manors and church. Bristol and Qlouc. Arch.
Soc. xix. 279-373.
Hallam (W. H.). The church bells of Berkshire. Berks, Bucks, and
Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 15-16, 83-84.
Harding (J.). The ancient sub-chantry house formerly in the Close,
Salisbury. Wilts. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 95-97.
Harrison (Frederic). A proposal for a new historical bibliography.
Boy. Hist. Soc. N.S. xi. L9-30.
Harrison (J. Park). The age of Carfax tower, Oxford. Arch. Jour.
liv. 395-400.
Harrison (William). Ancient fords, ferries, and bridges in
Lancashire. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xii. 1-29; xiii. 74-
102 ; xiv. 67-94.
Hart (W. H.). The will of Thomas Babington of Dethic [a.d.
1500]. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xix. 80-93.
Hartland (E. Sidney). Supernatural change of site. Folklore, viii,
177-178.
Hartopp (Henry). Calendar of Leicestershire wills, 1559 to 1649.
Leicestershire Archit. and Arch. Soc. viii. 145-178, 210-242.
Haslewood (Rev. Francis). Ministers of Suffolk ejected 1643-4.
Suffolk Arch. Inst. ix. 307-310.
Parish register of Bradfield S. Clare, 1541-1595. Suffolk
Arch. Inst. ix. 311-329.
Hasluck (F. W.). On the Roman denarii found near Cambridge.
Numismatic Chron. xvii. 251-252.
Haswbll (J. F., M.D.). Heraldic glass in Edenhall church. Cumb.
and Westmor. Antiq, and Arch. Soc. xv. 111-113,
Haverfield (F.). The antiquity of place names. Archit. Arch, and
Nat. Hist. Soc. of Chester and N. Wales, vi. 36-41,
Roman altar discovered in 1896 [Chester], Archit. Arch.
and Nat. Hist, Soc. of Chester and N. Wales, vi. 76-78.
Reports of the Cumberland excavation committee 1896
and 1897. Cumb. and Westmor, Antiq. and Arch, Soc. xiv,
413-433 ; xv. 172-190,
^2 INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS.
Havekfiki.d (F.) Notes ou Samian ware. Cuinh. and Westmor,
Anfiq. and Arch, Hoc. xv, 191-196.
Insciiptions preserved at Birdoswald. Cnmh. and West-
mor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 197-200.
A new Roman inscription from Cliesters. Aixh. JEliana^
xix. 179-181.
Roman inscriptions froni -^sica [Great Chosters] and
South Shields. Arch. jElianu, xix. 268-274.
On a Roman bronze vessel found at Herringfleet. Proc. Soc^
Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 237-240.
Note on the supposed mithrjeum discovered at Burham.
Froc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd 8. xvi. 248-249.
On a Roman bronze lamp of teii-a cotta found at
Bradfield, Berks. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 276-277.
Note on a small Roman bronze prow found in London.
Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 308.
Head (Roi^ert). Old Moreton Hall, and its past and present owners.
Hist. Soc. of Lane, and Cheshire, N.S. xi. 1-20.
Heywood (Na'jhan). Mason's marks on the stones of Stretford
aqueduct. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiii. 70-78.
HiCKSON (Miss). Ardfert friary and the Fitzmaurices, Lords of
Kerry. Boy. Soc. Antiq. heland, 5th S. vii. 232-242.
' Fethard castle, co. Wexford. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland^
5th S. vii. 436-437.
Hii.L (Rev. A. D.). The mizmaze on Breamore Down, Hants^
near Downton. Wilts Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 98-
kOl.
Hill (G. F.). Oinoanda : a new Grreek mint. Numisinatic Chron.
xvii. 25-30.
Notes on additions to the Greek coins in the British
Museum 1887-1896. Jonr. Hell. Stud. x\di. 78-91.
Solon's reform of the Attic standard. Numismatic Ghro7i,
xvii. 284r-292.
Cai*timandua. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 293-301.
Hilton (James). The coronation stone at Westminster Abbey,
Arch. Jour. liv. 201-224.
Hingeston-Randolph (Rev. Pkeuendary). Original deeds, grant to
Bishop Marshall ; grant to College of Vicars Choral, St. Peter's,
Exeter. Exeter Diocesan Archil, and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 119-
122.
INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 23
HiPKiNS (F. C.)- Repton's merry bells. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat,
Hist, Soc. xix. 14~19.
Hodgson (J. Crawford). Notices of the family of Cramlington of
Cramlington and Newsham. Arch. Mliana^ xix. 1-13.
Hodgson (Rev. J. F.). The episcopal chapel of Auckland castle.
Arch, ^Uana, xix. 89-92.
Hodgson (Mrs.). Notes on excavations on the line of the Roman
wall in Cumberland in 1894, 1895, 1896 and 1897. Cumh. and
West7nm\ Antiq. and Arch, Soc. xiv. 390-407 ; xv. 201-2fO.
Comparative view of the dimensions of the vallum in
Northumberland. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq. atid Arch. Soc. xiv.
408-412.
Holmes (Sheriton). The late John Crosse Brooks. Arch, Mliana,
xix. 143-146.
Holmes (T. Y.). Notes on a box used in smuggling on the Scottish
border fifty and sixty years ago. Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 260-262.
HoMMEL (Prof. Dr.). Assyriological notes. Soc, Bib, Arch, xix.
78-90, 312-315.
Hone (Nathaniel). Oxfordshire church goods. Berks, Bucks, and
Oxon Arch. Jour, iii. 29-30, 52-53.
Hope (W. H. St. John). Heraldry. in English mediaeval architect
ture. Boy, Inst, Brit, Archit, 3rd S. iv. 241-257.
On a series of original grants of arms, etc. from the reign
of Edward IV. Froc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 340-356.
Notes on the Benedictine Abbey of St. Pet«r at Grloucester.
Arch. Jour. liv. 77-119.
Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester,
Hants, in 1896. Archceologia, Iv. 409-430.
St. Nicholas church, Ickford. Records of Bucks, vii. 550-558.
Hopper (Edmund C). Church plate in Suffolk ; deanery of Wilford.
Suffolk Arch. Inst, ix. 298-306.
Howell (G. 0.). Howbury House. Woolwich Dist, Antiq. Soc, ii. 26-29.
Hudd (Alfred E.). Two Bristol calendars. Bristol and Glouc. Arch.
Soc. xix. 105-141.
Ancient Bristol documents. Clifton Aniiq. Club, iii.
228-234; iv. 12-16.
The Chapel of the Assumption on Old Bristol Bridge.
Clifton Antiq. Club, iv. 1-11.
Hudson (E. W.). Holywell priory, Shoreditch. Roy. Inst, Brit.
Archit, 3rd S. iv. 433^36, 469-471, 488-490.
Hudson (Rev. H. A.). An ancient sculptured fragment, with inscrip-
24 INDEX OF ARCn^OLOGICAL PAPERS.
tion, from Manchester cathedral. Lane, and ChesJi. Antiq. 8oc,
xiv. 62-66.
Hughes (Harold). Llangwjfan church, Anglesey. Arch. Camhremis,
5th S. xiv. 58-65.
Hughes (Prof.). Farther observations on the castle hill. Cambridge
Antiq. Soc. ix. 348.
Further observations on the ditches round ancient Cam-
bridge, with special reference to the adjoining ground. Cam-
bridge Antiq. Soc. ix. 370-384.
On the evidence bearing upon the early history of man
which is derived from the form, condition of surface, and mode
of occurrence of dressed flints. Arch. Jour. liv. 363-376.
On some waxed tablets said to have been found at Cam-
bridge. Archceologia, Iv. 257-282.
Hughes (T. Cann). Notes from North Lancashire. Brit. Arch.
Assoc. N.S. iii.' 208-212.
Hugo (Rev. Thomas). Athelney abbey. Somerset Arch, and Nat.
Hist. Soc. xliii. 94-165.
Hume (Major Martin A. S.). Some survivors of the Armada in
Ireland. Roi/. Hist. Soc. N.S. xi. 41-66.
HuTCHESON (Alexander). Notices of an ancient canoe found in
the River Tay, near Errol; a grinding stone found in the
Sidlaw hills ; a beggar's badge of sixteenth century found in
Dundee, and a spear-head of flint found in the carcass of a
whale. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 265-281.
HuTTON (C. A.). Votive reliefs in the Acropolis museum. Jour.
Hell. Stud. xvii. 306-318.
Hyett (F. a.). Notes on the first Bristol and Gloucestershire
printers. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xx. 38-51.
Irvine (Wm. Fergusson)- Notes on the parish churches of Wirral.
Hist. Soc. of Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xi. 107-136.
Ecclesiastical memoranda as to Halsall. Hist. Soc. of Lane.
and Chesh. N.S. xii. 241-252.
Church discipline in the sixteenth century as shown by
extracts from the Bishop of Chester's MS. visitation books for
the deanery of Manchester. La7ic. and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiii.
56-69.
Irvine (J. T.). Notes on specimens of simple headstones found in
stone districts. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 298-300.
Jackson (R. J.). Cray ford. Woolwich List. Aittiq. Soc. ii. 22-
25.
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 25
James (Dr.). Gleanings from the library of Peterhonse. Cambridge
Antiq. Soc, ix. 396-404
Johnston (Philip Mainwaring). The lowside windows of Sussex
churches. Sussex Arch. ColL xli. 159-202.
JoLY (P.). Observations of the history of holed stones in France an 1
Ireland. Eoy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland^ 5th S. vii. 243-245.
Kat (Thomas). Remains of the town wall of Stockport. Lane, and
Chesh. Antiq. Soc, xiv. 55-61.
Kelly J[Richard J.). An old school in Gal way. Boy. Soc Antiq,
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 191-192.
The islands of the Corrib. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S.
vii. 379-388.
Kelly (W, E.). Inscribed pillar stones, co. Mayo. Boy. Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 185-187.
Kemp (Thomas). Before the Warwick magistrates in the i-eign of
Queen Elizabeth. Warwi-hshire Field Gluh, 1897, 72-91.
Kennedy (Louise). Water in marriage customs. Folklore, viii.
176-177.
Kennedy-Skipton (H. S.). Henry V. in fiction and in fact. Bristol
and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xx. 108-113.
Kenton, the church of All Saints at. Exeter Diocesan Archit. and
Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 108-118.
Ken YON (R. Lloyd). West Felton Church. Shropshire Arch. Soc,
2nd S. ix. 309-384.
Ker (Prof. W. P.). Notes on Orendel and other stories. Folklore,
viii. 289-307.
Kerry (Rev. Chas.). Ashover: memoranda by Titus Wheatcroft,
A.D. ■ 1722. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xix. 24-
52.
Wayside interments. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc,
xix. 101-10 i.
Kershaw (S W.). Kent in the Lambeth archives. Brit. Arch,
Assoc. N.S.iii. 185-191.
Kinahan (G. H.). Ofcter-traps. Boy. Soc. Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. vii.
184-185.
The rocking stone, Dalkey Island. Boy. Soc, Antiq, Ireland^
5th S. vii. 433.
Stone crannoge in Longh Bola. Boy, Soc, Antiq. Ireland,
5th S. vii. 438.
KiNGSBRiDGE and neighbourhood, report of the visiting committee.
Exeter Diocesan Archit, and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 123-132.
26 INDEX OF AUCilAlOLOGICAL PAPERS.
KiNGSFORD (Rev. Hamilton). The last days of Stoulton wake. Assoc,
Archit. Soc. xxiii. 365-371.
KiN'tJSLEY (I^Iary H.). The fetish view of the human soul. FolMore,
viii. 138-151.
KxowLES (W. H.). The camera cf Adam of Jesmoud, popularly
calJed King John's palace. Arch. JEliana, xix. 29-38.
The vicars pele, Corbridge. Arch. JEHana, xix. 171-178.
The Ogle monument in Bothal Church, Northumberland.
Arch. JEliana, xix. 243-254.
Knowles (W. J.). Survivals fi»om the palaeolithic age among Irish
neolithic implements. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii.
1-18.
Poition of a harp and other objects found in the crannoge
of Camcoagh, co. Antrim. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, tth S. vii.
114-115.
Knox (H. T.). Note on the dolmen at Ballina, co. Mayo. Boy. Soc.
Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 430. •
Lacet (Rev. T. A.). The ecclesiastical habit in England. St. Pauls
Ecclesiologictil Soc. iv. 126-134.
Lach-Szyrma (Rev. W.). The old city churches illustrating English
history. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.8. iii. 113-121.
Lamb (John). The Luck of Burrell Green. Cumb. and Westmor.
Antiq. Rnd Arch. Soc. xv. 136-138.
Lambros (J. P.). On a coin of Hiei-apytna, in Crete, hitherto wrongly
attributed. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 31-34.
Landsborough (Rev. D.). Notice of a sculptured cross with cruci-
lixiou on obverse I'ecentiy discovered at Lamlash. Soc. Antiq.
Scot. xxxi. 74-77.
Latimer (W. T.). Currin crannog, co. Tyrone. Boy. Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 254.
Latchmork (Frank). Saxon coins foand near Hitchln. Numismatic
Chron. xvii. 248.
Laver (Henry). Roman clasp knives. Essex Arch, Soc. N.S. vi.
95-96.
' Shoebury camp. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vi. 97-100.
Roman burials at Colchester. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vi.
171-172.
Remains of Roman buildings at "West Mersea. Essex Arch.
Soc. N.S. vi. 173-174.
Discovery of late Celtic pottery at Shoebury. Essex Arch.
Soc, N.S. vi. 222-224.
INDEX OF AUCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS. 27
Layer (Henry). Report on the discovery in Essex of late Celtic
pottery. Proc. Sue. Anh'q. 2iid S. xvi. 258-260.
Notes on a discovery ot* Roman remains at East Mersea
and West Mersea, Essex. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 422-
429.
Lawlor (Rev. H. J.). Notes on the biblical text of the Book of
Mulling. Soc. Antlq. Scot. xxxi. 7-G4.
Lawrence (L. A.). On some coins of William I. and William IL
from the Montaga collection. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 226-
234.
On a hoard of short-cross pennies. Numumatic Chron,
xvii. 235-238.
On the mint of Barnstaple. Numismatic Chron. xvii,
302-308.
La YARD (Edgar L.). Fortified ' stone lake dwellings on islands in
Longh Skannive, Connemara. Boij. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S.
vii. 373-378.
Leadam (J. S.). A narrative of the pursuit of English refugees in
Germany under Queen Mary. Poy, Hist. Soc, N.S. xi. 113-131,
Legg (J. Wickham). The Queen's coronation ring. Arch. Jour, liv,
1-9.
Legge (F.). A Coptic spell of the second century. Soc. Lih. Arch.
xix. 183-187, 302.
Leightox (Stanley). The early MSS. belonging to Shrewsbury
School. Shropshire Arch. Soc. 2nd S. ix. 219-308.
Letts (Rev. Ernest F.). Warden Heyrick. Lane, ami Chesh. Antiq,
Soc. xiii. 103-118.
Lewis (A. L.). On some ancient remains at Guatemala. lioy. hist,
Cornwall, xiii. 159-161.
Ancient measures in prehistoric monuments. Anthrop. Inst,
xxvii. 194-203.
Lewis (Bunnell). The antiquities of Aries. Arch. Jour, liv.
28-76.
Lewis (Judge David). The court of the president and council of
Wales and the marches from 1478 to 1575. Y Cymmrodoo-, xii.
1-64.
Leland (Charles Godfkey). Marks on ancient monuments. Folk-
lore, viii. 86-87.
' The Stour goblin. Folklore, viii. 87-88.
Long (Mrs. Margaret C). Poole's Hole, a nai'rative of an adven-
ture made in that caveiii by Mr. R. Whittington, of Stevenage,
28 INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Herts, on 25th Au^st, 1794. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist.
8oc. xix. 9-13.
Lord (Walter Frewen). Goree, a lost possession of England. Boy.
Hist. Soc. N.S. xi. 139-152.
LovETT (R. J. Arden). Soalbury Church, Bucks, with its monu-
ments. Berksj Bucks, and Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 23-28.
Luck (Rev. J. R.). An account of the opening of a large tumulus
near Stonjhurst, Lancashire. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. 8oc. xii,
30-41.
Exploration of a second mound near Stonyhurst. Lane.
and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiii. 27-31.
LuMSDEN (Lieut. -Col. H. W.). Notes on the excavation of a
kitchen-midden, and on a cup-marked stone at Den of Dun,
Forfarshire. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 240-243.
Ltnam (Charles). Notes on a pre-Norman sculptured cross shaft
found at Leek, Staffordshire. Froc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 289-
294.
The church of Holy Cross, Waltham. Brit. Arch. Assoc,
N.S. iii. 148-161.
M. (T. S.). Certificate of the town gild of Malmesbury. Wilts Arch,
and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 122-125.
Macadam (W. Ivison). Notes on amulets from Morocco. Soc. Antiq.
Scot. xxxi. 112-114.
Macalister (R. a. S.). Siobhan na Geela [a mythic heroine]. Boy.
Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 177-178.
Notes on some of the Kilkenny oghams. Boy. Soc. Antiq,
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 221-231.
MacDonald (James, LL.D.). Note on a cinerary urn of a type not
common in Scotland, lately found near Cramond. Soc. Antiq.
Scot. xxxi. 244-246.
Mackenzie (Duncan). Excavations of the British school at Melos.
Jo^ir. Hell. Stud. xvii. 122-133.
Mackinlay (J. M.). The hood game at Haxey. Folklore, viii. 173-
175.
Dogs in church. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 98-103.
Maclagan (R. C, M.D.). Ghost lights of the West Highlands.
Folklore, viii. 203-256.
Macnamara (F. N.). The Wilcotes family. Berks, Bucks, and Oxon.
Arch. Jour. iii. 97-107.
Macnamara (George U.). Identification of The Ascetics' church,
Leana, co. Claie. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 77-79.
INDEX OF ARCH/EOLOGICAL PAPERS. 2!>
Macnamara (Rev. Henkv Daxvers). St. James Garlickhitbe.
London arid Middlesex Arch. Soc. N.S. i. 210-234.
MacPhail (Malcolm). Folklore from the HebrideH. Folklore, viii.
380-386.
Madan (Fal.coner). The Ashmolean musenra. Berk^^ Bucks, and
Oxon Arch, Jour. iii. 85-89.
Maddison (Rev. A. R.) The manor of Stallingborough. Assoc
Archit. Soc, xxiii. 274-289.
Family letters in the possession of Charles Massingberd-^
Mundj, Esq., of Ormsby HhII. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 296-314.
Catalogue of MSS. belonging to Lincoln Cathedral in the
fifteenth centary. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 348-353.
Maldbn (H. C). Ancient wills. Esse.v Arch. Soc. N.S. vi. 122-125.
Lavenham Church tower. Suffolk Arch. Inst. ix. 370-372.
Manning (Rkv. C. R., Canon). Church plate in Suffolk : deanery of
Blackburne, deanery of Fordham, deanery of Thurlow. Suffolk
Arch. Inst. ix. 279-297.
Manning (Percy). Some Oxfordshire seasonal festivals with notes.
on morris dancing in Oxfordshire. Folklore, viii. 307-324.
March (Henry Colley, M.D.). The moustache in early Irish
sculptare. Lane, and Ghesh. Antiq. Soc. xiv. 131-138.
The mythology of wise birds. Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 209-282.
Margoliouth (Rev. G.). More fragments of the Palestinian Syrian
version of the Holy Scriptures. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 39-60.
Markham (Christopher A.). The stone crosses of the county of
Northampton. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 157-193.
Marriott (H.'P. Fitzgerald). Family portraits at Pompei. Arch.
Jour. liv. 10-27.
Martin (J. M.). The Camelford of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle,.
where was it ? Devon. Assoc, xxix. 275-285.
Maskelyne (T. S.). Nevil Maskelyne, D.D., F.R.S., Astronomei'-
Royal. Wilts. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxix. 126-137.
Massingberd (Rev. W. 0.). Lords of the manor of Driby. Assoc.
Archit. Soc. xxiii. 106-134.
The manors of Somersby and Tetford. Assoc. Arch't. Soc.
xxiii. 253-259.
Master (Rev. G. S.). All Saints, Wraxall. Clifton Antiq. Club, iii.
184-191.
Mathews (J. Douglass). History of the Innholders company.
London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. N.S. i. 151-176.
May (Thomas). On the altar and other relics found during excavation*.
30 INDKX OF ARCHiKOLOGICAL PATERS.
(1895-6) on the site of tbe Roman station at Wilderspool
(Veratinam). Hisf, Soc. of Lane, ami Chesh. N.S. xii. 1-28.
!Mei>laxp (M. H.). An account of Roman and mediseval remains
fonnd on the site of the Tolsey at Gloucester in 1893-4 Bristol
and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xix. 142-158.
Mke (Mrs.). History of Kettle Hall, Oxford. Berks, BiicJcs, and
Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 42-51.
Hkrcikr (Rev. Jerome J.). A history of Kemerton. Bristol and
Olotic. Arch. Soc. xix. 24-40.
Meter (Prop. Kuxo). Early relations between Gael and Brython.
Soc. Cymmrodorion, 1895-96, 55-86.
MiLNER (H. E.). The garden in relation to the house. Roy. Inst.
Brit. Archit. 3rd S. iv. 185-199.
Minns (Rev. G. W.). Titchfiehl Abbey and Place House. Hampshire
Field Club, iii. 317-338.
Mitchell (Sir Arthur). Scottish burials and skulls probably
belonging to the bronze age. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 115-121.
Some notes on Scottish crusies, their wide distribution and
contrivances for suspending them. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 121-146.
Monet (Walter). A quaint desci-iption of the Carfax conduit,
Oxford, from a MS. transcript made in 1784. Berks, Bucks, and
Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 7h-71.
Montagu -(H.). Rare and unpublished Roman gold 'coins in my
collection. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 35-89.
MoNTELius (Prof. Oscar). The Tyrrhenians in Greece and Italy.
Anthrop. Inst. xxvi. 254-261.
Pre-classical chronology in Greece and Italy. Anthrop. List.
xxvi. 261-271.
Morgan (C. Lloyd). The water stone dolmen, Somersetshire.
Clifton Antiq. Club, iii. 192-194.
Morkill (J. W.). Notice of a human hand and forearm pierced with
nail holes, and a basket hilted sword formerly preserved in the
family of Graham of Woodhall, Yorkshire, as relics of James,
first Marquis of Montrose. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 65-74.
Morris (George). Abstracts of the grants and charters contained in
the chartulary of Wombridge priory. Shropshire Arch. Soc. 2nd
S. ix. 96-106.
Morris (Rupbet H., D.D.). John Wythines [brass of]. Archit. Arch.
and Nat. Hist. Soc. of Chester and N. Wales, vi. 112-115.
Mortimer (J, R.). On nine embankment crosses believed to be early
Christian folkmoots. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 278-287.
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 31
Ml- NRG (J. Arthur R.). Inscriptions from Mjsia. Jour, Hell. Stvd,
xvii. 268-293.
MoRRAY (David, LL.D.). An archaeological survey of tlie United
Kingdom, the preservation and protection of oar ancient monu-
ments. Glasfjoxc Arch. Soc. iii. 1-76.
A small brass cup found in the graveyard of the church of
St. Clement, Rodil, Harris, with a note on the chalice. Glasgow
Arch. Soc. iii. 214-237.
Murray (Miss M.). The stela of ])ua-er-neheh. Soc, Bih. Arch. xix.
77.
Myres (John L.). Excavations in Cyprus in 1894-. Jour. Hell. Stud,
xvii. 134-173.
Copper and bronze in Cyprus and south-east Europe.
Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 171-177.
Textile impressions on an early clay vessel from Amorgos.
Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 178-180.
The church plate of Buckinghamshire. Records of Bucks.
vii. 413-429.
l^ASH (Walter L.) and Sir P. Lk Page Renouf. Hypocephalus from
Luxor. Soc. Bih. Arch. xix. 145-146.
Xevill (Ralph). Surrey feet of fines. Sttrreij Arch. Coll. xiii. 130-
140.
Newdigate (Rev. C. A.). Carved and incised stones at Tremeirchion,
Flints. Arch. Gamhrensis^ 5th S.xiv. 108-124.
Nichols (P. M.). On a further correction of the date of the birtli-
year of Sir Thomas More. Froc. Soc, Anfiq. 2nd S. xvi. 321-
327.
NoRCLiPFE (Rev. C. B.). Paver's marriage licenses. Yorks. Arch.
Soc. xiv. 458-506.
Norman (William). Woolwich parish registers and vestry books.
Woolwich Dist. Antiq. Soc. ii. 43-61.
NuTT (Alfred). The fairy mythology of English literature, its origin
and nature. Folklore, viii. 29-53.
O'DoNOGHUE (D.). Priory, Kilcolman, co. KeiTy. Boy. Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 432-433.
O'Neill (William, M.D.). Torksey old pottery and porcelain
manufactory. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 152-156, 346-348.
Offord (Joseph). Pre-mosaic Palestine. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 7-26.
Olden (Rev. T.). On an early Irish tract in the Leabhar Breac
describing the mode of consecrating a church. St, PauVs
Ecclesiological Soc. iv. 98-104.
32 INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Oldfield (Edmund). The raansolenm at Halicarnassus, the probable
arrangement and signification of its principal scalptures.
Archoeologia, Iv. 348-390.
Owen (Edward). The spoils of the Welsh religious booses. Arch.
Camhrensis, 5th S. xiv. 285-292.
Owen (Rev. Elias). Meini cred (creed stones); Llangybt pillar-
stone. Arch, GamhrenstSj 5th S. xiv. 172-175.
Montgomeryshire Folklore. Montgomeryshire Collections,
XXX. 169-176.
Owen (W. Scorr). Parochial history of Tregynon. Montgomeryshire
Collections, xxx. 1-168.
Paget (Lady). Caves and passages under the Briti.sh fortress of
Pen-y-gaer, Conway Valley. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 291-
293.
. The caves in Allt Gwyn. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 49-53.
Palmer (Alfred Neobard). Offa's and Wat's dykes. Y Cymmrodor^
xii. 65-86.
Parker (John). The Giflfards. Records of Bucks, vii. 475-510.
The Missendcn cliartulary and the celebacy of tbe clergy.
Records of Bucks, vii. 314-327.
Patrick (G.). Discovery of the remains of a Roman house at
Durham, Kent. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 31-35.
The history and architecture of the Charterhouse. Brit.
Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 281-290.
Paul (J. Balkour). Notes on old Scottish measures with a notice
of the Inverkeithing Ellwand. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 210-215.
On a calendar of the 16th century containing MS. notes on
Scottisb history and other records. Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi.
156-180.
Payne (E. J.). The Montforts, the Wellesboumes, and the Hughenden
effigies. Records of Bucks, vii. 362-412.
• Whitechff cross. Records of Bucks, vii. 559-567.
Peacock (Mabel). Staffordshire superstitions. Folklore, viii. 68.
The Staffordshire horn-dance. Folklore, viii. 70-71.
— The hood game at Haxey. Folklore, viii, 72-75.
Omens of death. Folklore, viii. 377-378.
Pearse (General Geo. G.). An unpublisbed Coorg medal. Numis-
matic Chron. xvii. 249-250.
Penrose (F. C). The Partbenon and tbe earthquake of 1894. Roy.
Inst. Brit. Archit. 3rd S. iv. 345-354.
Percy (Earl). Dargs and dayworkes. Arch. Juliana, xix. 217-222.
INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGlCAL PAPERS. 35
Perkins (V. R.). Bradley by Wootfcon-under-Edge. Bristol and
Glouc, Arch, 8oc. xx. 100-107.
Kingswood Abbey. Clifton Antiq. Oluh, iii. 217-224.
Ozleworth Cliurcli, Gloucestershire. Clifton Antiq. Cluhy
iii. 225-227.
Petrie (Prof. Flinders). The relations of Egypt and early Europe.
Roy. 8oc. Lit. 2nd S. xix. 59-78.
Phen6 (Dr.). Dendrophoria : researches for, and examination of
still existing peoples, languages, customs, and remains men-
tioned by Herodotus, Strabo, etc., in India, Thrace,^Italy, and
Western Europe. Boy. 8oc. Lit. 2nd S. xix. 1-58.
" Old London '' in pre-Roman times. Brit, Arch.^Assoc,
N.S. iii. 89-102, 191-20G.
On some early settlers near Conway. Brit. Arclu Assoc,
N.S. iii. 241-265.
Phillips (Rev. James). Exploration of earthworks on the coast of
Pembrokeshire. Arch. Cambrensis, 5th S. xiv. 41-44.
Glimpses of Elizabethan Pembrokeshire. Arch. Camhrensis^
5th S. xiv. 308-323.
Phillips (Maberly). The escape of two French prisoners of war
from Jedburgh in 1813. Arch, ^liana^ xix. 160-170.
A pre-Conquest cross shaft at Nunnykirk, Northumberland.
Arch. JSliana, xix. 192-196.
PiGOTT (Rev. R. H.). The I>ukes of Wharton and Earl of Chester*
field. Records of Bucks, vii. 247-261.
Pilcher (E. J.). The date of the Siloam inscription. Soc.\Bib^
Arch. xix. 165-182.
Pinches (Theophills G.). Two archaic and three later Babylonian
tablets. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 132-143.
Plunkett (Hon. Miss). The Median calendar and the constellation
Taurus. Soc. Bib. Arch, xix, 229-249.
PoNTiNG (C. E.). The Bristol High Cross at Stourhead, Wilts.
Wilts. Arch, and Nat, Hist. Soc. xxix. 171-177 ; Clifton Antiq.
Club, iii. 177-18S,
Porter (Rev. R.). Kenn Church as it is. Exeter Biocesan Archit,
and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 49-55.
PowHLL (Rev. Edward). Ancient charters preserved at Scarisbrick
Hall in the county of Lancashire. Hist. Soc. of Lane, and Chesh,
N.S. xii. 259-294.
Powell (Prof. F. York). The ecole des chartes and English records.
Roy. Hist. Soc. N.S. xi. 31-40.
c
34 INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS.
Power (Rev. P.). From the Blackwater to Waterford Harbour.
Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 3i3-348.
Prescott (J. E., D.D.). Notes on the MS. register of Wetherhal,
recently restored to the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle. Gumh,
and Westmor, Antiq, and Arch, Soc, xv. 285-287.
Price (P. G. Hilton). On some remarkable flint lance heads from
Luxor (Egypt). Proc. Soc, Antiq, 2nd S. xvi. 277.
On a curious model of an archimedean screw, probably of
late Ptolemaic period, found in Lower Egypt. Proc. Soc, Antiq,
2nd S. xvi. 277-278.
Price (Will. Frederick). Some historical notes on the Chapel of
our blessed Lady, Parbold, Lancashire. Hist, Soc of Lane, and
Chesh. N.S. xi. 207-234.
Prince (J. Leeson). An epitaph for the tomb of Lady Gundrada.
Sussex Arch. Coll. xli. 232-234.
Pritchard (J. E.). The Registrar's House, Bristol. Clifton Antiq.
Cluh, iii. 204-209.
Bristol Castle : existing remains. Clifton Antiq. Cluh, iv,
17-19.
Vanishing Bristol. CUfton Antiq, Club, iv. 48-57.
PuRTON (Rev. Ralph C). Further notes on the history of the parish
of Chetton. Shropshire Arch. Soc. 2nd S. ix. 73-90.
Pyne (Kate L.). Folk medicine in co. Cork. Folklore, viii. 179-180.
A burial superstition in co. Cork. Folklore, viii. 180.
Radford (Rev. W. T. A.). Restoration of the church of Down St.
Mary. Exeter Diocesan Archit. and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 133-140.
Raven (Rev. Canon, D.D.). Othona and the Count of the Saxon
Shore. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vi. 291-297.
The bell at Colchester Castle. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vi.
347-348.
Burgh near Woodbridge. Suffolk Arch. Inst. ix. 332-337.
On some Dorset bells. Arch. Jour. liv. 355-362.
Read (Charles H.). Notes on a small Roman bronze prow found in
London. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 306-308.
Notes on two hoards of bronze implements from Grays
Thurrock, Essex, and Southall, Middlesex, Proc. Soc. Anti^.
2nd S. xvi. 327-330.
Notes on a Viking svvord found in the Thames near West-
minsfcer. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 390-392.
Notes on a silver dish with a figure of Dionysos from the
Hindu Kush. Archceologia, Iv. 534-536.
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 35
Bedstone (Vincent Bdbrough). Woodbridge, its history and an-
tiquity. Suffolk Arch. In^t, ix. 345-358.
The Seckfords of Seckford Hall. Suffolk Arch. Inst. ix.
359-369.
Rees (J. Rogers). Slebech commandeiy and the Knights of St.
John. Arch. Gamhrensis, 5th S. xiv. 85-107, 197-228, 261-
284.
Reichel (Rev. O. J.). Solemn mass at Rome in the ninth century.
Exeter Diocesan Archit. and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 17-43.
— The origin of English liturgical vestments prescribed for
use in the thirteenth century. Exeter Diocesan Archit. and Arch.
Soc. 3rd S. i. 83-104.
The Domesday hundreds : the hundreds of Teignbridge
and North Tawton. Devon. Assoc, xxix. 225-274.
— — — Extract from the Pipe Rolls of Henry II. relating to Devon ;
with an appendix from Testa de Nevil. Devon Assoc, xxix. 453-
509.
Renaud (Frank, M.D.). Early history of Prestbury parish church
and manor, Cheshire. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiii. 1-18.
The family of Fox wist of Fox wist and of Duncalf of Fox-
wist. Lxnc. and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiii. 43-55.
Renoup (Sir P. Le Page). The lay of the threshers. Soc. Bib. Arch.
xix, 121-122.
The Book of the Dead. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix. 65-67, 107-112,
125-131, 160-164, 225-228.
Rhoscomyl (Owkn). Suggestions as to the fuller study of Owen
Glyndwr. Soc. Cymmrodoriony 1896-7, 34-58.
Rhys (Prof. John). Epigraphic notes. Arch. Cambretisis, 5th S,
xiv. 125-146.
Notes on inscribed stones in Pembrokeshire. Arch. Cam-
brensis, 5th S. xiv. 324-331.
RrcE (R. Garraway). Notes relating to the parish church of St,
Mary, Pulborough, Sussex, derived from fifteenth and sixteenth
century wills. St. FauVs Ecclesiological Soc. iv. 135-140.
Richards (Evelyn A. Melvill). Ancient custom at sea. Folklore,
viii. 281-284.
Risk (Rev. J. Erskine). The bishoprics and lands of the five
western dioceses of Winchester, Frambury, Sherborne, Wells,
and Crediton, and their divisions. Devon Assoc, xxix. 510-513.
iloBERTS (R. Arthur). Cymra Fu : some contemporary statements.
Soc. Cymmrodorion, 1895-96, 87-137.
c 2
36 INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPEKS.
Roberts (W. Rhys). The Greek treatise on the sublime: its
modem interest; its authorship. Jour. Hell, Stud. xvii.
176-211.
RoiUNSON (A. M.). Cheshire in the great Civil War. Hist. Soc. of
Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xi. 137-156.
Robinson (Sik J. Charlks). Note on a double mazer mounted in
silver gilt, of the fifteenth century. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi,
296-297.
RoEDEB (Charles). William Green the Lake artist. Lane, and
Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiv. 100-130.
Rogers (W. Hamilton). Hujsho of Lod-Huish and Doniford in
Somerset and of Sand in Devon. Somerset. Arch, and Nat. Hist,
Soc. xliii. 1-44.
RopEK (William Oliver). Borwick Hall. Hist. Soc. of Lane, and
Chesh. KS. xi. 21-36.
Lancaster School. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq, Soc. xiv. 27-54.
Rotheram (E. Crofton). Ironstone chopper. Boy. Soc. Antiq.
h-eland, 5th S. vii. 425.
Find of scrapers. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii.
425-426.
Slieve-na-Caillighe. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii.
426-427.
On a cave recently discovered near Oldcastle. Boy. Soc,
Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 427-429.
Round (J. H.). Some Essex family correspondence in the seventeenth
century. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vi. 207-221.
I^ote on the early history of Rothertield church. Sussex
Arch. Coll. xli. 49-53.
The forest of Essex. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 36-42.
Howe (J. Brooking). Eighth report of the committee on Devonshire
records. Devofi. Assoc, xxix. 79-144.
Savage (Rev. Ernest B.). Note-on ancient burial customs. Proc.
Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 302-304.
Savage (Rev. H. E.). Abbess Hilda's fix'st religious house. Arch,
Juliana, xix. 47-75.
The boundary between Bernicia and Deira. Arch. Mliana^
xix. 75-88.
Sayce (Prof. A. H.). Assyriological notes. Soc. Bib. Arch, xix*
68-76; 280-292.
Haematite cylinder from Cappadocia. Soc. Bib. Arch. xix.
301.
INDEX OF AKCUiEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 37
Scott (J. Oldrid). Discovery of windows in St. David's Cathedral.
Arch. Camhrensis, 5th S. xiv. 332-334.
Scott (R. F.). On a list preserved in the treasury of St. John's
College of the plate, books and vestments bequeathed by the Lady
Margaret to Christ's College. Cambridge AnHq, Soc. ix. 349-367.
Sedding (Kdmund). Ermington Church. Exeter Diocesan ArcJiit. and
Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 56-59.
Holbeton Church. Exeter Diocesan Archil, and Arch. Soc.
3rd S. i. 60-62.
Seebohm (Frederic, LL.D.). The historical importance of the Cymric
tribal system. Soc. Cymmrodorion, 1895-96, 1-22.
Seltmann (E. J.). The type known as " the demos " on coins of
Rhegiumi Numismatic Ghron. xvii. 173-189.
Supposed signs of value on early coins of Himera. Numis-
matic Chron. xvii. 1-24.
Seton-Karr (H. W.). Discovery of the lost flint mines of Egypt.
Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 90-92.
Further discoveries of ancient stone implements in Somali-
land. Anthrop. Inst, xxvii. 93-95.
Sharpe (B. R.). Pleas of the crown in the city of London. Brit.
Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 103-112.
Shaw (G. T.). The Liverpool homes of Mrs. Hemans. Hist, Soc. of
Lane, and Chesh.'N.S. xii. 123-134.
Sheppard (H. E.). Monmouth castle and priory. Bristol and Ghuc.
Arch. Soc. XX. 59-75.
Sherwood (George F. Tudor). Early Berkshire wills ante 1558.
Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Arch. Jour. iii. 78-82., 121-122.
Shore (T. W.). Traces of the language of the prehistoric and other
ancient races of Hampshire contained in the place names of the
county. Hampshire Field Club, iii. 233-256.
and Norman H. C. Nisbett. Ancient Hampshire mazes.
Hampshire Field Club, iii. 257-260.
Shropshire Wills, Old. Shropshire Arch. Soc. 2nd S. ix. 215-218.
SiMAiKA (Marcus, Bey). Some social Coptic customs. Arch. Jour.
liv. 225-238.
Simpson (W. Sparrow, D.D.). Visitations of certain churches in the
city of Loudon in the patronage of St. Paul's Cathedral church
between the years 1138 and 1250. Archa^ohgia, Iv. 283-300.
■ St. Uncumber. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 8-30.
Sitwell (Sir George, Bart.). The Derbyshire petition of 1641.
Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xix. 20-23.
*oS INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Six (J. P.)- Monnaies Grecques, inedites et incertaines. Numig--
matte Chron. xvii. 190-225.
Skaikk (Rohrrt it.). Domesday book for Yorkshire. York. Arch,-
Soo. xiv. 347-389.
Extracts f^om the house-books of the Corporation of York.
York, Arch. Soc. xiv. 444-457.
Hmiim (CKCiii). Inscriptions from Melos. Jour. Hell. Stud, xvii^
1-21.
Hmitii (J. C. Ciiallenor). Some additions to Newcourt's Reper-
t,ir*ium. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vi. 126-145, 228-257, 298-326.
Hmimi (Ham., Jin.). A little silver coin of En Nasir. Numismatic
(Ihron, xvii, 250-251.
HiMiHAM (S. (>i.kmknt). A Shropshire Robin Hood. Shropshire
Aivh, Sov, 2nd S. ix. 1-20.
NiMI^Mrt ( It Pmkn^), The great mosque of the Omeijades, Damascus.
/,N.y. /W, Ihit, An hit, Si-d S. iv. 25-40, 57-61.
Ml'lMNui-rr (W. l>., 1>,1>.). Durrington Chapel. Siissex Arch. Coll..
uli. n 7H.
H4I Ai^H (lioliN II AUK is). Epitaphs from churches, churchyards and
liitriul phvotH in Kingsbridge, Dodbrooke, West Alvington,
TluuU'Htoiie, South Milton, Malborough, Sherford, Churchstow^
V]titii AUingtou, BJackawton, Charleton, and East Portiemonth..
Ihvon, Assoc, xxix. 182-215.
Wl'AMl* (J. H.). Objects of interest in Waltham Abbey Church.
Jitit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 162-167.
NiKPUKNSON (Mill). Monumental brasses in the East Ridings.
Yiyrks. Arch. Soc. xiv. 507-513.
Hi'KWAKT (Rev. D. J.). Distribution of the buildings of the dissolved
monastery at Ely. Arch. Journ. liv. 174-185.
Htokes (Rev. G. T., D.D.). Concerning Marsh's library and an
original indulgence from Cardinal Wolsey, lately discovered
therein. B^ry. Irish Acad. 3rd S. iv. 414-426.
' Calendar of the Liher Niger Alani. Boy. Soc. Antiq^
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 164-176, 404-422.
Stone (Percy G.). Note on recent discoveries in the keep of
Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight. Proc. Soc. Antiq. ?nd S. xvi.
409-411.
. A sixteenth century mathematical instrument case. Arch-
ceologia, Iv. 531-533.
Stopks (Mrh. Charlotte Carmichael). The Scottish and English
Macbeth. Roy. Soc. Lit. 2nd S. xviii. 235-284.
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 39
Stowe Manuscripts, letters from the. Yorlxs. Arch. Soc. xiv. 422-
443.
Straton (G. R.). Witches' brooms. Wilts. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc.
xxix. 147-165.
Street (Arthur Edmund). St. Mary's, Oxford. Boy. Inst. Brit.
Archit. 3rd S. iv. 477-483.
Stubbs (Maj.-Gen. Francis William). Early monastic history of
Dromiskin, co. Louth. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland^ 5th S. vii. 101-113.
Stubbs (W. C). Descriptive sketch of places visited co. Dublin.
Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland^ 5th S. vii. 446-459.
Summers (W. H.). Cromwell's Charter, High Wycombe. Becdds
of Bucks, vii. 511-528.
Some documents in the state papers relating to High
Wycombe. Records cf Bucks, vii. 304-313.
Sutton (Rev. A. F.). A description of churches visited in the
excursion from Stamford. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 81-101.
A description of the churches visited in the excursion from
Newark, Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 314-346.
Swann (Emma). An old Oxford font. Berks^ Bucks, and Oxon A^ch.
Jour. iii. 65-67.
Swann (John Hibbert). Bibliography of Lancashire and Cheshire
antiquities and biography, 1893 and 18y4. Lane, and Chesh,
Antiq. Soc. xii. 148-168.
Syers (Rev. Henry S.). The building of Barnack church. Assoc.
Archit. Soc. xxiii. 143-151.
Sympson (E. Mansel). Notes on Easter sepulchres in Lincolnshire
and Nottinghamshire. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 290-296.
Tait (C. T.). Archaeology and architecture. Exeter Diocesan Archit.
and Arch. Soc. 3rd S. i. 44-48.
Tallent-Bateman (C. T.). Noted on the ancient Court of Exchequer
at Chester. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiv. 139-148.
Tatham (Rev. F. H.). The restoration of Wing Church. Becords
of Bucks, Yii. S28-3SI.
Taylor (Rev. C. S.). Berkeley Minster. Bristol and Ghuc. Arch.
Soc. xix. 70-84.
■ Church and Monasteiy of Westbury-on-Trym. Clifton
Antiq. Chib, iv. 20-42.
Aust and St. Austin. Clifton Antiq. Cluh, iv. 43-47.
Taylor (Henry). Six early deeds relating to property in Northgate
Street, Chester. Archit. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. of Chester and
N. Wales, vi. 49-59.
40 INDEX OF AECHJiOLOGICAL PAPEfiS.
Taylor (Henry) and R. D. Radcliffe. Notes on the parish and church
of Halsall. ElsL Sec, of Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xii. 193-232.
Taylor (Isaac). Notes on the architecture of Great Bud worth
church. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. xiv. 95-99.
Thomas (T. H.). Celtic Art; with a suggestion of a scheme for the
better preservation and freer study of the monuments of the early
Christian Church in Wales. Y Cymmrodor. xii. 87-111.
Thomas (T. H.). Some devices and ornaments upon ancient British
coins. Areh. Camhrensis, 5th S. xiv. 167-171.
Piscina at Port Eynon, Gower. Arch. Camhrensisy 5th S.
xiv. 176-177.
Thompson (Sir Edward Maunde). Greek and Latin Palaeography.
Roy. Inst. xv. 375-390.
Thornley (Rev. Canon). The field names of the parish of Kirkos-
wald. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 48-81.
Thornton (Ven. R., D.D., Archdeacon). The drama of the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, compared with the fiction
of the nineteenth century. Boy. Soc. Lit. 2nd S. xviii. 215-
233.
Thornton (Rev. W. H.). Some reminiscences of the Wykes of
South Tawton, and a few remarks upon their residences.
Devon. Assoc, xxix. 175-181.
ToMTiiNS (Rev. H. G.). Khiana or Khana. Soc. Bih. Arch, xix. 113-
114
ToMLiNSON (William Weaver). Chopwell Woods. Arch, ^liana,
xix. 255-267.
Tout (Prof. T. F.) Owain Glyndwr and his times. Archit, Arch.
and Nat. Hist. Soc. of Chester and N, Wales, vi. 79-111.
Townshend (Dorothea). All Souls' day rhyme. Folklore, viii. 70.
Trollope (Rev. Andrew.). The principle that should govern the
restoration of churches. Assoc, Archit. Soc. xxiii. 101-105.
Hatcher correspondence relatirg to Parliamentary elections.
Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii. 134-142.
Trocp (Mrs. Francis B.). An Exeter worthy [Ignatius Jourdain].
Devon. Assoc, xxix. 350-377.
Turner (Sir William). Early man in Scotland. Boy, Inst, xv.
391-408.
Ussher (R. J.). Discovery of human and other remains, with
materials similar to those of a crannoge, hi^h above the present
valley of the Blackwater between Lismore Castle and Cathedral.
Boy. Irish Acad. 3rd S. iv. 550-551.
INDEX OF AllClLEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 41
Vane (Hon. and Rev. G. H. F.). On the parish registers of Waters
Upton. Shropshire Arch. Soc. 2nd S. ix. 21-33.
Veal (Rev. Thomas). The domestic life of Berkeley Castle, illus-
ti^ted from the Berkeley MSS. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc.
xix. 85-104.
Vigors (Col. Philip D.). Notes on three inscribed stones at
Baginbun Bay, co. Wexford ; at Fethard Castle, co. Wexford ;
and at Carew Castle, Pembrokeshire, S. Wales. Boy. Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 150-163.
Vincent (W. T.). Local place names. Woolwich Dist. Antiq, Soc. ii.
30-42.
Waite (James A.) The lesser halls and manor houses of Lancashire.
Hist. Soc. of Lane, and Ghesh. N.S. xii. 171-192.
Walhouse (M. J.). Folklore parallels and coincidences. Folklore,
viii. 196-200.
Snake stones. Folklore, viii. 284-285.
Walker (Robert Crawfurd). Notes on a heraldic monument at
Kilmany, Fifeshire. Soc, Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 94-98.
Wall (Rev. G. W.). St. Helen's Church, Sephton. Hist, Soc, of
Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xi. 37-102.
Wallace (Thomas). Notes of antiquities in Loch Alsh and KintaiJ.
Soc. Antiq. Scot. xxxi. 86-89.
Waller (William Chapman). Some Essex MSS. belonging to
W. S. Chisenhale-Marsh, Esq., of Gaynes Park. Essex Arch,
Soc. N.S. vi. 101-121.
Essex field-names. Fssex Arch, Soc. N.S. vi. 258-277.
Walters (H. B.). On some antiquities of the Mycenaean age
recently acquired by the British Museum. Jour, Hell. Stud. xvii.
63-77.
Warburton (Rev. W.). Notes on Altcar parish. Hist, Soc, of Lane.
and Ghesh. N.S. xi. 15V-206.
Ward (John). On some further excavations in ban*ows in the
neighbourhood of Buxton, Derbyshire. Proc. Soc. Antiq, 2nd S.
xvi. 261-267.
Warren (R. Hall). Notes on a safe conduct of the year 1406 on
behalf of William Pires, a burgess of Portland. Proc, Soc.
Antiq, 2nd S. xvi. 411-415.
■ Some additional Ecclesiastical Seals of BHstol. Clifton
Antiq, Club, iii. 194-203.
Church of St. Andrew, Clevedon. Clifton Antiq. Cluhf i\
58-70.
42 INDEX OF AKCHiEOLOGICAL PAPERS.
Watney (John). Mercer's School. Loud, and Middlesex Arch. Soc
N.S. i. 115-150.
Watson (George). Two lintel inscriptions: the Mnsgraves of
Edenhall and some of their descendants. Cumh, and Westmor..
Antiq. and Arch. 8oc, xv. 82-104.
Aske's rebellion 1536-7. Cumh. and Westmor, Antiq, and
Arch, Soc. xiv. 385-370.
Weber (F. Parkks). Medals of centenarians. Numismatic Chron,
xvii. 309-313.
Attribution of medals of Priam, Augustus, and Alexander
the Great to a medallist of Pope Paul III, possibly Alessandro
Cesati. Numismatic Chron, xvii. 314-317.
French royalist medals made by W. Mossop. Numismatic
Chron. xvii. 318-319.
Welford (R.)- Obituary notice of the Rev. James Raine, D.C.L..
Arch, ^liana, xix. 126-132.
Westmorland Place, Newcastle. Arch, ^liana, xix. 223-
242.
Were (F.). The Heraldry of the Jennyns brass, Churchill, Somerset.
Clifton Antiq. Club, iv. 71-72.
Westropp (Thomas Johnson). Tbe distribution of cromlechs in the-
CO. of Clare. Boy, Irish Acad, 3rd S. iv. 542-549.
Prehistoric stone forts of northern Clare. Boy, Soc, Antiq,.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 116-127
Primitive burial at Rylane, co. Clare. Boy, Soc, Aniiq,^
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 178-179.
Scattery Island and Canons' Island, co. Clare. Boy, Soc^
Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. vii. 273-290.
KeiTy coast. Boy, Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 290-316.
Cork Harbour. Boy. Soc, Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 321-333.
Cloyno. Boy, Soc. Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. vii. 334-342.
Lismore. Boy. Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. vii. 349-358.
Wethered (F. T.). The church bells of Berkshire. Berks, Bucks,.
and Oxon, Arch, Jour, iii. 55-56.
— A charter of Henry III in favour of Hurley Priory. Berks,,
Bucks, and Oxon Arch, Jour. iii. 90-92.
Hurley priory seals. Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Arch. Jour,
iii. 108-116.
Whale (Rev. T. W.). Exchequer tax books and Domesday identifi-
cation. Devon. Assoc, xxix. 216-224.
Whatley (Ernest). On the discovery of skeletons at the ^Barton,
INDEX OF ARCH/EOLOGICAL PAPERS. 43
Cirencester; and other Roman finds of 189C. Bristol and Glouc,
Arch. 8oc, xix. 894-398.
White (J. G.). The ancient records and antiquities of the parishes
of St. Swithin, London Stone, and St. Mary, Bothaw. London
and Middlesex Arch. Soc. N.S. i. 183-209.
Whitehead (Rev. H.). Church bells in Leath Ward. Cumh. and
Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xiv. 259-274.
The bells of Brigham, Cockermouth, Crosthwaite, Disting-
ton, and Holm Cultram. Cumh. and Wesfnun'. A/itiq. and Arch.
Soc. xiv. 275-334..
Whiteside (Rev. J.). Lintel inscription at Reagill. Cumh. and
Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 139-141.
Whiteside (Rev. J.). Keld Chantry. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq.
and Arch, Soc. xv. 142-144.
Kirkbride Church. Cumh, and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch.
Soc. XV. 145-160.
Whitley (H. Michell). On the discovery of a kitchen-midden,
refuse pits, and urn at Eastbourne. Sussex Arch. Coll, xli.
4r6.
Whitley (T. W.). The charters and MSS. of Coventry. Warwickshire
Field Cluh, 1897, 35-71.
Whymper (Edward). A discovery of Roman coins on the summit of
the Theodule Pass. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 127-133.
Wilkinson (Rev. Leonard). The chantnes of Westbury-on- Severn.
Bristol and Glouc, Arch. Soc, xix. 374-393.
Williams (Robert). Illustrations and notes on domestic and
decorative art in Wales. Soc. Cymmrodorion 1896-7, 81-87.
Williams (Stephen W.) and Henry Taylor. EflBgy in Holy Trinity
Church, Chester. Archit. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. of Chester and
N. Wales, vi. 42-48.
Excavations at Talley Abbey. Arch. Camhrensis, 5th S. xiv.
229-247.
Wif^i^iAMS (Rev. Sterling De Courcy). The old graveyards in
Durrow parish. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. vii. 128-149.
Williams (T.). The origin and first growth of Christianity in
Bucks. Becords oj Bucks, vii. 343-361 .
Willts-Bund (J. W.). Social life in Worcestershire in the first
quarter of the seventeenth century. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiii.
372-391.
Wilson (C. F. Birbeck). The records of a Liverpool fireside,
lWl-1781. Hist. Soc. of Lane, and Chesh. N.S. xii. 135-148.
44 INDEX OF AKGII^.OLOGICAL PAPERS.
Wilson (Rev. James). Queen Mary's benevolence to the see of
Carlisle. Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. xv. 21-26.
The seal of Willyam Byrbanke, Archdeacon of Carlisle.
Cumh. and Westmor. Antiq, arid Arch. Soc. xv. 35-42.
Wilson (J. M.). Find of coins in co. Longford. Boy. Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 482.
The abbey of Shrule, co. Longford. Roy, Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. vii. 433-434.
Wilson (Rev. Sumner). Supplementary Hampshire bibliography.
Hampshire Field Cluh, iii. 303-316.
Winder (F. A^). Further notes on the Winders of Lorton. Cutnh.
and Westmor, Antiq, and Arch, Soc. xv. 229-238.
WiNDLE (Prof., M.D.). Notes on a Roman pottery near Mancetter.
Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xvi. 404-407.
WiNSTONE (B.). Notes on Verulamium, now Verulam Hills. Brit.
Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 134-136.
On some primitive ornamentation found on pre-historic
pottery. Brit. Arch. Assoc. N.S. iii. 213-218.
Worth (R. N.). Sixteenth report of the Barrow Committee. Devon.
Assoc, XX ix. 66-71.
Some notes on the tithing of Penny cross or Weston Peveril.
Devon. Assoc, xxix. 514-517.
Wroth (Warwick). Greek coins acquired by the British Museum in
1896. Numismatic Chron. xvii. 93-118.
Wrottesley (Maj.-Gen. the Hon. George). Extracts from the plea
rolls of the reigns of Henry V and Henry VI, translated from
the original rolls in the Public Record Office. Wm. Salt Arch.
Soc. xvii. 1-153.
Yatics (George C). Manchester checks and tokens. Lane, and Ohesh.
Antiq. Soc. xiii. 119-123.
Bronze implements of Lancashire and Cheshire. Lane, and
Cliesh. Antiq. Soc. xiii. 124-141.
Young (William). Notes on the parish of Charlwood. Surrey Arch.
Coll. xiii. 141-153.
45
INDEX.
Abbeys : Appleton, Compton, Foster^
ITope, ilvgoj yiinns^ Perkins ^
Savage^ Stamps Williams ^ Wilson,
Agincourt, battle of : Baker,
Agricultural : Percy.
Alsh (Loch) : Wallace.
Altars, portable : Fairbank.
Altcar : Warhurton.
American antiquities : Fryer^ Oann^
Hale, Lewis,
Anglesey : " Llangwyfan."
Anglo-Saxons : PaieSy Martin, Raven^
Savage.
An worth, Kirkcudbrightshire : Coles.
Archaeological survey : Murray.
Archbishopric, insignia of : Green.
Architecture : Gee, Gilbert, Hope,
Patrick, Spiers, Tait.
Ardfert : Hickson.
A rmada : Hume.
Arms and armour : Balfour, Dillon.
Art
Celtic : Thomas.
Domestic : Fllis, Milner, Williams.
Grlass painting : Collie.:
Grold objects: Fvans, Frazer.
Mural paintings : Bower.
Portrait painting : Collier.
Sculptured stones : Allen (J. P.),
Anderson (t7.), Baildon, Brydall,
Calverley, Coffey, Davies, Lands-
borough, Lynam, March, Newdi-
gate.
Ashover : Kerry.
Aske's rebellion : Watson.
Assyrian antiquities : Balfour, Boissier,
Hommel, Sayce,
Atkekiey : Hugo.
Auckland: Hodgson,
Austin, (St.) : Taylor,
Babylonian antiquities : Pinches,
Baginbun Bay : Vigors,
Ballina : Knox.
Bfvrnack ; Syers,
Barnstaple : Lawrence,
Barton: Whatley.
Battles. See " Agincourt."
Beckford : Hall.
Beggar's badge : Hutchesou.
Bells (church) : Hnllam, Hipkins,
Paven, Wether ed, Whitehead.
Benson : Field.
Berkeley: Taylor, Veal.
Berkshire : Hal I am, Sherwood, Wet he-
red. See " Bradfield," " Frilfonl,"
" Hurley."
Bibliographical and literary : Ferguson,,
Harrison, James,
Coptic : Crum.
Greek : Allen (T. W.), Roberts.
Hebrew : Gaster, Lawlor, Margo-
liouth,
Scottish: Brown.
Bideford : Granville.
Birdoswald : Haver field.
Bishoprics : Pisky Wilson.
Bishops Wood : Bagnall-Oakeley.
Blake (Eobert) : Purrows.
Bola (Lough) : Kinahan.
Borwi'-'iC ' Poper.
Botha Knowles.
Bow and arrow : Palfour.
Bowness : Collier.
Bradfield : Haverjield.
Bradfield S. Clare : Haslewood.
Bradley : Perkins.
Bridges and fords: Ruddy Ferguson^
Harrison.
Brigham : Whitehead.
Bristol: Fryer, Fuller, Hudd, Hyeft,
Ponting, Pritchard, Warren.
Bronze antiquities : Barker, Dale, Glad-
stone, Gowland, Mitchell, MyreSy
Pead, Yates.
Brown Candorer : Byre.
Buckinghamshire : Cocks, Myres, Wil-
liams. See "Chetwode," " Hed-
sor," "High Wycombe,'' " Ick-
ford," ^'Middle Claydon," " Misseu-
46
INDEX.
den." "Soulbury," " Whitecliff,"
" Wing."
Budworth (Great) : Taylor,
Burham : JIaverfleld, JPatricJc,
Burrell Green : Lamb,
Buxton: Ward.
Calendars : Plunkett.
Cambridge: Boyd, HaslucJc, Hughes,
James, Scott.
Cambridgefhire : Atkinson. See " Cam-
bridge," " Ely."
Camelford : Martin.
Canfield (Great) : Downman,
Canoe : Hutcheson.
Canons island : Westropp.
Cardiganshire. /See "Llandyssil."
Carew : Vigors.
Cargill : Baxter.
Carisbrook : Stone.
Carlisle : Ferguson, Wilson.
Carmarthenshire : " Talley."
Carnarvonshire: "Conway," "Paget."
Camcoagh : Knowles,
Cartmel Fell : Ferguson.
Castles : Bagnall - OaJceley, Bradney,
Cox, Dillon, Hickson, Hodgson,
Hughes, Pritchard, Sheppard,
Stone, Veal, Vigors.
Cathedrals : Church, Colson, Cox,
Dorling, Byre, Harding, Hudson,
Madddson, Scott.
Cavers, Roxburghshire : Christison.
Caves : Paget, jRotheram.
Celibacy of clergy : Parker,
Celtic antiquities : Laver.
Centenarians : Weber.
Chacombe : Chacombe.
Charlwood : Young.
Cheshire: Axon^ Robinson, Swann,
Yates. 5«e "Budworth (Great),"
" Chester," " Prestbury," " Wir-
ral."
Chester: Haverfield, Tallent-Bateman,
Taylor, Williams.
Chesters: Blair, Haverfield.
Chesters (Roxburghshire) : Duns.
Chetton : Purton.
Chetwode : Cocks.
Chetwynde : Drinkwater.
Chichester: Arnold.
Cho})well : Tomlinson.
Church bells. See " Bells."
Church goods : Hone.
Church plate : Bates, Cooper, Ferguson,
Hopper, Manning, Murray, Myres,
Robinson,
Churches: Andre,Appleton,Amott, Cox,
Dean, Downs, Freshfield, Fulford,
Qalpin, Qlynn, Qlynne, Qradwell,
Gregson, Orimsey, Hodgson,
Hope, Hudd, Hughes, Irvine,
Johnston, Kenton, Kenyon, La^h-
Szyrma, Lovett, Lynam^ Maena-
mara(0. W.),Macnamara (H.D.),
Maiden, Master, O'Donoghue,
Perkins, Porter, Price, Radford,
I Renaud, Rice, Sedding, Simpson,
I Springett, Stamp, Street, Sutton,
Syers, Tatham, Taylor (Ren. C. 8.),
Taylor (H.), Taylor (/.), Trollope,
Wall, Warren, Whiteside,
1 Churchill: Were.
i Cirencester: Fuller, Whatley.
\ Clare (co.) : Westropp.
\ Clevedon: Warren.
Clones : D^Arcy.
Cloyne : Westropp,
Cockermouth : Whitehead,
Colchester : Laver, Raven.
Constantinople : Freshfield.
Conway : Phene.
Corbridge : Knowles.
Cork : Pyne, Westropp.
I Coronation : Legg,
! Corrib : Kelly.
Cotheridge : Berkeley.
Coventry : Whitley.
Cramond : MacDonald.
Craniology: Haddon.
Crayford : Jackson.
! Crediton : Orueber.
\ Crosses (stone) : Markham, Payne,
Phillips, Ponting.
Crosthwaite : Whitehead.
Cruises : Mitchell,
Cucktield : Cooper,
CuUen : Cramond.
Cumberland : Ferguson, Haverfield,
Hodgson, Whitehead. See "Bird-
oswald," " Bowness," ** Brigham,"
" Carlisle," " Cartmel Fell,"
" Cockermouth," " Crosthwaite,"
"Distington," "Edenhall," " Gos-
forth," "Holm Cultram," "Kirk-
bride," " Kirkoswald," " Salkeld,'*
"Wetherhal."
Currin : Latimer.
Cuthbert (St.) : Bates.
Cyprus : Myres,
Dalkey : Kinahan.
Dalmally, Argyleshire : Brydall.
. Dartmoor : DaHinoor. *
INDEX.
i1
Den (Forfarsliire) : Lumsden,
Derbyshire: Barber ^ Kerry ^ SitwelL
See '' Ashover," " Buxton,"
" Dethic," " Eepton."
Dethic: Hart.
Devonshire : Burnard, Colbify Elworthtfy
Meiahel, Bowe, Square, Worth.
See "Barnstaple," "Bideford,"
"Crediton," ** Dartmoor," "Down
St. Mary," " Ermington," "Ex-
eter," " Frithelstock,'* "Holbeton,"
" Kenn," " Kenton," " Kings-
bridge," " Penny cross," " Tawton
(South)," "Torre," "Woodbuij,"
" Worlington (East)."
Dialect : CockSy JElworthy, Fishwick.
Dials: Dryden.
Distington : Whitehead.
Domesday : Beichel, Skaife, Whale.
Domestic life : Veal, Williams, Willis-
Bund, Wilson.
Dorchester : Pitt-Bivers.
Dorsetshire : Baven. See " Dorches-
ter," " Portland."
Down St. Mary : Badford.
Downton : Floyer, Hill.
Dowth (co. Meath) : Co fey.
Drama: Thornton.
Driby : Massingherd.
Dromiskin (co. Louth) : Siubhs.
Dublin (co.) : Stubbs.
Duddon Bridge : Barlow-Massicks.
Dullalur : Donelly.
Durham. See "Auckland," "Chop-
well," "Byton," "South Shields."
Durrington; Springett,
Durrow : Williams.
Dyke (Offa's) : Palmer.
Dyke (Wat's) : Palmer.
Eastbourne: Whitley.
Ecclesiology : Comper, JEager, Irvine,
Lacey, Mackinlay, Olden, Beichel,
Swan, Sympson, Thomas, White-
side, Wilkinson,
Edenhall : Haswell.
Egyptian antiquities : Bisenlohr,
Griffith, Petrie, Nash, Price,
Benouf, Seton-Karr.
Ely : Stewart.
Ermington : Sedding.
Errol : Hutcheson.
Eskdalenr.uir : Christison.
Essex : Christy, Laver, Bound, Smith,
Waller. See "Canfield," "Col-
Chester," " Grays Thurrock,"
" Hatfield Regis," " Mersea
(East)," " Mersea (West),"
"Pleshy," "Shoebury," "Walt-
ham."
Ethnography : Phene, Shore.
Exeter: Hingeston-Bandolph, Troup.
Exning : Foster.
Felton (West) : Kenyon.
Fethard : Hickson, Vigors.
Field names : Thomley, Waller.
Flintshire : Fbblewhite. " Rhuddlan,"
" Tremeirchion."
Folklore : Addy, Andrews, Atkinson,
B. (3f.), Barbour, Bates, Bridge,
Burne, Cotoper, Crooke,Dames,Den-
nett, Doherty, Duncan, Eager, Fly,
Fvans, Ffennell, Qodden, Ooldmer*
stein, Oollancz, Qomme, Hartland,
Hutton, Kennedy, Ker, Kingsford,
KingsLey, Lamb, Legge, Leland,
Macadam, Macalister, Mackinlay,
Maclagan, MacPhail, Manning,
March, Nutt, Owen, Peacock^
Pyne, Bichards, Savage, Simaika,
Southam, Straton, Townshend,
Walhouse.
Folkmoots : Mortimer.
Forests : Bound, Tomlinson.
France : Joly, Lewis.
Frilford : Fvans.
Frith elstock : Dredge.
Fulham : Birch.
Furness : Oaythorpe,
Gaels : Craigie, Meyer,
Galway : Kelly.
Gardens : Milner,
Genealogy, family, and personal history :
Adamson, Batten, Bax, Birr el,
Blumer, Burrows, Clark, Cokayne,
Colby, Cooper, Crisp, Fbblewhite,
Hodgson, Holmes, Letts, Macna-
mara, Maddison, Morris, Parker,
Pigott, Bedstone, Benaud, Boeder,
Bogers, Bound, Thornton, Troup,
Watson, Welford, Winder.
Germany : Fryer, Leadam.
Glamorganshire. See " Port Eynon."
Glasgow : Fyre.
Glendower (Owen) : Bhoscomyl, Tout,
Gloucester : Bartlett, Hope, Medland.
Gloucestershire : Hyett. See " Barton,"
'•• Beckford," "Berkeley," "Bis-
hops Wood," " Bradley," "Bristol,"
" Cirencester," " Gloucester,"
"Haresfield," "Kemerton,"
"Kingswood," " Overbury," " Ozle-
48
INDEX.
worth," "Painswick," " Westburj,"
*'Wraxall."
Gold objects, votive : Evans y Frazer,
Goree : Lord.
Gosfortli: Calverley.
Grays Thurrock : Qowland, Read.
Greek antiquities: Allen {T. TF.)»
Anderson (J. O. C), Bury^ Cat-
vertf Crotofoot, Sdyar, Evans,
•^ Gardner (^.), Gardner (P.),
Greenwelly Grundy, ITUl, Sutton,
Mackenzie^ MonteliuSf Munro,
Myres, Oldfield, Penrose^ Read,
Smith, Thompson, Walters,
Grinding stone : Hutcheson.
Grosmont : Bagnall-Oakeley,
Halls : Cox, Waite.
Halsall : Cox, Irvine, Taylor,
Haltwhistle : Adamson,
Hampshire : Shore, Wilson. See
" Brown Candover,'* '* Southamp-
ton," " Titchfield," " Winchester."
Haresfield : Hall.
Harps : Knowles,
Hastings : Bax.
Hatfield: Bradley.
Hatfield Regis : Galpin.
Hawshead : Cowper.
Hedsor: Cocks.
Henry Y. : Kennedy- Skip ton. See
" Agineourt."
Heraldry : JDorling, Gotch, Haswell,
Hope, Walker, Were.
Herefordshire. See " Pembridge.'*
Herringfleet : Haverfield.
Hertfordshire. See " Hatfield,"
" Hitchin," " Verulamium."
High Wycombe : Downs, Summers,
Hitchin : Latchmore,
Holbeton : Sedding,
Holm Cultram : Whitehead,
Hugill : Cotvper, Ferguson.
Hurley : Wethered,
Iceland ; Craigie,
Ickford : Hope,
Incas : Fryer.
Industries : Barlow-Massicks, Brush-
field, Cowper, Cramond, Fisenlohr,
Holmes.
Innishowen: Doherty.
Inscriptions
Greek : Munro, Smith,
Irish: Vigors,
Inscriptions— co»^.
Lintel : Watson, Whiteside,
Ogham : Macalister,
Roman : Blair, Haverfield.
Siloam : Bilcher,
Stones : Allen {J, S.), Anderson
(J.), Kelly.
Wales : Bhys.
Inventories : Dillon,
Ipswich : Gritnsey.
Ireland : Ball, Coffey, Coleman, Davies,
Evans, Fahey, Fisher, Frazer,
Haddon, Hume, Joly, Kelly,
Kinahan, Knowles, March, Power,
Botherham, Stokes, JJssher. See
"Ardfert," « Baginbun," " Bal-
lina," " Bola," " Canons," " Carn-
coagh," " Clare," " Clones/'
" Cloyne," " Cork," ** Corrib,"
"Currin," *'Dalkey," " Dowth,"
** Dromiskin," ** Dublin," "Bur-
row," "Fethard," "Galway,"
I "Innishowen," " Leana," " Lis-
more," " Kerry," *• Kilcolman,"
"KUdare," "Kilkenny," "Long-
ford," " Montiaghs," " Newcastle/*
" New Grange," " Oldbridge,"
"Oldcastle," "Rylane," "Scat-
tery," " Shrule," " Skannive,"
" Slieve-na-Caillighe."
Itchingfield : Godman,
I Japan : Gowland.
I Jedburgh: Phillips,
I Jesmond : Knowles.
Jesuits, early : Figgis.
Keld: Whiteside.
Kemerton : Mercier.
Kenn : Porter,
Kent : Kershaw. See " Burham/
" Crayford."
Kenton : Kenton.
Kerry : Westropp.
Kilcolman : O^Donoghue,
Kildare : Fitzgerald.
Kilkenny : Macalister.
Kilmany (Fifeshire) : Walker,
Kingsbridge : Kingshridge,
Kingswood : Perkins,
Kintail : Wallace.
Kirkbride : Whiteside.
Kirkby Lonsdale : Conder.
Kirkoswald : Thornley,
Knighton : Davis,
INDEX.
49
Lamlasb : Landshorough.
Lancashire : Axon^ Cox, Harrison,
Hughes, Sioann, Waite, Yates.
See " Altcar," " Berwick," " Hal-
sail," ** Hawkshead," " Lancaster,"
" Liverpool," " Magbull," " Man-
chester," '* Middleton," " More-
ton," " Overton," " Parbold,"
« Peel island," " Scarisbrick,"
*• Stockport," "IStonjhurst," "Stret-
ford," "Tupton."
Lancaster : Cox, Roper.
Lavenbam : Maiden,
Leana: Macnamara.
Leek : Lynam.
Leicestershire : Boyd, Fletcher, Har-
topp. See " Luttervrortb."
Leper hospitals: Bartlett,
Letham, Perthshire : Coles,
Lincoln : Maddison.
Lincolnshire : Boyd, Sutton, Sympson.
See "Driby," " Lincoln," "Somers-
by," " Tetford," " Torksej."
Lismore : Cunningham, Westropp,
Liverpool : Bennett, Shaw, Wilson.
Llandyssil : Barker.
Llangwyfan, Anglesey : Hughes.
London : Baildon, Cokayne, Collier,
Haverfield, HoweU, Hudson, Mac-
namara, Mathews, Patrick, PhenS,
Read, Sharpe, Simpson, Watney,
White. See "Fulham," "West-
minster," " Woolwich."
Longford (co.) : Wilson,
Lutterworth : Fletcher,
Macbeth : Slopes.
Magbull : Gregson,
Malmesbury : M.
Mancetter : Windle.
Manchester : Hudson, Yates,
Manors : Conder, Cooper, Davis,
Fletcher, Hall, Maddison, Massing-
herd, Percy.
Markets : Drinkwater.
Marriages (civil) : Clear.
Mason's marks : Heywood.
Mathematical instruments : Stone,
Mazes : Shore.
Measiu-es : Paul.
Media : Plunkett.
Mediajval antiquities : Brown,
Mere : Baker.
Mersea (East) : Laver.
Mersea (West) : Laver,
Mickleham : Bax.
Middle Claydon : Cocks.
Middlesex. See " Southall."
Middleton : Dean.
Missenden : Parker.
Monmouth : Sheppard.
Monmouthshire. See " Q-rosmont,"
"Monmouth," "Raglan," '* Sken-
frith."
Montgomeryshire : Owen.
Montiaghs (co. Armagh) : Dug an.
Montrose (James, Marquis of) : Mor»
kill.
Monuments, tombs, and effigies : Bax^
Christy, Cocks, Downs, Fyre^
Granville, Hudson, Irvine, Knowles^
I/O vet t, Morris, Payne, Prince,
Square, Stephenson, Walker, Wil-
liams.
More (Sir Thomas) : Nichols.
Moreton : Head.
Municipal: Atkinson, Ball, Clutter-
buck, Cokayne, M., Mathews^
Skaife, Summers, Whitley.
Music : Bridge.
Newcastle : Welford,
Newcastle (co. Wicklow) : Coffey,
New Grange : Coffey.
Nortliamptonsbire : Markham. See
" Bamack," '* Chacombe."
Northumberland : Hodgson. See
" Bothal," " Corbridge," " Halt-
whistle," " Jesmond," " New-
castle," " Nunnykirk," " Tyne-
mouth."
Nottinghamshire : Sutton, Sympson.
Numismatics : Wilson.
British: Thomas.
Devonshire finds : Grueher, Law'
rence.
G-reek: Greenwell, Hill, LambroSy
Siltmann, Six, Wroth.
Medals : Frazer, Pearse, Weber,
Ncrth-Humbrian : Ghrantley.
Roman : Axon, Bagnall - Oakeley,
Baldwin, Boyd, Hasluck, Montagu,
Whymper.
Saxon: Latchmore.
Shortcross pennies : Lawrence*
Tokens: Yates.
William I : Lawrence.
William II : Lawrence,
John: Gardner,
Nunnykirk : Phillips,
Oldbridge (co. Meatb) : Haddon,
Oldcastle : Rotheram,
Otter-traps : Kinahan,
D
50
INDEX.
Overbury : Olynne.
Overton : Ora dwell.
Oxford : Harrison, Madan^ Manning,
Mee^ Money ^ Street, Sivanti.
Oxfordsliire : Hone, See " licnson,"
" Oxford."
Ozle worth : Perkins.
Painswick : Oomme.
Palceography : Thompson.
Palestine : Conder, Offbrd, Sj>ie7's.
Parbold : Price.
Parish antiquities : Brnshfield, Corhett.
Parish books and MSS. : Baily, Good-
win, Norman, While.
Parish registers : Adamson, Norman,
Prescott, Vane.
Parliameutarv elections : Trollope.
Peel island (Lancashire) : Cowper.
Pembridge: Bagnall-OaJceleif.
Pembrokeshire : Phillips, Rhys. See
" Carow," " St. Davids."
Pennycross : Worth.
Pillnitz, conference of : Browning.
Place names : Barber, Dnignan, Haver-
field, Vincent.
Plague visitations : Axon.
Pleshy: Dillon.
Pompeii, discoveries at : Ely, Marriott,
Poole's Hole : Long.
Port Eynon : Thomas,
Portland : iVarren.
Pottery : Atidreivs, Baildon, Haverfield,
Laver, O'Neill, Winstone.
Prehistoric : Bates, Dawl'ins, Hughes,
Leland, Lewis, Meyer, Turner,
Ussher.
Barrows: Cocks, Ward, Worth.
Burial mounds: ChrisHson, Coffey,
Haddon, Westropp.
Crannogs : D'Arcy, Kinahan,
Knoides, Latimer, Layard, Ussher.
Cromlechs : Westropp.
Dolmens : Knox, Morgan.
Earthworks : Palmer, Phillips.
Portresses : Christison, Paget, West-
ropp.
Japan: Gowland,
Kitchen midden : Lumsden, Whitley.
Ornament : Coffey.
Pile dwellings : Cocks.
Pottery : Laver^ Winstonc.
Backing stones : Kinahan,
Stone circles : Christiso7i, Coles, Fer-
guson, French.
Stone implements : Burnard, DaU^
Prehi storic — cvnt.
Hughes, Htitcheson, Knowlet^
Price, Botheram, Stion-Karr,
Stones (cup-marked) : Baxter, Donm
elly, Oaythorpe, Lumsden,
Stones, holed : Joly.
Stones (standing) : Coles,
Tumuli : Cramond, Luck,
Urns : Fishwick, MacDonald, Whit-
ley.
Prestbury : Eenaud,
Printing: llyett.
Pullorough : Rice.
Pule Hill : Fishwick,
Baglan : Bradney.
Reagill : Whiteside,
Repton : Uipkins.
Rhuddlan : Compton,
Boads
Asia Minor : Anderson {J, G, C).
Scotland : Cramond.
Boman remains : Bates, Ditchfieldf
j Ferguson, Haverfield, Laver, Med*
I land, Thompson, Whatley,
Altar : Haverfield, May,
I Bronze articles : Haverfield, Read.
j Buildings : Evans, Laver, Patrick,
I Cemetery : Arnold, Laver,
Inscriptions : Haverfield,
Knives : Laver,
MithrflBum : Haverfield,
Pottery: Windle.
Siimian ware : Haverfield.
Silchester : Hope,
Uriconium : Fox.
Veruhimium : Winttone,
Wall : Hodgson.
Well : Brooke.
Botherfield : Goodwin, Round.
Bylanc (co. Clare) : Westropp,
Kyton : Baily,
St. David's : Scott.
Salisbury : JJorlinr/, Harding.
Salkeld (Great) : 'Dillon.
Sarum : Clutterhuck.
Scaripbrick : Powell.
Scattery island : Westropp.
Schools : Kelly, Leighton, Roper^
Watney.
Scotland : Allen {J. R.), Andermm
(J.), Christison, Cooke, Hutcheson,
MilcMl, Paul, Turner. See^AlOi,'*
"Anworth," " Cargill," " CavePi^"
•INDEX.
51
"Chesters," "CuUen," "DalmaUy,"
"Den," '*Dullatur," "Dundee,"
"Errol," " Eskdalemuir," *' Jed-
burgh,". "KUmany," "Kiniail,"
*'Lamlash," " Letham," **Sidlaw
hills."
Sculptured stones : Allen {J. B.),
Anderson (J.)y Baildon, Brydall^
Calverley^ Coffey^ DavieSy Lands-
horoughy Lynanif Marchy Newdi'
gate.
Seals: Warren^ Wetheredy Wilson,
Selattyn : Bulkeley- Owen.
Sephton : CoXy Wall.
Severn (the) : Davies.
Sheep (mountain) : Ellwood.
Shoebury : Laver.
Shrewsbury : Fishery Leighton.
Shropshire : BlaJcewayy Didgnany Shrop-
shire, Southam. See "Chetton,"
"Chetwynde," " Felton (West),"
" Selattyn," « Shrewsbury,"
*' Waters Upton," " Wroxeter,"
" Wombridge."
Shrule : Wilson.
Sidlaw hills : Hutcheson.
Skannive (Lough) : Layard.
Sken frith : Bagnall-Oakeley.
Skulls as drinking vessels : Balfour.
Slieve-na-Caillighe : Botherham,
Smuggling : Holmes.
Somersby : Massingherd.
Somersetshire : Bothamleyy Morgan. See
"Athelney," "ChurehUl," " Cleve-
don," "Stoke Courcy," " WeUs."
Sompting : Andre.
Soulbury: Lovett.
South Shields : Haverjield.
Southall : Qowland, Bead.
Southampton: Dale.
Spanish Church customs : "Eager.
Squints : Dryden.
Staffordshire : Boyd, Burne, Graze-
hrooJc, PeacocJcy Wrottesley. See
"Leek."
Stallingborough : Maddison.
Stockport : Kay.
Stoke Courcy : Greswell.
Stones (creed) : Owen.
Stones (pillar) : Owen.
Stonyhurst: I/uck.
Stoult'on : Kingsford.
Stourhead : Ponting.
Stretford : Seywood.
Suffolk : Hazlewoody Hoppery Manning.
See " Bradfield St. Clare,"
" Exning," " Herriiigfleet," *' Ips-
wich," " Lavenham," " Wood-
bridge."
Surrey : BaXy Cooper, Crisp, Nevill,
See " Charlwood," ** Mickleham."
Su?sex : Johnston. See *' Chichester,"
" Cuckfield," " Durrington," " East-
bourne," " Hastings," " Itching-
field," " Pulborough," " Rother-
field," "Sompting," "West Tar-
ring."
Talley : Williams,
Tawton (South) : Thornton.
Tetford : Massingherd.
TitchBeld : Minns,
Torksey: O'Neill.
Torre : Appleton.
Tremeirchion : Newdigate.
Tribal system : Seehohm.
Turton : French.
Tynemouth : Adamson,
tJncumbep (St.) : Simpson.
Verulamium: Winstone.
Viking antiquities : Bead.
Wales : Fllis, Olynn, LewiSy Meyer ^
Owen, BobertSy Seehohmy Thomas,
Williams.
Waltham : Comptony Lynam, Stamp.
Warwickshire : Andrews, Kemp, See
** Coventry," " Mancetter."
Waters Upton : Vane.
Waxed tablets : Hughes.
Wells: Church.
Wesley (John) : BirreU
West Tarring : Andre,
Westbury-on-Severn : Wilkinson,
Westbury-on-Trym : Taylor.
Westminster : iilton. Bead,
Westmorland : Cowpery Ferguson. See
« BurreU Green," " Hugill,"
" Xirkby Lonsdale."
Wetherhal : Prescoit,
Whitecliff : Payne.
Wight (Isle of): See "Knighton,"
"Carisbrook."
Wigtownshire : Coles.
Wilderspool : May.
Wills : Crisp, Fitzherhert, Hart,
Hartopp, Maiden, Sherwood,
Shropshire.
52
INDEX.
Wiltshire: BrooJce. See " Downton,"
"Malmesbury," "Mere," " Salis-
bury," " Sarum," " Stourhead"
Winchester: Colson,
Wing: Tatham.
Winwedfield: Sates.
Wirral: Irvine,
Wombridge : Morris,
Woodbridge : Amott, Eaven, Bedstone,
Woodbury: Fulford,
Woolwich : Norman.
Worcestershire : Willis-Bund. See
" Cotheridge."
Worhngton (East) : Grueher.
Wraxall: Master.
Wroxeter: Fox.
Wycliffe (John) i-^ Fletcher,
York: SJcaife,
Yorkshire : Addy^ Blashill^ Eshelhyy.
Norcliffey Skaife^ Stephenson^
Stowe, See " Keld," " Pule Hill/^
" York."
HAmBISON AND SOMB, PEINTEBS IN OBDINABT TO HEE MAJBSTI, ST. MABTIMS LAKF, LOKDON.
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